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Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme

April 12, 2024

The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme was established as a Working Group of the Arctic Council in 1991.[1] Its main function is to advise the governments of the eight Arctic member nations[2]—Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the United States—on environment-related issues such as pollution.[2] AMAP's work is a cooperative effort involving scientists and Arctic Indigenous peoples, as well as political representatives of the eight nations.[2]

Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme
AbbreviationAMAP
Formation1991
TypeWorking group
Region served
High Arctic and sub-Arctic regions
Parent organization
Arctic Council
Websitewww.amap.no

Contributions and impact edit

AMAP's monitoring and assessments have informed the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP), and the World Health Organization (WHO) on issues related to reduction of toxic and polluting chemical emissions.[3]

SWIPA edit

The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was influenced significantly by AMAP's assessment reports on "Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic" (SWIPA).[3] The release of the first SWIPA report, "Climate Change and the Cryosphere", was published for the 2011 Arctic Council ministerial meeting. The United States Department of State urged other member nations to "respond to the SWIPA Assessment’s findings and recommendations".[4] A Polar Science journal article, "The urgency of Arctic change", builds on 2017 AMAP assessments.[5]

Arctic Report Card edit

According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL)—a United States federal laboratory—the annual Arctic Report Card, which tracks the ways in which the environment has changed, undergoes an independent peer review organized by the AMAP. One hundred forty-seven researchers from eleven countries submit eleven essays for the AMAP review.[6]

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants edit

The establishment of AEPS' AMAP was the "fundamental building block" for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) agreement.[7] From the mid-1980s to 2000, research by atmospheric chemists revealed that POPs contaminating Inuit country food, could be tied to long-range atmospheric transport of POPs from the south to the Arctic.[8]

Mercury assessment edit

AMAP undertakes a mercury assessment every ten years.[9][10] AMAP has collaborated on two of the four peer-reviewed Global Mercury Assessments undertaken by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), including the report published in 2019.[11] In 2002, UNEP published the first Global Mercury Assessment—the second in 2008, the third in 2013, and the fourth in 2018. There reports provided the scientific basis for the Minamata Convention on Mercury—that came into force in August 2017.[12] As part of the Minamata Convention, UNEP undertakes mercury literature reviews every five years in collaboration with AMAP.[13]

In a 2022 Nature Reviews Earth & Environment article, AMAP researchers reported that "200 tonnes of mercury end up in the Arctic Ocean" every year.[9][10] In the 2010s, scientists focused on mercury contamination caused by human activities. By 2022, understanding of sources of mercury entering the ocean has become more refined—with one third coming from the atmosphere, 25% from ocean currents, 20% from river flows, and 20% from coastal erosion. The significant amount of mercury released from permafrost as it thaws raises concerns about ingestion of mercury by polar bears, pilot whales, narwhals, beluga and hooded seals—the source of food for Inuit in the Arctic.[10]

History edit

In Murmansk in 1987, then Soviet Secretary-General, Mikhail Gorbachev, introduced the idea of Arctic nations cooperating on various issues including environment protection.[14]

In 1989, discussions began between the eight Arctic nations—Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia—then the Soviet Union, Sweden and the United States, which resulted in the establishment of the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy (AEPS) in June 1991 in Rovaniemi, Finland.[15][1][16] AMAP—along with four other Working Groups—was established at that time under the AEPS.[17]

AMAP first assessed the Arctic environment—both existing problems and potential problems in the future.[18] In this way, AMAP has been the "core activity of Arctic environmental cooperation" since the beginning.[18]

When the "high-level intergovernmental forum", Arctic Council, was established on September 19, 1996[19] in Ottawa, Canada, it was mandated to oversee and coordinate the five Working Groups, including the AMAP.[20] The integration of the AEPS programmes within the Artic Council was finalized in 1997 in Norway.[20]

In 2003, the Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) assisted the AMAP in the preparation of its circumpolar assessment.[21]

