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Aquifex pyrophilus

December 15, 2023

Aquifex pyrophilus is a gram-negative, non-spore forming, rod-shaped bacteria. It is one of a handful of species in the Aquificota phylum, which are a group of thermophilic bacteria that are found near underwater volcanoes or hot springs.[1][2]

Aquifex pyrophilus
Scientific classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Aquificota
Order: Aquificales
Family: Aquificaceae
Genus: Aquifex
Species:
A. pyrophilus
Binomial name
Aquifex pyrophilus
Huber and Stetter, 1992

Etymology edit

Aquifex pyrophilus has a name that references its respiration and its habitat. The name "Aquifex" means "water-maker" in Latin. The name was assigned to A. pyrophilus because it typically uses oxygen as its respiration and water as a byproduct.[3] The name "Pyrophilus" can be broken down into "Pyro" and "Philus". "Pyro" is Latin for fire, heat, or high temperature and "Philus" is a Latin word for "loving". Therefore the term "pyrophilus" can be interpreted as "heat loving" which refers to the habitat A. pyrophilus is typically found in.[citation needed]

Habitat edit

 
Kolbeinsey Ridge lies between Greenland, Iceland, and the Jan Mayen Microcontinent. This is the location where Aquifex pyrophilus was discovered. It is a submarine ridge that has high volcanic activity.

The genus Aquifex is a contains some of the most thermophilic bacterium of all known bacteria. A. pyrophilus is an aquatic microbe that is typically found near underwater volcanoes, marine hydrothermal vents, and/or hot springs where temperatures are extremely high and pressure can be immense.[4] A. pyrophilus has shown resistance to ultraviolet light and ionizing radiation.[4] The Aquifex genus is rather intolerable to oxygen therefore it is only found in low-oxygenated environments. Despite this, Aquifex remains one of only aerobic bacterial hyperthermophiles known.[5] Oxygen is limited near these hydrothermal vents and underwater volcanos because of the extremely high temperature and reducing power of volcanic gases like H2S. A. pyrophilus thrives where the oxic and anoxic zones meet in these environments because of the high availability of hydrogen and thiosulfate.[6]

Aquifex pyrophilus was discovered at Kolbeinsey Ridge, North of Iceland by Robert Huber and Karl Stetter in 1992.[6] In Huber's and Stetter's first analysis of the bacteria, they found that A. pyrophilus had an optimum pH of 6.8 but ranged anywhere between 5.4 and 7.5, grew at temperatures ranging from 67°C to 95°C with an optimum at 85°C, and had optimal growth with a NaCl concentration of 3% (range of 1-5%).[6]

A. pyrophilus is 2 to 6 micrometers long and has a diameter of around half a micrometer. It has eight polytrichously inserted flagella making it motile.[6] A. pyrophilus can grow singly, in pairs, and/or form large cell conglomerations, comprising up to 100 individual cells.[6][7]

Metabolism edit

 
The Aquifex electron transport chain when growing in an aerobic environment.

A. pyrophilus is strictly chemolithoautotrophic.[6] It is capable of using oxygen in its respiration, but can also grow anaerobically by nitrate reduction.[6] In aerobic conditions, A. pyrophilus oxidizes molecular hydrogen and yields H2O and ATP. Other electron donors that A. pyrophilus uses in aerobic conditions are S° and S2O32-.[6] Byproducts include sulfuric acid from S° and S2O32- and hydrogen sulfide from S° and H2.[6]

Lineage and phylogeny edit

A. pyrophilus has a relatively small genome. Out of the known thermophile genomes, A. pyrophilus is the smallest.[8] Due to its small genome, its ability to survive in extreme heat, its ability to be resistant toward ultraviolet light and ionizing radiation, and because of phylogenetic analyses of the small-subunit 16S rRNA gene, A. pyrophilus is thought to be one of the oldest species in the bacteria domain.[9][10]

