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Apomorphy and synapomorphy

January 01, 1970

In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form (or plesiomorphy).[2][3][4] A synapomorphy is an apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and is therefore hypothesized to have evolved in their most recent common ancestor.[1][5][3][6][7][8][9] In cladistics, synapomorphy implies homology.[5]

Phylogenies showing the terminology used to describe different patterns of ancestral and derived character or trait states.[1]

Examples of apomorphy are the presence of erect gait, fur, the evolution of three middle ear bones, and mammary glands in mammals but not in other vertebrate animals such as amphibians or reptiles, which have retained their ancestral traits of a sprawling gait and lack of fur.[10] Thus, these derived traits are also synapomorphies of mammals in general as they are not shared by other vertebrate animals.[10]

Etymology edit

The word synapomorphy—coined by German entomologist Willi Hennig—is derived from the Ancient Greek words σύν (sún), meaning "with, together"; ἀπό (apó), meaning "away from"; and μορφή (morphḗ), meaning "shape, form".

Clade analysis edit

The concept of synapomorphy depends on a given clade in the tree of life. Cladograms are diagrams that depict evolutionary relationships within groups of taxa. These illustrations are accurate predictive device in modern genetics. They are usually depicted in either tree or ladder form. Synapomorphies then create evidence for historical relationships and their associated hierarchical structure. Evolutionarily, a synapomorphy is the marker for the most recent common ancestor of the monophyletic group consisting of a set of taxa in a cladogram.[11] What counts as a synapomorphy for one clade may well be a primitive character or plesiomorphy at a less inclusive or nested clade. For example, the presence of mammary glands is a synapomorphy for mammals in relation to tetrapods but is a symplesiomorphy for mammals in relation to one another—rodents and primates, for example. So the concept can be understood as well in terms of "a character newer than" (autapomorphy) and "a character older than" (plesiomorphy) the apomorphy: mammary glands are evolutionarily newer than vertebral column, so mammary glands are an autapomorphy if vertebral column is an apomorphy, but if mammary glands are the apomorphy being considered then vertebral column is a plesiomorphy.

Relations to other terms edit

These phylogenetic terms are used to describe different patterns of ancestral and derived character or trait states as stated in the above diagram in association with apomorphies and synapomorphies.[12][13]

  • Symplesiomorphy – an ancestral trait shared by two or more taxa.
    • Plesiomorphy – a symplesiomorphy discussed in reference to a more derived state.
    • Pseudoplesiomorphy – is a trait that cannot be identified as neither a plesiomorphy nor an apomorphy that is a reversal.[14]
  • Reversal – is a loss of derived trait present in ancestor and the reestablishment of a plesiomorphic trait.
  • Convergence – independent evolution of a similar trait in two or more taxa.
  • Apomorphy – a derived trait. Apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and inherited from a common ancestor is synapomorphy. Apomorphy unique to a given taxon is autapomorphy.[15][16][17][18]
    • Synapomorphy/homology – a derived trait that is found in some or all terminal groups of a clade, and inherited from a common ancestor, for which it was an autapomorphy (i.e., not present in its immediate ancestor).
    • Underlying synapomorphy – a synapomorphy that has been lost again in many members of the clade. If lost in all but one, it can be hard to distinguish from an autapomorphy.
    • Autapomorphy – a distinctive derived trait that is unique to a given taxon or group.[19]
  • Homoplasy in biological systematics is when a trait has been gained or lost independently in separate lineages during evolution. This convergent evolution leads to species independently sharing a trait that is different from the trait inferred to have been present in their common ancestor.[20][21][22]
    • Parallel homoplasy – derived trait present in two groups or species without a common ancestor due to convergent evolution.[23]
    • Reverse homoplasy – trait present in an ancestor but not in direct descendants that reappears in later descendants.[24]
  • Hemiplasy is the case where a character that appears homoplastic given the species tree actually has a single origin on the associated gene tree.[25][26] Hemiplasy reflects gene tree-species tree discordance due to the multispecies coalescent.

