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Aphididae

January 01, 1970

The Aphididae are a very large insect family in the aphid superfamily (Aphidoidea), of the order Hemiptera. These insects suck the sap from plant leaves. Several thousand species are placed in this family, many of which are considered plant/crop pests. They are the family of insects containing most plant virus vectors (around 200 known) with the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) being one of the most prevalent and indiscriminate carriers.

Aphididae
Aphis glycines, the soybean aphid
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Sternorrhyncha
Infraorder: Aphidomorpha
Superfamily: Aphidoidea
Family: Aphididae
Latreille, 1802
Eggs of Cinara strobi on white pine

Evolution edit

Aphids originated in the late Cretaceous about 100 million years ago (Mya), but the Aphidinae which comprises about half of the 4700 described species and genera of aphids alive today come from their most recent radiation which occurred in the late Tertiary less than 10 Mya.[1][2]

Reproduction edit

Most aphid species can reproduce both asexually and sexually, with several parthenogenetic generations between each period of sexual reproduction. This is known as cyclical parthenogenesis and, in temperate regions, sexual reproduction occurs in autumn and results in the production of overwintering eggs, which hatch the following spring and initiate another cycle. Many pest aphids, however, do not overwinter as an egg but as nymphs or adults and others as both eggs and active stages (see Williams and Dixon 2007). For their size, the parthenogenetic individuals have very short developmental times and potentially prodigious rates of increase (de Réaumur 1737;[3][page needed] Huxley 1858; Kindlmann and Dixon 1989; Dixon 1992). Thus, aphids show very complex and rapidly changing within-year dynamics, with each clone going through several generations during the vegetative season and being made up of many individuals, which can be widely scattered in space. The survival of the eggs and/or overwintering aphids determines the numbers of aphids present the following spring.[4]

The within-year dynamics of aphids are largely determined by seasonal changes in host quality. Aphids do best when amino acids are actively translocated in the phloem. In spring, the leaves grow and import amino acids via the phloem; in summer leaves are mature and export mainly sugars. In autumn, the leaves senesce and export amino acids and other nutrients. Thus on trees the leaves are most suitable for aphids in spring and autumn. The differences in within-year population dynamics of aphids are due to differences in the effect these seasonal fluctuations in host plant quality have on the per capita rate of increase and intraspecific competition in each species. This annual cycle, consisting of two short periods when the host plant is very favourable and a long intervening period when it is less favourable, is well documented for tree dwelling aphids. This has greatly facilitated the modelling of their population dynamics. In general the aphid carrying capacity of annual crop plants tends to increase with the season until the plants mature after which it tends to decrease very rapidly. Thus, the aphid carrying capacity of trees tends to be high in spring and autumn and low in summer, whereas that particularly of short-season annual crops tends to be low early in a year, peaking mid year and then declining.

Characteristics edit

Members of the Aphididae are soft-bodied, pear-shaped insects called aphids, as are other members of the superfamily Aphidoidea. Most of them have a pair of little tubes, called cornicles, projecting dorsally from the posterior of their abdomens. The cornicles have been variously interpreted as organs of excretion or for the production of honeydew, but their only confirmed function to date is that they produce fatty alarm pheromones when the insects are attacked by predators.[5]

 
Hyadaphis winged and wingless adults

When wings are present they occur only on particular morphs called "alates", and wingless morphs are said to be "apterous". The forewing (mesothoracic wing) of the alate in the Aphididae has four to six veins attached to a major vein-like structure that has been interpreted as the combined stems of all the other major wing veins. That structure ends in a stigma, a solid spot on the anterior margin of the forewing. The rear (metathoracic) wings have a similar scheme, but simpler in structure, with no stigma[5] The rear wing however, does bear a hamulus, a small hook that, when in flight, engages the claval fold of the forewing, keeping the wing beats in synchrony.

All aphids have very small eyes, sucking mouthparts in the form of a relatively long, segmented rostrum, and fairly long antennae.

These insects are so small (a few millimeters in length), that winds can transport them for fairly long distances. They are often green, but might be red or brown, as well. They move quite slowly and cannot jump or hop. Aphids excrete a sugary liquid called honeydew, because the plant sap from which they feed contains excess carbohydrates relative to its low protein content. To satisfy their protein needs, they absorb large amounts of sap and excrete the excess carbohydrates. Honeydew is used as food by ants, honeybees, and many other insects.

Classification edit

There is considerable controversy in the classification of aphids, with conservative classifications recognizing as many as 24 subfamilies within a single family Aphididae and others elevating various subfamilies to establish as many as 9 other families within Aphidoidea in addition to Aphididae.[6]

Subfamilies edit

The Aphid Species File[7] currently (2021) lists:

Selected species edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Von Dohlen CD, Moran NA (2000) Molecular data support a rapid radiation of aphids in the Cretaceous and multiple origins of host alternation. Biol J Linnean Soc 71: 689–717
  2. ^ Von Dohlen CD, Rowe CA, Heie OE (2006) A test of morphological hypotheses for tribal and subtribal relationships of Aphidinae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphididae) using DNA sequences. Mol Phylo Evol 38: 316–329
  3. ^ "AnimalBase :: Réaumur 1737 reference homepage". AnimalBase (in French). Retrieved 2021-05-08.
  4. ^ Aphid Biodiversity under Environmental Change: Patterns and Processes. p. 3.
  5. ^ a b Richards, O. W.; Davies, R.G. (1977). Imms' General Textbook of Entomology: Volume 1: Structure, Physiology and Development Volume 2: Classification and Biology. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 0-412-61390-5.
  6. ^ Tree of Life - Aphids
  7. ^ Aphid Species File (Version 5.0/5.0; retrieved 10 July 2021)