Mandate edit

The AMAP monitors and assesses components of the AEPS. Starting in 1996, AMAP focused its monitoring and assessments in the Arctic on chemical and radioactive contaminants.[15]

AMAP's research covers the High Arctic and sub-Arctic regions in the circumpolar Arctic.[22]

Citations edit

  1. ^ a b About AMAP n.d.
  2. ^ a b c Climate-ADAPT 2022.
  3. ^ a b Reiersen, Guardans & Sydnes 2020.
  4. ^ US Department of State 2011.
  5. ^ Overland et al. 2019.
  6. ^ NOAAPMEL 2022.
  7. ^ Berkes et al. 2005, p. 237.
  8. ^ Reiersen, Wilson & Kimstach 2003.
  9. ^ a b Dastoor et al. 2022.
  10. ^ a b c Lamberink 2022.
  11. ^ UNEP 2019.
  12. ^ UNEP 2019, p. 4.
  13. ^ Outridge et al. 2018, p. 3.
  14. ^ Koivurova 2005, p. 208.
  15. ^ a b Russell 1996.
  16. ^ AMAP Structure n.d.
  17. ^ Arctic Council 2021.
  18. ^ a b Koivurova, Keskitalo & Bankes 2010, p. 59.
  19. ^ Burke 2021.
  20. ^ a b Arctic Council 1996.
  21. ^ ICC AMAP n.d.
  22. ^ AMAP Geographical coverage n.d.

See also edit

References edit

A

  • "About". Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme. nd. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  • "Geographical coverage". Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme. nd. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  • "Geographical coverage". Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme. nd. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  • "The History of the Arctic Council". Arctic Council. 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
  • "Declaration of the Founding of the Arctic Council" (PDF). Ottawa, Canada. 19 September 1996. p. 5. Retrieved 22 June 2023.

B

  • Berkes, Fikret; Bankes, Nigel; Marschke, Melissa; Armitage, Derek; Clark, Douglas (May 2005). "Cross–scale Institutions and Building Resilience in the Canadian North". In Berkes, Fikret; Huebert, Rob; Fast, Helen; Manseau, Micheline; Diduck, Alan (eds.). Breaking Ice: Renewable Resource and Ocean Management in the Canadian North. University of Calgary Press. pp. 225–246. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  • Burke, Danita Catherine (17 September 2021). "The Arctic Council has weathered 25 years of bumpy Russia-western relations – but can it adapt to climate change?". The Conversation. Retrieved 22 June 2023.

C

  • "Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme". European Climate Adaptation Platform Climate (Climate-ADAPT). 10 September 2022 [29 November 2017]. Retrieved 20 June 2023. document said AMAP's "primary function" was to "advise the governments of the eight Arctic countries (Canada, Denmark/Greenland, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the United States) on matters relating to threats to the Arctic region from pollution and associated issues. AMAP has produced a series of high quality scientifically-based assessments of the pollution status of the Arctic."

D

  • Dastoor, Ashu; Angot, Hélène; Bieser, Johannes; Christensen, Jesper; Douglas, Thomas; Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric (1 March 2022). "Arctic mercury cycling". Nature Reviews Earth & Environment. 3 (4): 270–286. doi:10.1038/s43017-022-00269-w. S2CID 247585852. Retrieved 20 June 2023.

I

  • "Arctic Council". Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC). Retrieved 20 June 2023.

K

  • Koivurova, Timo (2005). "Environmental Protection in the Arctic and Antarctic: Can the Polar Regimes Learn From Each Other?". International Journal of Legal Information. 33 (2): 204–218. doi:10.1017/S0731126500004923. S2CID 56574253.
  • Koivurova, Timo; Keskitalo, E. Carina H.; Bankes, Nigel, eds. (28 October 2010). Climate Governance in the Arctic. Environment & Policy. Vol. 50. Springer Dordrecht. p. 452. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9542-9. ISBN 978-1-4020-9541-2. S2CID 126429894.

