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Architecture of Estonia

January 01, 1970

This article covers the architecture of Estonia.

History edit

Ancient Estonia edit

See also: Ancient Estonia
 
Ruins of Varbola Stronghold

A distinguishing feature of early Estonian architecture are the many strongholds and hill-forts found throughout the country, for example Varbola and Valjala strongholds. The more important of these, which could cover an area up to 1,000 square metres (11,000 sq ft) and were located at important crossroads, eventually developed into commercial hubs, like Tallinn, Tartu and Otepää.[1]

Gothic architecture edit

 
The architectural ensemble that makes out the medieval old town of Tallinn is on the UNESCO World Heritage List

Christianity was brought to Estonia through the northern crusades, and brought about huge changes in the society, culture and architecture of Estonia. The influences came mainly from German-speaking areas and Scandinavia. The new religion prompted the erection of churches throughout present-day Estonia, beginning in the 13th century. The first churches were probably wooden; of these none survive.[2] The earliest churches still surviving were strongly built and fortress-like; Valjala church on Saaremaa is one example. The master masons and sculptors who played a significant role in the early church architecture came mainly from Gotland.[2] Later, as Christianity became more firmly rooted, larger and more elaborate churches were built, especially in northern Estonia during the 15th century. The medieval churches in the old town of Tallinn, like the Cathedral, St. Olaf's church (the tallest building in Europe in the 16th century[3]) or the church of the Holy Ghost, still testify to a highly developed Gothic style of architecture.[4] Outside of Tallinn, many churches were damaged during frequent wars, especially the Livonian War and the Great Northern War, and negligence during the Soviet occupation caused much destruction among the churches of Estonia, thus few early churches survive unaltered to this day. In later years however intense restoration work has been carried out, and especially on Saaremaa and in northern Estonia there are still interesting examples of relatively well-preserved medieval churches.[2]

The crusaders also left their mark on the country by erecting a large number of castles as a means to gain military and administrative control over the country. Both large castle complexes, called order castles after the Teutonic and other crusading orders that erected them, and smaller, local fortifications not intended for major military actions (known locally as 'vassal castles') were erected. Good examples of larger castles still extant include Hermann castle in Narva, Toompea castle in Tallinn and Kuressaare castle on Saaremaa. Of smaller castles, Purtse castle, Kiiu tower and Vao tower still exist today. Many of the castles erected during the Middle Ages were destroyed in later wars, and Estonia is abundant in castle ruins.[1]

The expansion and development of Estonian cities like Tallinn and Narva into Hanseatic cities during the Middle Ages also fuelled the development of civic architecture. Burgher's houses with gabled fronts, a large front hall with a fireplace and a smaller living room at the rear became popular; the style became known as 'Tallinn Gothic' and taken up by builders in Finland, Sweden and Novgorod. Other still existing medieval civic buildings testify to the importance of Tallinn as an important trading city; Tallinn Town Hall is today an important historical landmark, as is the Raeapteek (town hall pharmacy) and the buildings of the former guilds in Tallinn, i.e. the Great Guild (1410), St. Olaf's Guild (1422) and the later Brotherhood of Blackheads (c. 1597).[5] The extraordinarily well-preserved city wall of Tallinn is also from this period. All in all, the old town of Tallinn is one of the world's best preserved medieval architectural ensembles, and is listed as one of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites since 1997.[6]

Baroque and Rococo edit

Baroque and Rococo architecture in Estonia is represented mostly by buildings erected by the Russian imperial administration and the local aristocracy.[5] The finest example still existing is Kadriorg Palace, in Petrine Baroque style. Before World War II, Põltsamaa Castle was an unusually fine example of Rococo architecture in Estonia; the castle was destroyed during the war and only ruins remain.[7]

 
Palmse manor
 
Sagadi manor
Palmse (left) and Sagadi (right) manors are among the most well-known in Estonia

Ever since the Northern crusades and the establishment of the German-speaking Baltic nobility as the landowning class, the countryside of Estonia had been characterised by the manorial system enforced by the upper classes. From the baroque and onwards, many manor houses survive and contribute to the architectural heritage of Estonia. The countryside of Estonia retains around 2000 historic manors, many in the baroque and rococo styles, e.g. Saue, Palmse or Vääna manors, but also representing a range of styles from Neo-Baroque and neo-Classicist to Tudor.[8]

Classicism edit

The center of preserved neo-Classicist architecture is Tartu, the Town Hall and surrounding buildings from the 18th century. The main building of the University of Tartu (1803–09) is an example of High Classicism. Manor house architecture continue to dominate the countryside, with manors such as Saku, Kuremaa and Suure-Kõpu exemplifying the style. Some notable residences were also built in Tallinn, e.g. Stenbock House and the building on Kohtu street 8 (architect Carl Ludvig Engel, today housing the Estonian Chancellor of Justice), both on Toompea hill.