References edit

  1. ^ a b Roderick D.M. Page; Edward C. Holmes (14 July 2009). Molecular Evolution: A Phylogenetic Approach. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-1336-9.
  2. ^ Futuyma, Douglas J.; Kirkpatrick, Mark (2017). "Tree of life". Evolution (4th ed.). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. pp. 27–53.
  3. ^ a b Futuyma, Douglas J.; Kirkpatrick, Mark (2017). "Phylogeny: The unity and diversity of life". Evolution (4th ed.). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. pp. 401–429.
  4. ^ "Reconstructing trees: Cladistics". Understanding Evolution. University of California Museum of Paleontology. 5 May 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  5. ^ a b Kitching, Ian J.; Forey, Peter L.; Williams, David M. (2001). "Cladistics". In Levin, Simon A. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 33–45. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-384719-5.00022-8. ISBN 9780123847201. Retrieved 29 August 2021.)
  6. ^ Hillis, David M.; Sadava, David; Hill, Richard W.; Price, Mary V. (2014). "Reconstructing and using phylogenies". Principles of Life (2nd ed.). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. pp. 325–342. ISBN 978-1464175121.
  7. ^ Currie PJ, Padia K (1997). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Elsevier. p. 543. ISBN 978-0-08-049474-6.
  8. ^ Concise Encyclopedia Biology. Tubingen, DEU: Walter de Gruyter. 1996. p. 366. ISBN 9783110106619.
  9. ^ Barton N, Briggs D, Eisen J, Goldstein D, Patel N (2007). "Phylogenetic Reconstruction". Evolution. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
  10. ^ a b Baum, David (2008). "Trait Evolution on a Phylogenetic Tree: Relatedness, Similarity, and the Myth of Evolutionary Advancement". Nature Education. 1 (1): 191.
  11. ^ Novick LR, Catley KM. Understanding phylogenies in biology: the influence of a Gestalt perceptual principle. J Exp Psychol Appl. 2007;13:197–223.
  12. ^ Roderick D.M. Page; Edward C. Holmes (14 July 2009). Molecular Evolution: A Phylogenetic Approach. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-1336-9.
  13. ^ Calow PP (2009). Encyclopedia of Ecology and Environmental Management. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-1324-6. OCLC 1039167559.
  14. ^ Williams D, Schmitt M, Wheeler Q (July 2016). The Future of Phylogenetic Systematics: The Legacy of Willi Hennig. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-11764-8.
  15. ^ Simpson MG (9 August 2011). Plant Systematics. Amsterdam. ISBN 9780080514048. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  16. ^ Russell PJ, Hertz PE, McMillan B (2013). Biology: The Dynamic Science. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-285-41534-5.
  17. ^ Lipscomb D (1998). "Basics of Cladistic Analysis" (PDF). Washington D.C.: George Washington University.
  18. ^ Choudhuri S (2014-05-09). Bioinformatics for Beginners: Genes, Genomes, Molecular Evolution, Databases and Analytical Tools (1st ed.). Academic Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-12-410471-6. OCLC 950546876.
  19. ^ Appel, Ron D.; Feytmans, Ernest. Bioinformatics: a Swiss Perspective."Chapter 3: Introduction of Phylogenetics and its Molecular Aspects." World Scientific Publishing Company, 1st edition. 2009.
  20. ^ Gauger A (April 17, 2012). "Similarity Happens! The Problem of Homoplasy". Evolution Today & Science News.
  21. ^ Sanderson MJ, Hufford L (21 October 1996). Homoplasy: The Recurrence of Similarity in Evolution. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-053411-4. OCLC 173520205.
  22. ^ Brandley MC, Warren DL, Leaché AD, McGuire JA (April 2009). "Homoplasy and clade support". Systematic Biology. 58 (2): 184–98. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syp019. PMID 20525577.
  23. ^ Archie JW (September 1989). "Homoplasy Excess Ratios: New Indices for Measuring Levels of Homoplasy in Phylogenetic Systematics and a Critique of the Consistency Index". Systematic Biology. 38 (1): 253–269. doi:10.2307/2992286. JSTOR 2992286.
  24. ^ Wake DB, Wake MH, Specht CD (February 2011). "Homoplasy: from detecting pattern to determining process and mechanism of evolution". Science. 331 (6020): 1032–5. Bibcode:2011Sci...331.1032W. doi:10.1126/science.1188545. PMID 21350170. S2CID 26845473.
    • "Homoplasy: A good thread to pull to understand the evolutionary ball of yarn". ScienceDaily (Press release). February 25, 2011.
  25. ^ Avise JC, Robinson TJ (June 2008). "Hemiplasy: a new term in the lexicon of phylogenetics". Systematic Biology. 57 (3): 503–7. doi:10.1080/10635150802164587. PMID 18570042.
  26. ^ Copetti D, Búrquez A, Bustamante E, Charboneau JL, Childs KL, Eguiarte LE, Lee S, Liu TL, McMahon MM, Whiteman NK, Wing RA, Wojciechowski MF, Sanderson MJ (November 2017). "Extensive gene tree discordance and hemiplasy shaped the genomes of North American columnar cacti". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (45): 12003–12008. Bibcode:2017PNAS..11412003C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1706367114. PMC 5692538. PMID 29078296.