L

  • Lamberink, Liny (6 June 2022). "'Significant' amounts of mercury in permafrost threatens Arctic food supply, research says". CBC News. Retrieved 20 June 2023.

N

  • Arctic Report Card 2022. NOAAPMEL. Arctic Report Card. December 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2023.

O

  • Outridge, Peter; Mason, R.; Wang, F.; Guerrero, S.; Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric (2018). "Updated Global and Oceanic Mercury Budgets for the United Nations Global Mercury Assessment 2018". Environmental Science and Technology. 20 (52): 11466–11477. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  • Overland, James; Dunlea, Edward; Box, Jason E.; Corell, Robert; Forsius, Martin; Kattsov, Vladimir (2019). "The urgency of Arctic change". Polar Science. 21: 6–13. doi:10.1016/j.polar.2018.11.008. hdl:10138/348015. ISSN 1873-9652. S2CID 134296788. Retrieved 21 June 2023.

R

  • Reiersen, L.; Wilson, S.; Kimstach, V. (2003). "Circumpolar perspectives on persistent organic pollutants: the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme". In Downie, D.; Fenge, T. (eds.). Northern Lights Against POPs: Combating Toxic Threats in the Arctic. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 60–86.
  • Reiersen, Lars-Otto; Guardans, Ramon; Sydnes, Leiv K. (30 April 2020). "The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme". Chemistry International. 42 (2): 8–14. doi:10.1515/ci-2020-0202. S2CID 218531025.
  • Russell, Bruce A. (Fall 1996). "The Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy & the New Arctic Council". from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 20 June 2023.

U

  • Global Mercury Assessment 2018 (PDF). UN Environment Programme, Chemicals and Health Branch (Report). Geneva, Switzerland. 2019. ISBN 978-92-807-3744-8. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  • "Arctic Council Completes Major Science Report on the State of the Arctic Cryosphere". Office of the Spokesman US Department of State (Press release). Washington, DC. 12 May 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2023.