Investigations of the phylogenetic position of Aquificales have utilized the concatenated proteins shared within the Aquificales order and A. pyrophilus.[11] The results show that the Aquificales are most closely related to Thermotogales when observing whole-genome information.[11] Additionally, Aquificales were found to be somewhat closely related to ε-proteobacteria in phylogenetic trees.[11] This slight ambiguity in the placement of Aquificales on the phylogenetic tree leaves room for some more research in this field. Despite this, there is overwhelming evidence that Aquificales, including A. pyrophilus, are some of the earliest bacteria to branch from archaea.[10]This has led to hypothesis that these bacteria evolved when the earth was still hot and had a thin atmosphere.[4]

References edit

  1. ^ . 2005-03-12. Archived from the original on 2005-03-12. Retrieved 2022-09-13.
  2. ^ Beblo, Kristina; Douki, Thierry; Schmalz, Gottfried; Rachel, Reinhard; Wirth, Reinhard; Huber, Harald; Reitz, Günther; Rettberg, Petra (2011-11-01). "Survival of thermophilic and hyperthermophilic microorganisms after exposure to UV-C, ionizing radiation and desiccation". Archives of Microbiology. 193 (11): 797–809. doi:10.1007/s00203-011-0718-5. ISSN 1432-072X. PMID 21638055. S2CID 2281391.
  3. ^ "Aquifex pyrophilus - microbewiki". microbewiki.kenyon.edu. Retrieved 2022-09-12.
  4. ^ a b c "4.5: Deeply Branching Bacteria". Biology LibreTexts. 2016-07-10. Retrieved 2022-10-11.
  5. ^ PRATT, C (1997). "£24.95Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko and Jack Parker, Getting the bug for microorganisms (8th edn), , Prentice Hall (1997) ISBN 0 13 571 2254, p. 986". Trends in Cell Biology. 7 (9): 375–376. doi:10.1016/s0962-8924(97)83479-4. ISSN 0962-8924.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Huber, Robert; Wilharm, Thomas; Huber, Dagmar; Trincone, Antonio; Burggraf, Siegfried; König, Helmut; Reinhard, Rachel; Rockinger, Ingrid; Fricke, Hans; Stetter, Karl O. (1992). "Aquifex pyrophilus gen. nov. sp. nov., Represents a Novel Group of Marine Hyperthermophilic Hydrogen-Oxidizing Bacteria". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 15 (3): 340–351. doi:10.1016/S0723-2020(11)80206-7.
  7. ^ Dworkin, Martin (1999). The Prokaryotes : an evolving electronic resource for the microbiological community. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-14254-1. OCLC 421690865.
  8. ^ Shao, Z; Mages, W; Schmitt, R (1994). "A physical map of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Aquifex pyrophilus chromosome". Journal of Bacteriology. 176 (21): 6776–6780. doi:10.1128/jb.176.21.6776-6780.1994. ISSN 0021-9193. PMC 197038. PMID 7961434.
  9. ^ Deckert, Gerard; Warren, Patrick V.; Gaasterland, Terry; Young, William G.; Lenox, Anna L.; Graham, David E.; Overbeek, Ross; Snead, Marjory A.; Keller, Martin; Aujay, Monette; Huber, Robert; Feldman, Robert A.; Short, Jay M.; Olsen, Gary J.; Swanson, Ronald V. (1998). "The complete genome of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Aquifex aeolicus". Nature. 392 (6674): 353–358. doi:10.1038/32831. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 9537320. S2CID 4413967.
  10. ^ a b Burggraf, S.; Olsen, G. J.; Stetter, K. O.; Woese, C. R. (1992-08-01). "A Phylogenetic Analysis of Aquifex pyrophilus". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 15 (3): 352–356. doi:10.1016/S0723-2020(11)80207-9. ISSN 0723-2020.
  11. ^ a b c Oshima, Kenro; Chiba, Yoko; Igarashi, Yasuo; Arai, Hiroyuki; Ishii, Masaharu (2012-07-12). "Phylogenetic Position of Aquificales Based on the Whole Genome Sequences of Six Aquificales Species". International Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 2012: 859264. doi:10.1155/2012/859264. ISSN 2090-8032. PMC 3403428. PMID 22844640.