Late-19th-century architecture edit

As in the rest of Europe, the late 19th century was a time of architectural experimentation of styles in Estonia. Different types of historicism and eclecticism became common. Neo-Gothic became a popular style, not least among manor houses, as can be seen in Alatskivi or Sangaste manors.[5]

At the end of the period, Art Nouveau influences reached Estonia. Major sources of inspiration came were partly the vibrant Art Nouveau scene in Riga and partly Finnish national romanticism. Perhaps the most well-known architect who worked in Art Nouveau style in Estonia was Jacques Rosenbaum.[9]

The Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Tallinn is an example of Russian Revival style from the 19th century when Estonia was a governorate of the Russian Empire.

20th century edit

Sillamäe city centre in its entirety is a noteworthy example of Stalinist architecture in Estonia.[10]

Gallery edit

Contemporary architecture edit

  •  
    Fahle building in Tallinn
  •  
    Jõgeva bus station

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Miljan, Toivo (2004). Historical Dictionary of Estonia. Scarecrow Press. p. 104. ISBN 0-8108-4904-6.
  2. ^ a b c Viirand, Tiiu (2004). Estonia. Cultural Tourism. Kunst Publishers. p. 9. ISBN 9949-407-18-4.
  3. ^ A Hedonist's Guide to Tallinn By Laurence Shorter
  4. ^ Miljan, Toivo (2004). Historical Dictionary of Estonia. Scarecrow Press. pp. 104–105. ISBN 0-8108-4904-6.
  5. ^ a b c Miljan, Toivo (2004). Historical Dictionary of Estonia. Scarecrow Press. p. 105. ISBN 0-8108-4904-6.
  6. ^ "Historic Centre (Old Town) of Tallinn". UNESCO. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
  7. ^ Viirand, Tiiu (2004). Estonia. Cultural Tourism. Kunst Publishers. pp. 82–84. ISBN 9949-407-18-4.
  8. ^ Culture And Customs of the Baltic States By Kevin O'Connor
  9. ^ Hallas-Murula, Karin (2010). Tallinna Juugedarhitektuur: Jacques Rosenbaum (1878-1944). Eesti Arhitektuurimuuseum. ISBN 978-9985-9828-7-7.
  10. ^ "What we consider our own". Estonica.org. Retrieved 10 February 2013.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Architecture of Estonia.