External links edit

  • www.arctic-council.org – Arctic Council

April 12, 2024
arctic, monitoring, assessment, programme, established, working, group, arctic, council, 1991, main, function, advise, governments, eight, arctic, member, nations, canada, denmark, finland, iceland, norway, russia, sweden, united, states, environment, related,. The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme was established as a Working Group of the Arctic Council in 1991 1 Its main function is to advise the governments of the eight Arctic member nations 2 Canada Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Russia Sweden and the United States on environment related issues such as pollution 2 AMAP s work is a cooperative effort involving scientists and Arctic Indigenous peoples as well as political representatives of the eight nations 2 Arctic Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeAbbreviationAMAPFormation1991TypeWorking groupRegion servedHigh Arctic and sub Arctic regionsParent organizationArctic CouncilWebsitewww wbr amap wbr no Contents 1 Contributions and impact 1 1 SWIPA 1 2 Arctic Report Card 1 3 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants 1 4 Mercury assessment 2 History 3 Mandate 4 Citations 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksContributions and impact editAMAP s monitoring and assessments have informed the United Nations Environment Programme UNEP Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution LRTAP and the World Health Organization WHO on issues related to reduction of toxic and polluting chemical emissions 3 SWIPA edit The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC was influenced significantly by AMAP s assessment reports on Snow Water Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic SWIPA 3 The release of the first SWIPA report Climate Change and the Cryosphere was published for the 2011 Arctic Council ministerial meeting The United States Department of State urged other member nations to respond to the SWIPA Assessment s findings and recommendations 4 A Polar Science journal article The urgency of Arctic change builds on 2017 AMAP assessments 5 Arctic Report Card edit According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory PMEL a United States federal laboratory the annual Arctic Report Card which tracks the ways in which the environment has changed undergoes an independent peer review organized by the AMAP One hundred forty seven researchers from eleven countries submit eleven essays for the AMAP review 6 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants edit The establishment of AEPS AMAP was the fundamental building block for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants POPs agreement 7 From the mid 1980s to 2000 research by atmospheric chemists revealed that POPs contaminating Inuit country food could be tied to long range atmospheric transport of POPs from the south to the Arctic 8 Mercury assessment edit AMAP undertakes a mercury assessment every ten years 9 10 AMAP has collaborated on two of the four peer reviewed Global Mercury Assessments undertaken by the United Nations Environment Programme UNEP including the report published in 2019 11 In 2002 UNEP published the first Global Mercury Assessment the second in 2008 the third in 2013 and the fourth in 2018 There reports provided the scientific basis for the Minamata Convention on Mercury that came into force in August 2017 12 As part of the Minamata Convention UNEP undertakes mercury literature reviews every five years in collaboration with AMAP 13 In a 2022 Nature Reviews Earth amp Environment article AMAP researchers reported that 200 tonnes of mercury end up in the Arctic Ocean every year 9 10 In the 2010s scientists focused on mercury contamination caused by human activities By 2022 understanding of sources of mercury entering the ocean has become more refined with one third coming from the atmosphere 25 from ocean currents 20 from river flows and 20 from coastal erosion The significant amount of mercury released from permafrost as it thaws raises concerns about ingestion of mercury by polar bears pilot whales narwhals beluga and hooded seals the source of food for Inuit in the Arctic 10 History editIn Murmansk in 1987 then Soviet Secretary General Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the idea of Arctic nations cooperating on various issues including environment protection 14 In 1989 discussions began between the eight Arctic nations Canada Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Russia then the Soviet Union Sweden and the United States which resulted in the establishment of the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy AEPS in June 1991 in Rovaniemi Finland 15 1 16 AMAP along with four other Working Groups was established at that time under the AEPS 17 AMAP first assessed the Arctic environment both existing problems and potential problems in the future 18 In this way AMAP has been the core activity of Arctic environmental cooperation since the beginning 18 When the high level intergovernmental forum Arctic Council was established on September 19 1996 19 in Ottawa Canada it was mandated to oversee and coordinate the five Working Groups including the AMAP 20 The integration of the AEPS programmes within the Artic Council was finalized in 