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Araeoscelidia

January 01, 1970

Araeoscelidia or Araeoscelida is a clade of extinct diapsid reptiles superficially resembling lizards, extending from the Late Carboniferous to the Early Permian. The group contains the genera Araeoscelis, Petrolacosaurus, the possibly aquatic Spinoaequalis, and less well-known genera such as Kadaliosaurus and Zarcasaurus. This clade is usually considered to be the sister group to all (currently known) later diapsids.

Araeoscelidans
Temporal range: Carboniferous–Permian 302–275.6 Ma
Life restoration (top) and skull reconstruction (bottom) of Petrolacosaurus kansensis
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Clade: Diapsida
Order: †Araeoscelidia
Williston, 1913
Genera

Description edit

Araeoscelidians were small animals (less than one meter in length) looking somewhat like lizards, though they are only distantly related to true lizards. They differ from other, earlier sauropsids by their slender limbs, their elongated tail, and of course by the presence of two temporal openings, the feature defining the diapsid condition. In Araeoscelis, only the upper temporal opening remains, thus resulting in a derived euryapsid condition.

Genera edit

Araeoscelidia includes well-known genera such as Araeoscelis Williston 1910,[1][2] Petrolacosaurus Lane 1945[3][4] and Spinoaequalis,[5][6] known from virtually complete skeletons. Zarcasaurus,[7] Aphelosaurus[8][9][10] and Kadaliosaurus[11] belong to this clade but are known only from post-cranial remains and a mandible fragment for Zarcasaurus.

The genus Dictybolos has been included in Araeoscelidia by Olson (1970)[12] but this inclusion has been criticized e.g., by Evans (1988),[13] especially since Olson also included distantly related groups such as protorosaurs and mesosaurs.

New specimens have been discovered in the United States state of Oklahoma,[14][15] but lack a scientific description as of 2023.

Phylogeny edit

The majority of phylogenetic studies recover araeoscelidians as the most basal group of diapsids; however, Simões et al. (2022) recover them as stem-amniotes instead, as the sister group to the clade including Captorhinidae and Protorothyris archeri.[16]

Stratigraphic and geographic distribution edit

Araeoscelidia are known from the Late Carboniferous in the United States (Petrolacosaurus, Spinoaequalis) to the Early Permian in France (Aphelosaurus), Germany (Kadaliosaurus) and the United States (Dictybolos, Zarcasaurus, Araeoscelis, Halgaitosaurus[17]). Apart from araeoscelidans, only one other diapsid is known before the Late Permian: Orovenator from the Early Permian of Oklahoma.[18]

References edit

  1. ^ Vaughn 1955
  2. ^ Reisz, Berman & Scott 1984
  3. ^ Peabody 1952
  4. ^ Reisz 1981
  5. ^ deBraga & Reisz 1995
  6. ^ deBraga & Rieppel 1997
  7. ^ Brinkman, Berman & Eberth 1984
  8. ^ Gervais 1859
  9. ^ Thévenin 1910
  10. ^ Falconnet & Steyer 2007
  11. ^ Credner 1889
  12. ^ Olson 1970
  13. ^ Evans 1988
  14. ^ May & Hall 2002
  15. ^ Swanson & Carlson 2002
  16. ^ Simões, T. R.; Kammerer, C. F.; Caldwell, M. W.; Pierce, S. E. (2022). "Successive climate crises in the deep past drove the early evolution and radiation of reptiles". Science Advances. 8 (33): eabq1898. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abq1898. PMC 9390993. PMID 35984885.
  17. ^ Henrici, Amy C.; Berman, David S; Sumida, Stuart S.; Huttenlocker, Adam K. (2023-11-15). "Halgaitosaurus gregarius, a New Upper Carboniferous Araeoscelidian (Reptilia: Diapsida) from the Halgaito Formation, Bears Ears National Monument, Utah, USA". Annals of Carnegie Museum. 88 (3). doi:10.2992/007.088.0301. ISSN 0097-4463.
  18. ^ Reisz, Modesto & Scott 2011