External links edit

  • Type strain of Aquifex pyrophilus at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase

December 15, 2023
aquifex, pyrophilus, gram, negative, spore, forming, shaped, bacteria, handful, species, aquificota, phylum, which, group, thermophilic, bacteria, that, found, near, underwater, volcanoes, springs, scientific, classificationdomain, bacteriaphylum, aquificotaor. Aquifex pyrophilus is a gram negative non spore forming rod shaped bacteria It is one of a handful of species in the Aquificota phylum which are a group of thermophilic bacteria that are found near underwater volcanoes or hot springs 1 2 Aquifex pyrophilusScientific classificationDomain BacteriaPhylum AquificotaOrder AquificalesFamily AquificaceaeGenus AquifexSpecies A pyrophilusBinomial nameAquifex pyrophilusHuber and Stetter 1992 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Habitat 3 Metabolism 4 Lineage and phylogeny 5 References 6 External linksEtymology editAquifex pyrophilus has a name that references its respiration and its habitat The name Aquifex means water maker in Latin The name was assigned to A pyrophilus because it typically uses oxygen as its respiration and water as a byproduct 3 The name Pyrophilus can be broken down into Pyro and Philus Pyro is Latin for fire heat or high temperature and Philus is a Latin word for loving Therefore the term pyrophilus can be interpreted as heat loving which refers to the habitat A pyrophilus is typically found in citation needed Habitat edit nbsp Kolbeinsey Ridge lies between Greenland Iceland and the Jan Mayen Microcontinent This is the location where Aquifex pyrophilus was discovered It is a submarine ridge that has high volcanic activity The genus Aquifex is a contains some of the most thermophilic bacterium of all known bacteria A pyrophilus is an aquatic microbe that is typically found near underwater volcanoes marine hydrothermal vents and or hot springs where temperatures are extremely high and pressure can be immense 4 A pyrophilus has shown resistance to ultraviolet light and ionizing radiation 4 The Aquifex genus is rather intolerable to oxygen therefore it is only found in low oxygenated environments Despite this Aquifex remains one of only aerobic bacterial hyperthermophiles known 5 Oxygen is limited near these hydrothermal vents and underwater volcanos because of the extremely high temperature and reducing power of volcanic gases like H2S A pyrophilus thrives where the oxic and anoxic zones meet in these environments because of the high availability of hydrogen and thiosulfate 6 Aquifex pyrophilus was discovered at Kolbeinsey Ridge North of Iceland by Robert Huber and Karl Stetter in 1992 6 In Huber s and Stetter s first analysis of the bacteria they found that A pyrophilus had an optimum pH of 6 8 but ranged anywhere between 5 4 and 7 5 grew at temperatures ranging from 67 C to 95 C with an optimum at 85 C and had optimal growth with a NaCl concentration of 3 range of 1 5 6 A pyrophilus is 2 to 6 micrometers long and has a diameter of around half a micrometer It has eight polytrichously inserted flagella making it motile 6 A pyrophilus can grow singly in pairs and or form large cell conglomerations comprising up to 100 individual cells 6 7 Metabolism edit nbsp The Aquifex electron transport chain when growing in an aerobic environment A pyrophilus is strictly chemolithoautotrophic 6 It is capable of using oxygen in its respiration but can also grow anaerobically by nitrate reduction 6 In aerobic conditions A pyrophilus oxidizes molecular hydrogen and yields H2O and ATP Other electron donors that A pyrophilus uses in aerobic conditions are S and S2O32 6 Byproducts include sulfuric acid from S and S2O32 and hydrogen sulfide from S and H2 6 Lineage and phylogeny editA pyrophilus has a relatively small genome Out of the known thermophile genomes A pyrophilus is the smallest 