1997 in Norway 20 In 2003 the Inuit Circumpolar Council ICC assisted the AMAP in the preparation of its circumpolar assessment 21 Mandate editThe AMAP monitors and assesses components of the AEPS Starting in 1996 AMAP focused its monitoring and assessments in the Arctic on chemical and radioactive contaminants 15 AMAP s research covers the High Arctic and sub Arctic regions in the circumpolar Arctic 22 Citations edit a b About AMAP n d a b c Climate ADAPT 2022 a b Reiersen Guardans amp Sydnes 2020 US Department of State 2011 Overland et al 2019 NOAAPMEL 2022 Berkes et al 2005 p 237 Reiersen Wilson amp Kimstach 2003 a b Dastoor et al 2022 a b c Lamberink 2022 UNEP 2019 UNEP 2019 p 4 Outridge et al 2018 p 3 Koivurova 2005 p 208 a b Russell 1996 AMAP Structure n d Arctic Council 2021 a b Koivurova Keskitalo amp Bankes 2010 p 59 Burke 2021 a b Arctic Council 1996 ICC AMAP n d AMAP Geographical coverage n d See also editArctic CouncilReferences editA About Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme nd Retrieved 20 June 2023 Geographical coverage Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme nd Retrieved 20 June 2023 Geographical coverage Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme nd Retrieved 20 June 2023 The History of the Arctic Council Arctic Council 2021 Retrieved 22 June 2023 Declaration of the Founding of the Arctic Council PDF Ottawa Canada 19 September 1996 p 5 Retrieved 22 June 2023 B Berkes Fikret Bankes Nigel Marschke Melissa Armitage Derek Clark Douglas May 2005 Cross scale Institutions and Building Resilience in the Canadian North In Berkes Fikret Huebert Rob Fast Helen Manseau Micheline Diduck Alan eds Breaking Ice Renewable Resource and Ocean Management in the Canadian North University of Calgary Press pp 225 246 Retrieved 12 July 2023 Burke Danita Catherine 17 September 2021 The Arctic Council has weathered 25 years of bumpy Russia western relations but can it adapt to climate change The Conversation Retrieved 22 June 2023 C Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme European Climate Adaptation Platform Climate Climate ADAPT 10 September 2022 29 November 2017 Retrieved 20 June 2023 document said AMAP s primary function was to advise the governments of the eight Arctic countries Canada Denmark Greenland Finland Iceland Norway Russia Sweden and the United States on matters relating to threats to the Arctic region from pollution and associated issues AMAP has produced a series of high quality scientifically based assessments of the pollution status of the Arctic D Dastoor Ashu Angot Helene Bieser Johannes Christensen Jesper Douglas Thomas Heimburger Boavida Lars Eric 1 March 2022 Arctic mercury cycling Nature Reviews Earth amp Environment 3 4 270 286 doi 10 1038 s43017 022 00269 w S2CID 247585852 Retrieved 20 June 2023 I Arctic Council Inuit Circumpolar Council ICC Retrieved 20 June 2023 K Koivurova Timo 2005 Environmental Protection in the Arctic and Antarctic Can the Polar Regimes Learn From Each Other International Journal of Legal Information 33 2 204 218 doi 10 1017 S0731126500004923 S2CID 56574253 Koivurova Timo Keskitalo E Carina H Bankes Nigel eds 28 October 2010 Climate Governance in the Arctic Environment amp Policy Vol 50 Springer Dordrecht p 452 doi 10 1007 978 1 4020 9542 9 ISBN 978 1 4020 9541 2 S2CID 126429894 L Lamberink Liny 6 June 2022 Significant amounts of mercury in permafrost threatens Arctic food supply research says CBC News Retrieved 20 June 2023 N Arctic Report Card 2022 NOAAPMEL Arctic Report Card December 2022 Retrieved 22 June 2023 O Outridge Peter Mason R Wang F Guerrero S Heimburger Boavida Lars Eric 2018 Updated Global and Oceanic Mercury Budgets for the United Nations Global Mercury Assessment 2018 Environmental Science and Technology 20 52 11466 11477 Retrieved 21 June 2023 Overland James Dunlea Edward Box Jason E Corell Robert Forsius Martin Kattsov Vladimir 2019 The urgency of Arctic change Polar Science 21 6 13 doi 10 1016 j polar 2018 11 008 hdl 10138 348015 ISSN 1873 9652 S2CID 134296788 Retrieved 21 June 2023 R Reiersen L Wilson S Kimstach V 2003 Circumpolar perspectives on persistent organic pollutants the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme In Downie D Fenge T eds Northern Lights Against POPs Combating Toxic Threats in the Arctic Montreal McGill Queen s University Press pp 60 86 Reiersen Lars Otto Guardans Ramon Sydnes Leiv K 30 April 2020 The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme Chemistry International 42 2 8 14 doi 10 1515 ci 2020 0202 S2CID 218531025 Russell Bruce A Fall 1996 The Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy amp the New Arctic Council Archived from the original on 11 October 2008 Retrieved 20 June 2023 U Global Mercury Assessment 2018 PDF UN Environment Programme Chemicals and Health Branch Report Geneva Switzerland 2019 ISBN 978 92 807 3744 8 Retrieved 21 June 2023 Arctic Council Completes Major Science Report on the State of the Arctic Cryosphere Office of the Spokesman US Department of State Press release Washington DC 12 May 2011 Retrieved 22 June 2023 External links editwww arctic council org Arctic Council Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme amp oldid 1186718296, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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