January 01, 1970
architecture, estonia, this, article, covers, architecture, estonia, contents, history, ancient, estonia, gothic, architecture, baroque, rococo, classicism, late, 19th, century, architecture, 20th, century, gallery, contemporary, architecture, also, references. This article covers the architecture of Estonia Contents 1 History 1 1 Ancient Estonia 1 2 Gothic architecture 1 3 Baroque and Rococo 1 4 Classicism 1 5 Late 19th century architecture 1 6 20th century 1 7 Gallery 2 Contemporary architecture 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksHistory editAncient Estonia edit See also Ancient Estonia nbsp Ruins of Varbola Stronghold A distinguishing feature of early Estonian architecture are the many strongholds and hill forts found throughout the country for example Varbola and Valjala strongholds The more important of these which could cover an area up to 1 000 square metres 11 000 sq ft and were located at important crossroads eventually developed into commercial hubs like Tallinn Tartu and Otepaa 1 Gothic architecture edit nbsp The architectural ensemble that makes out the medieval old town of Tallinn is on the UNESCO World Heritage List Christianity was brought to Estonia through the northern crusades and brought about huge changes in the society culture and architecture of Estonia The influences came mainly from German speaking areas and Scandinavia The new religion prompted the erection of churches throughout present day Estonia beginning in the 13th century The first churches were probably wooden of these none survive 2 The earliest churches still surviving were strongly built and fortress like Valjala church on Saaremaa is one example The master masons and sculptors who played a significant role in the early church architecture came mainly from Gotland 2 Later as Christianity became more firmly rooted larger and more elaborate churches were built especially in northern Estonia during the 15th century The medieval churches in the old town of Tallinn like the Cathedral St Olaf s church the tallest building in Europe in the 16th century 3 or the church of the Holy Ghost still testify to a highly developed Gothic style of architecture 4 Outside of Tallinn many churches were damaged during frequent wars especially the Livonian War and the Great Northern War and negligence during the Soviet occupation caused much destruction among the churches of Estonia thus few early churches survive unaltered to this day In later years however intense restoration work has been carried out and especially on Saaremaa and in northern Estonia there are still interesting examples of relatively well preserved medieval churches 2 The crusaders also left their mark on the country by erecting a large number of castles as a means to gain military and administrative control over the country Both large castle complexes called order castles after the Teutonic and other crusading orders that erected them and smaller local fortifications not intended for major military actions known locally as vassal castles were erected Good examples of larger castles still extant include Hermann castle in Narva Toompea castle in Tallinn and Kuressaare castle on Saaremaa Of smaller castles Purtse castle Kiiu tower and Vao tower still exist today Many of the castles erected during the Middle Ages were destroyed in later wars and Estonia is abundant in castle ruins 1 The expansion and development of Estonian cities like Tallinn and Narva into Hanseatic cities during the Middle Ages also fuelled the development of civic architecture Burgher s houses with gabled fronts a large front hall with a fireplace and a smaller living room at the rear became popular the style became known as Tallinn Gothic and taken up by builders in Finland Sweden and Novgorod Other still existing medieval civic buildings testify to the importance of Tallinn as an important trading city Tallinn Town Hall is today an important historical landmark as is the Raeapteek town hall pharmacy and the buildings of the former guilds in Tallinn i e the Great Guild 1410 St Olaf s Guild 1422 and the later Brotherhood of Blackheads c 1597 5 The extraordinarily well preserved city wall of Tallinn is also from this period All in all the old town of Tallinn is one of the world s best preserved medieval architectural ensembles and is listed as one of UNESCO s World Heritage Sites since 1997 6 Baroque and Rococo edit Baroque and Rococo architecture in Estonia is represented mostly by buildings erected by the Russian imperial administration and the local aristocracy 5 The finest example still existing is Kadriorg Palace in Petrine Baroque style Before World War II Poltsamaa Castle was an unusually fine example of Rococo architecture in Estonia the castle was destroyed during the war and only ruins remain 7 nbsp Palmse manor nbsp Sagadi manorPalmse left and Sagadi right manors are among the most well known in EstoniaEver since the Northern crusades and the establishment of the German speaking Baltic nobility as the landowning class the countryside of Estonia had been characterised by the manorial system enforced by the upper classes From the baroque and onwards many manor houses survive and contribute to the architectural heritage of Estonia The countryside of Estonia retains around 2000 historic manors many in the baroque and rococo styles e g Saue Palmse or Vaana manors but also representing a range of styles from Neo Baroque and neo Classicist to Tudor 8 Classicism edit The center of preserved neo Classicist architecture is Tartu the Town Hall and surrounding buildings from the 18th century The main building of the University of Tartu 1803 09 is an example of High Classicism Manor house architecture continue to dominate the countryside with manors such as Saku Kuremaa and Suure Kopu exemplifying the style Some notable residences were also built in Tallinn e g Stenbock House and the building on Kohtu street 8 architect Carl Ludvig Engel today housing the Estonian Chancellor of Justice both on Toompea hill Late 19th century architecture edit As in the rest of Europe the late 19th century was a time of architectural experimentation of styles in Estonia Different types of historicism and eclecticism became common Neo Gothic became a popular style not least among manor houses as can be seen in Alatskivi or Sangaste manors 5 At the end of the period Art Nouveau influences reached Estonia Major sources of inspiration came were partly the vibrant Art Nouveau scene in Riga and partly Finnish national romanticism Perhaps the most well known architect who worked in Art Nouveau style in Estonia was Jacques Rosenbaum 9 The Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Tallinn is an example of Russian Revival style from the 19th century when Estonia was a governorate of the Russian Empire 20th century edit Sillamae city centre in its entirety is a noteworthy example of Stalinist architecture in Estonia 10 Gallery edit nbsp Muhu St Catherine s Church 13th century nbsp Koluvere Castle begun 13th century nbsp Raeapteek early 15th century nbsp House of the Blackheads Tallinn facade by Arent Passer 1597 nbsp Kadriorg Palace architects Nicola Michetti Gaetano Chiaveri and Mikhail Zemtsov begun 1718 nbsp Voru St Catherine s Orthodox Church is an early example of classicism 1804 nbsp University of Tartu main building architect Johann Wilhelm Krause 1803 1809 nbsp Art Nouveau building in Tallinn architect Jacques Rosenbaum completed 1910 Contemporary architecture editThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it February 2013 nbsp Fahle building in Tallinn nbsp Jogeva bus stationSee also edit nbsp Architecture portal Estonian Museum of Architecture Estonian vernacular architecture List of castles in Estonia List of palaces and manor houses in Estonia List of tallest buildings in EstoniaReferences edit a b Miljan Toivo 2004 Historical Dictionary of Estonia Scarecrow Press p 104 ISBN 0 8108 4904 6 a b c Viirand Tiiu 2004 Estonia Cultural Tourism Kunst Publishers p 9 ISBN 9949 407 18 4 A Hedonist s Guide to Tallinn By Laurence Shorter Miljan Toivo 2004 Historical Dictionary of Estonia Scarecrow Press pp 104 105 ISBN 0 8108 4904 6 a b c Miljan Toivo 2004 Historical Dictionary of Estonia Scarecrow Press p 105 ISBN 0 8108 4904 6 Historic Centre Old Town of Tallinn UNESCO Retrieved 2013 02 10 Viirand Tiiu 2004 Estonia Cultural Tourism Kunst Publishers pp 82 84 ISBN 9949 407 18 4 Culture And Customs of the Baltic States By Kevin O Connor Hallas Murula Karin 2010 Tallinna Juugedarhitektuur Jacques Rosenbaum 1878 1944 Eesti Arhitektuurimuuseum ISBN 978 9985 9828 7 7 What we consider our own Estonica org Retrieved 10 February 2013 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Architecture of Estonia Architecture Archived 2022 05 18 at the Wayback Machine entry on Estonica org Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Architecture of Estonia amp oldid 1214691122, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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