External links edit

  • Cladistics, Berkeley

January 01, 1970
apomorphy, synapomorphy, phylogenetics, apomorphy, derived, trait, novel, character, character, state, that, evolved, from, ancestral, form, plesiomorphy, synapomorphy, apomorphy, shared, more, taxa, therefore, hypothesized, have, evolved, their, most, recent,. In phylogenetics an apomorphy or derived trait is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form or plesiomorphy 2 3 4 A synapomorphy is an apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and is therefore hypothesized to have evolved in their most recent common ancestor 1 5 3 6 7 8 9 In cladistics synapomorphy implies homology 5 Phylogenies showing the terminology used to describe different patterns of ancestral and derived character or trait states 1 Examples of apomorphy are the presence of erect gait fur the evolution of three middle ear bones and mammary glands in mammals but not in other vertebrate animals such as amphibians or reptiles which have retained their ancestral traits of a sprawling gait and lack of fur 10 Thus these derived traits are also synapomorphies of mammals in general as they are not shared by other vertebrate animals 10 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Clade analysis 3 Relations to other terms 4 References 5 External linksEtymology editThe word synapomorphy coined by German entomologist Willi Hennig is derived from the Ancient Greek words syn sun meaning with together ἀpo apo meaning away from and morfh morphḗ meaning shape form Clade analysis editThe concept of synapomorphy depends on a given clade in the tree of life Cladograms are diagrams that depict evolutionary relationships within groups of taxa These illustrations are accurate predictive device in modern genetics They are usually depicted in either tree or ladder form Synapomorphies then create evidence for historical relationships and their associated hierarchical structure Evolutionarily a synapomorphy is the marker for the most recent common ancestor of the monophyletic group consisting of a set of taxa in a cladogram 11 What counts as a synapomorphy for one clade may well be a primitive character or plesiomorphy at a less inclusive or nested clade For example the presence of mammary glands is a synapomorphy for mammals in relation to tetrapods but is a symplesiomorphy for mammals in relation to one another rodents and primates for example So the concept can be understood as well in terms of a character newer than autapomorphy and a character older than plesiomorphy the apomorphy mammary glands are evolutionarily newer than vertebral column so mammary glands are an autapomorphy if vertebral column is an apomorphy but if mammary glands are the apomorphy being considered then vertebral column is a plesiomorphy Relations to other terms editThese phylogenetic terms are used to describe different patterns of ancestral and derived character or trait states as stated in the above diagram in association with apomorphies and synapomorphies 12 13 Symplesiomorphy an ancestral trait shared by two or more taxa Plesiomorphy a symplesiomorphy discussed in reference to a more derived state Pseudoplesiomorphy is a trait that cannot be identified as neither a plesiomorphy nor an apomorphy that is a reversal 14 Reversal is a loss of derived trait present in ancestor and the reestablishment of a plesiomorphic trait Convergence independent evolution of a similar trait in two or more taxa Apomorphy a derived trait Apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and inherited from a common ancestor is synapomorphy Apomorphy unique to a given taxon is autapomorphy 15 16 17 18 Synapomorphy homology a derived trait that is found in some or all terminal groups of a clade and inherited from a common ancestor for which it was an autapomorphy i e not present in its immediate ancestor Underlying synapomorphy a synapomorphy that has been lost again in many members of the clade If lost in all but one it can be hard to distinguish from an autapomorphy Autapomorphy a distinctive derived trait that is unique to a given taxon or group 19 Homoplasy in biological systematics is when a trait has been gained or lost independently in separate lineages during evolution This convergent evolution leads to species independently sharing a trait that is different from the trait inferred to have been present in their common ancestor 20 21 22 Parallel homoplasy derived trait present in two groups or species without a common ancestor due to convergent evolution 23 Reverse homoplasy trait present in an ancestor but not in direct descendants that reappears in later descendants 24 Hemiplasy is the case where a character that appears homoplastic given the species tree actually has a single