Further reading edit

  • Carroll, Robert L. (1988). Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. New York: W.H. Freeman and Co. ISBN 0-7167-1822-7.
  • Benton, Michael J. (2000). Vertebrate Paleontology (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-632-05614-2.
  • deBraga, M. & Reisz, R. R. (1995). "A new diapsid reptile from the uppermost Carboniferous (Stephanian) of Kansas". Palaeontology. 38: 199–212.
  • deBraga, M. & Rieppel, O. (1997). "Reptile phylogeny and the interrelationships of turtles". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 120 (3): 281–354. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb01280.x.
  • Brinkman, D. B.; Berman, D. S. & Eberth, D. Z. (1984). "A new araeoscelid reptile, Zarcasaurus tandyderus, from the Culter Formation, (Lower Permian) of north-central New Mexico" (PDF). New Mexico Geology. 6 (2): 34–39.
  • Credner, H. (1889). "Die Stegocephalen und Saurier aus dem Rothliegenden des Plauen'schen Grundes bei Dresden. 8 – Kadaliosaurus priscus Cred". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft. 41: 319–342.
  • Evans, S. E. (1988). "The early history and relationships of the Diapsida". In Benton, M. J. (ed.). The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods. Vol. 1: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds. Systematics Association Special Volume 35 A. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 221–260. ISBN 0-19-857705-2.
  • Falconnet, J. & Steyer, J.-S. (2007). "Revision, osteology and locomotion of Aphelosaurus, an enigmatic reptile from the Lower Permian of France". Journal of Morphology (abstract of the 8th International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology, Paris, July 2007): 38.
  • Gervais, P. (1859). Zoologie et paléontologie française (2nd ed.). Paris: Bertrand.
  • Laurin, M. (1991). "The osteology of a Lower Permian eosuchian from Texas and a review of a diapsid phylogeny". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 101: 59–95. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00886.x.
  • May, W. J. & Hall, J. D. (2002). "Geology and vertebrate fauna of a new site in the Wellington Formation (Lower Permian) of Northern Oklahoma". Oklahoma Geology Notes. 62 (2): 63–66.
  • Olson, E. C. (1970). "New and little known genera and species of vertebrates from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma". Fieldiana: Geology. 18: 359–434.
  • Peabody, F. E. (1952). "Petrolacosaurus kansensis Lane, a Pennsylvanian reptile from Kansas". University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions. 10: 1–41. hdl:1808/3785.
  • Reisz, R. R. (1981). "A diapsid reptile from the Pennsylvanian of Kansas". Special Publication of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas. 7: 1–74.
  • Reisz, R. R.; Berman, D. S. & Scott, D. (1984). "The anatomy and relationships of the Lower Permian reptile Araeoscelis". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 4 (1): 57–67. doi:10.1080/02724634.1984.10011986.
  • Reisz, Robert R.; Modesto, Sean P.; Scott, Diane M. (2011). "A new Early Permian reptile and its significance in early diapsid evolution". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 278 (1725): 3731–3737. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0439. PMC 3203498. PMID 21525061.
  • Swanson, B. A. & Carlson, K. J. (2002). "Walk, Wade, or Swim? Vertebrate Traces on an Early Permian Lakeshore" (PDF). PALAIOS. 17 (2): 123–133. Bibcode:2002Palai..17..123S. doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2002)017<0123:WWOSVT>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 130593903.
  • Thévenin, A. (1910). "Les plus anciens quadrupèdes de France". Annales de Paléontologie. 5: 1–65.
  • Vaughn, P. P. (1955). "The Permian reptile Araeoscelis restudied". Bulletin of the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology. 113: 305–467.