8 Due to its small genome its ability to survive in extreme heat its ability to be resistant toward ultraviolet light and ionizing radiation and because of phylogenetic analyses of the small subunit 16S rRNA gene A pyrophilus is thought to be one of the oldest species in the bacteria domain 9 10 Investigations of the phylogenetic position of Aquificales have utilized the concatenated proteins shared within the Aquificales order and A pyrophilus 11 The results show that the Aquificales are most closely related to Thermotogales when observing whole genome information 11 Additionally Aquificales were found to be somewhat closely related to e proteobacteria in phylogenetic trees 11 This slight ambiguity in the placement of Aquificales on the phylogenetic tree leaves room for some more research in this field Despite this there is overwhelming evidence that Aquificales including A pyrophilus are some of the earliest bacteria to branch from archaea 10 This has led to hypothesis that these bacteria evolved when the earth was still hot and had a thin atmosphere 4 References edit aquifex 2005 03 12 Archived from the original on 2005 03 12 Retrieved 2022 09 13 Beblo Kristina Douki Thierry Schmalz Gottfried Rachel Reinhard Wirth Reinhard Huber Harald Reitz Gunther Rettberg Petra 2011 11 01 Survival of thermophilic and hyperthermophilic microorganisms after exposure to UV C ionizing radiation and desiccation Archives of Microbiology 193 11 797 809 doi 10 1007 s00203 011 0718 5 ISSN 1432 072X PMID 21638055 S2CID 2281391 Aquifex pyrophilus microbewiki microbewiki kenyon edu Retrieved 2022 09 12 a b c 4 5 Deeply Branching Bacteria Biology LibreTexts 2016 07 10 Retrieved 2022 10 11 PRATT C 1997 24 95Michael T Madigan John M Martinko and Jack Parker Getting the bug for microorganisms 8th edn Prentice Hall 1997 ISBN 0 13 571 2254 p 986 Trends in Cell Biology 7 9 375 376 doi 10 1016 s0962 8924 97 83479 4 ISSN 0962 8924 a b c d e f g h i Huber Robert Wilharm Thomas Huber Dagmar Trincone Antonio Burggraf Siegfried Konig Helmut Reinhard Rachel Rockinger Ingrid Fricke Hans Stetter Karl O 1992 Aquifex pyrophilus gen nov sp nov Represents a Novel Group of Marine Hyperthermophilic Hydrogen Oxidizing Bacteria Systematic and Applied Microbiology 15 3 340 351 doi 10 1016 S0723 2020 11 80206 7 Dworkin Martin 1999 The Prokaryotes an evolving electronic resource for the microbiological community Springer Verlag ISBN 0 387 14254 1 OCLC 421690865 Shao Z Mages W Schmitt R 1994 A physical map of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Aquifex pyrophilus chromosome Journal of Bacteriology 176 21 6776 6780 doi 10 1128 jb 176 21 6776 6780 1994 ISSN 0021 9193 PMC 197038 PMID 7961434 Deckert Gerard Warren Patrick V Gaasterland Terry Young William G Lenox Anna L Graham David E Overbeek Ross Snead Marjory A Keller Martin Aujay Monette Huber Robert Feldman Robert A Short Jay M Olsen Gary J Swanson Ronald V 1998 The complete genome of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Aquifex aeolicus Nature 392 6674 353 358 doi 10 1038 32831 ISSN 1476 4687 PMID 9537320 S2CID 4413967 a b Burggraf S Olsen G J Stetter K O Woese C R 1992 08 01 A Phylogenetic Analysis of Aquifex pyrophilus Systematic and Applied Microbiology 15 3 352 356 doi 10 1016 S0723 2020 11 80207 9 ISSN 0723 2020 a b c Oshima Kenro Chiba Yoko Igarashi Yasuo Arai Hiroyuki Ishii Masaharu 2012 07 12 Phylogenetic Position of Aquificales Based on the Whole Genome Sequences of Six Aquificales Species International Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2012 859264 doi 10 1155 2012 859264 ISSN 2090 8032 PMC 3403428 PMID 22844640 External links editType strain of Aquifex pyrophilus at BacDive the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Aquifex pyrophilus amp oldid 1183856548, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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