origin on the associated gene tree 25 26 Hemiplasy reflects gene tree species tree discordance due to the multispecies coalescent References edit a b Roderick D M Page Edward C Holmes 14 July 2009 Molecular Evolution A Phylogenetic Approach John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 1 4443 1336 9 Futuyma Douglas J Kirkpatrick Mark 2017 Tree of life Evolution 4th ed Sunderland Mass Sinauer Associates pp 27 53 a b Futuyma Douglas J Kirkpatrick Mark 2017 Phylogeny The unity and diversity of life Evolution 4th ed Sunderland Mass Sinauer Associates pp 401 429 Reconstructing trees Cladistics Understanding Evolution University of California Museum of Paleontology 5 May 2021 Retrieved 16 October 2021 a b Kitching Ian J Forey Peter L Williams David M 2001 Cladistics In Levin Simon A ed Encyclopedia of Biodiversity 2nd ed Elsevier pp 33 45 doi 10 1016 B978 0 12 384719 5 00022 8 ISBN 9780123847201 Retrieved 29 August 2021 Hillis David M Sadava David Hill Richard W Price Mary V 2014 Reconstructing and using phylogenies Principles of Life 2nd ed Sunderland Mass Sinauer Associates pp 325 342 ISBN 978 1464175121 Currie PJ Padia K 1997 Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs Elsevier p 543 ISBN 978 0 08 049474 6 Concise Encyclopedia Biology Tubingen DEU Walter de Gruyter 1996 p 366 ISBN 9783110106619 Barton N Briggs D Eisen J Goldstein D Patel N 2007 Phylogenetic Reconstruction Evolution Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press a b Baum David 2008 Trait Evolution on a Phylogenetic Tree Relatedness Similarity and the Myth of Evolutionary Advancement Nature Education 1 1 191 Novick LR Catley KM Understanding phylogenies in biology the influence of a Gestalt perceptual principle J Exp Psychol Appl 2007 13 197 223 Roderick D M Page Edward C Holmes 14 July 2009 Molecular Evolution A Phylogenetic Approach John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 1 4443 1336 9 Calow PP 2009 Encyclopedia of Ecology and Environmental Management John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 1 4443 1324 6 OCLC 1039167559 Williams D Schmitt M Wheeler Q July 2016 The Future of Phylogenetic Systematics The Legacy of Willi Hennig Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 107 11764 8 Simpson MG 9 August 2011 Plant Systematics Amsterdam ISBN 9780080514048 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help CS1 maint location missing publisher link Russell PJ Hertz PE McMillan B 2013 Biology The Dynamic Science Cengage Learning ISBN 978 1 285 41534 5 Lipscomb D 1998 Basics of Cladistic Analysis PDF Washington D C George Washington University Choudhuri S 2014 05 09 Bioinformatics for Beginners Genes Genomes Molecular Evolution Databases and Analytical Tools 1st ed Academic Press p 51 ISBN 978 0 12 410471 6 OCLC 950546876 Appel Ron D Feytmans Ernest Bioinformatics a Swiss Perspective Chapter 3 Introduction of Phylogenetics and its Molecular Aspects World Scientific Publishing Company 1st edition 2009 Gauger A April 17 2012 Similarity Happens The Problem of Homoplasy Evolution Today amp Science News Sanderson MJ Hufford L 21 October 1996 Homoplasy The Recurrence of Similarity in Evolution Elsevier ISBN 978 0 08 053411 4 OCLC 173520205 Brandley MC Warren DL Leache AD McGuire JA April 2009 Homoplasy and clade support Systematic Biology 58 2 184 98 doi 10 1093 sysbio syp019 PMID 20525577 Archie JW September 1989 Homoplasy Excess Ratios New Indices for Measuring Levels of Homoplasy in Phylogenetic Systematics and a Critique of the Consistency Index Systematic Biology 38 1 253 269 doi 10 2307 2992286 JSTOR 2992286 Wake DB Wake MH Specht CD February 2011 Homoplasy from detecting pattern to determining process and mechanism of evolution Science 331 6020 1032 5 Bibcode 2011Sci 331 1032W doi 10 1126 science 1188545 PMID 21350170 S2CID 26845473 Homoplasy A good thread to pull to understand the evolutionary ball of yarn ScienceDaily Press release February 25 2011 Avise JC Robinson TJ June 2008 Hemiplasy a new term in the lexicon of phylogenetics Systematic Biology 57 3 503 7 doi 10 1080 10635150802164587 PMID 18570042 Copetti D Burquez A Bustamante E Charboneau JL Childs KL Eguiarte LE Lee S Liu TL McMahon MM Whiteman NK Wing RA Wojciechowski MF Sanderson MJ November 2017 Extensive gene tree discordance and hemiplasy shaped the genomes of North American columnar cacti Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114 45 12003 12008 Bibcode 2017PNAS 11412003C doi 10 1073 pnas 1706367114 PMC 5692538 PMID 29078296 External links editCladistics Berkeley Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Apomorphy and synapomorphy amp oldid 1164178741, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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