January 01, 1970
araeoscelidia, araeoscelida, clade, extinct, diapsid, reptiles, superficially, resembling, lizards, extending, from, late, carboniferous, early, permian, group, contains, genera, araeoscelis, petrolacosaurus, possibly, aquatic, spinoaequalis, less, well, known. Araeoscelidia or Araeoscelida is a clade of extinct diapsid reptiles superficially resembling lizards extending from the Late Carboniferous to the Early Permian The group contains the genera Araeoscelis Petrolacosaurus the possibly aquatic Spinoaequalis and less well known genera such as Kadaliosaurus and Zarcasaurus This clade is usually considered to be the sister group to all currently known later diapsids AraeoscelidansTemporal range Carboniferous Permian 302 275 6 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Life restoration top and skull reconstruction bottom of Petrolacosaurus kansensis Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Reptilia Clade Diapsida Order AraeoscelidiaWilliston 1913 Genera Spinoaequalis Petrolacosaurus Zarcasaurus Araeoscelis Aphelosaurus Kadaliosaurus Halgaitosaurus Contents 1 Description 2 Genera 3 Phylogeny 4 Stratigraphic and geographic distribution 5 References 6 Further readingDescription editAraeoscelidians were small animals less than one meter in length looking somewhat like lizards though they are only distantly related to true lizards They differ from other earlier sauropsids by their slender limbs their elongated tail and of course by the presence of two temporal openings the feature defining the diapsid condition In Araeoscelis only the upper temporal opening remains thus resulting in a derived euryapsid condition Genera editAraeoscelidia includes well known genera such as Araeoscelis Williston 1910 1 2 Petrolacosaurus Lane 1945 3 4 and Spinoaequalis 5 6 known from virtually complete skeletons Zarcasaurus 7 Aphelosaurus 8 9 10 and Kadaliosaurus 11 belong to this clade but are known only from post cranial remains and a mandible fragment for Zarcasaurus The genus Dictybolos has been included in Araeoscelidia by Olson 1970 12 but this inclusion has been criticized e g by Evans 1988 13 especially since Olson also included distantly related groups such as protorosaurs and mesosaurs New specimens have been discovered in the United States state of Oklahoma 14 15 but lack a scientific description as of 2023 Phylogeny editThe majority of phylogenetic studies recover araeoscelidians as the most basal group of diapsids however Simoes et al 2022 recover them as stem amniotes instead as the sister group to the clade including Captorhinidae and Protorothyris archeri 16 Stratigraphic and geographic distribution editAraeoscelidia are known from the Late Carboniferous in the United States Petrolacosaurus Spinoaequalis to the Early Permian in France Aphelosaurus Germany Kadaliosaurus and the United States Dictybolos Zarcasaurus Araeoscelis Halgaitosaurus 17 Apart from araeoscelidans only one other diapsid is known before the Late Permian Orovenator from the Early Permian of Oklahoma 18 References edit Vaughn 1955 Reisz Berman amp Scott 1984 Peabody 1952 Reisz 1981 deBraga amp Reisz 1995 deBraga amp Rieppel 1997 Brinkman Berman amp Eberth 1984 Gervais 1859 Thevenin 1910 Falconnet amp Steyer 2007 Credner 1889 Olson 1970 Evans 1988 May amp Hall 2002 Swanson amp Carlson 2002 Simoes T R Kammerer C F Caldwell M W Pierce S E 2022 Successive climate crises in the deep past drove the early evolution and radiation of reptiles Science Advances 8 33 eabq1898 doi 10 1126 sciadv abq1898 PMC 9390993 PMID 35984885 Henrici Amy C Berman David S Sumida Stuart S Huttenlocker Adam K 2023 11 15 Halgaitosaurus gregarius a New Upper Carboniferous Araeoscelidian Reptilia Diapsida from the Halgaito Formation Bears Ears National Monument Utah USA Annals of Carnegie Museum 88 3 doi 10 2992 007 088 0301 ISSN 0097 4463 Reisz Modesto amp Scott 2011Further reading editCarroll Robert L 1988 Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution New York W H Freeman and Co ISBN 0 7167 1822 7 Benton Michael J 2000 Vertebrate Paleontology 2nd ed Oxford Blackwell Science ISBN 0 632 05614 2 deBraga M amp Reisz R R 1995 A new diapsid reptile from the uppermost Carboniferous Stephanian of Kansas Palaeontology 38 199 212 deBraga M amp Rieppel O 1997 Reptile phylogeny and the interrelationships of turtles Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 120 3 281 354 doi 10 1111 j 1096 3642 1997 tb01280 x Brinkman D B Berman D S amp Eberth D Z 1984 A new araeoscelid reptile Zarcasaurus tandyderus from the Culter Formation Lower Permian of north central New Mexico PDF New Mexico Geology 6 2 34 39 Credner H 1889 Die Stegocephalen und Saurier aus dem Rothliegenden des Plauen schen Grundes bei Dresden 8 Kadaliosaurus priscus Cred Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 41 319 342 Evans S E 1988 The early history and relationships of the Diapsida In Benton M J ed The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods Vol 1 Amphibians Reptiles Birds Systematics Association Special Volume 35 A Oxford Clarendon Press pp 221 260 ISBN 0 19 857705 2 Falconnet J amp Steyer J S 2007 Revision osteology and locomotion of Aphelosaurus an enigmatic reptile from the Lower Permian of France Journal of Morphology abstract of the 8th International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology Paris July 2007 38 Gervais P 1859 Zoologie et paleontologie francaise 2nd ed Paris Bertrand Laurin M 1991 The osteology of a Lower Permian eosuchian from Texas and a review of a diapsid phylogeny Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 101 59 95 doi 10 1111 j 1096 3642 1991 tb00886 x May W J amp Hall J D 2002 Geology and vertebrate fauna of a new site in the Wellington Formation Lower Permian of Northern Oklahoma Oklahoma Geology Notes 62 2 63 66 Olson E C 1970 New and little known genera and species of vertebrates from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma Fieldiana Geology 18 359 434 Peabody F E 1952 Petrolacosaurus kansensis Lane a Pennsylvanian reptile from Kansas University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions 10 1 41 hdl 1808 3785 Reisz R R 1981 A diapsid reptile from the Pennsylvanian of Kansas Special Publication of the Museum of Natural History University of Kansas 7 1 74 Reisz R R Berman D S amp Scott D 1984 The anatomy and relationships of the Lower Permian reptile Araeoscelis Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4 1 57 67 doi 10 1080 02724634 1984 10011986 Reisz Robert R Modesto Sean P Scott Diane M 2011 A new Early Permian reptile and its significance in early diapsid evolution Proceedings of the Royal Society B 278 1725 3731 3737 doi 10 1098 rspb 2011 0439 PMC 3203498 PMID 21525061 Swanson B A amp Carlson K J 2002 Walk Wade or Swim Vertebrate Traces on an Early Permian Lakeshore PDF PALAIOS 17 2 123 133 Bibcode 2002Palai 17 123S doi 10 1669 0883 1351 2002 017 lt 0123 WWOSVT gt 2 0 CO 2 S2CID 130593903 Thevenin A 1910 Les plus anciens quadrupedes de France Annales de Paleontologie 5 1 65 Vaughn P P 1955 The Permian reptile Araeoscelis restudied Bulletin of the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology 113 305 467 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Araeoscelidia amp oldid 1209449303, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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