External links edit

  •   Media related to Aphididae at Wikimedia Commons

On the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site:

  • Aphis gossypii, melon or cotton aphid
  • Aphis nerii, oleander aphid
  • Cerataphis brasiliensis, palm aphid
  • Hyadaphis coriandri, corianderaphid
  • Longistigma caryae, giant bark aphid
  • Myzus persicae, green peach aphid
  • Sarucallis kahawaluokalani, crapemyrtle aphid
  • Schizaphis graminum, greenbug
  • Shivaphis celti, an Asian woolly hackberry aphid
  • Sipha flava, yellow sugarcane aphid
  • Toxoptera citricida, brown citrus aphid

January 01, 1970
aphididae, very, large, insect, family, aphid, superfamily, aphidoidea, order, hemiptera, these, insects, suck, from, plant, leaves, several, thousand, species, placed, this, family, many, which, considered, plant, crop, pests, they, family, insects, containin. The Aphididae are a very large insect family in the aphid superfamily Aphidoidea of the order Hemiptera These insects suck the sap from plant leaves Several thousand species are placed in this family many of which are considered plant crop pests They are the family of insects containing most plant virus vectors around 200 known with the green peach aphid Myzus persicae being one of the most prevalent and indiscriminate carriers Aphididae Aphis glycines the soybean aphid Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta Order Hemiptera Suborder Sternorrhyncha Infraorder Aphidomorpha Superfamily Aphidoidea Family AphididaeLatreille 1802 Eggs of Cinara strobi on white pine Contents 1 Evolution 2 Reproduction 3 Characteristics 4 Classification 4 1 Subfamilies 4 2 Selected species 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksEvolution editAphids originated in the late Cretaceous about 100 million years ago Mya but the Aphidinae which comprises about half of the 4700 described species and genera of aphids alive today come from their most recent radiation which occurred in the late Tertiary less than 10 Mya 1 2 Reproduction editMost aphid species can reproduce both asexually and sexually with several parthenogenetic generations between each period of sexual reproduction This is known as cyclical parthenogenesis and in temperate regions sexual reproduction occurs in autumn and results in the production of overwintering eggs which hatch the following spring and initiate another cycle Many pest aphids however do not overwinter as an egg but as nymphs or adults and others as both eggs and active stages see Williams and Dixon 2007 For their size the parthenogenetic individuals have very short developmental times and potentially prodigious rates of increase de Reaumur 1737 3 page needed Huxley 1858 Kindlmann and Dixon 1989 Dixon 1992 Thus aphids show very complex and rapidly changing within year dynamics with each clone going through several generations during the vegetative season and being made up of many individuals which can be widely scattered in space The survival of the eggs and or overwintering aphids determines the numbers of aphids present the following spring 4 The within year dynamics of aphids are largely determined by seasonal changes in host quality Aphids do best when amino acids are actively translocated in the phloem In spring the leaves grow and import amino acids via the phloem in summer leaves are mature and export mainly sugars In autumn the leaves senesce and export amino acids and other nutrients Thus on trees the leaves are most suitable for aphids in spring and autumn The differences in within year population dynamics of aphids are due to differences in the effect these seasonal fluctuations in host plant quality have on the per capita rate of increase and intraspecific competition in each species This annual cycle consisting of two short periods when the host plant is very favourable and a long intervening period when it is less favourable is well documented for tree dwelling aphids This has greatly facilitated the modelling of their population dynamics In general the aphid carrying capacity of annual crop plants tends to increase with the season until the plants mature after which it tends to decrease very rapidly Thus the aphid carrying capacity of trees tends to be high in spring and autumn and low in summer whereas that particularly of short season annual crops tends to be low early in a year peaking mid year and then declining Characteristics editMembers of the Aphididae are soft bodied pear shaped insects called aphids as are other members of the superfamily Aphidoidea Most of them have a pair of little tubes called cornicles projecting dorsally from the posterior of their abdomens The cornicles have been variously interpreted as organs of excretion or for the production of honeydew but their only confirmed function to date is that they produce fatty alarm pheromones when the insects are attacked by predators 5 nbsp Hyadaphis winged and wingless adults When wings are present they occur only on particular morphs called alates and wingless morphs are said to be apterous The forewing mesothoracic wing of the alate in the Aphididae has four to six veins attached to a major vein like structure that has been interpreted as the combined stems of all the other major wing veins That structure ends in a stigma a solid spot on the anterior margin of the forewing The rear metathoracic wings have a similar scheme but simpler in structure with no stigma 5 The rear wing however does bear a hamulus a small hook that when in flight engages the claval fold of the forewing keeping the wing beats in synchrony All aphids have very small eyes sucking mouthparts in the form of a relatively long segmented rostrum and fairly long antennae These insects are so small a few millimeters in length that winds can transport them for fairly long distances They are often green but might be red or brown as well They move quite slowly and cannot jump or hop Aphids excrete a sugary liquid called honeydew because the plant sap from which they feed contains excess carbohydrates relative to its low protein content To satisfy their protein needs they absorb large amounts of sap and excrete the excess carbohydrates Honeydew is used as food by ants honeybees and many other insects Classification editThere is considerable controversy in the classification of aphids with conservative classifications recognizing as many as 24 subfamilies within a single family Aphididae and others elevating various subfamilies to establish as many as 9 other families within Aphidoidea in addition to Aphididae 6 Subfamilies edit The Aphid Species File 7 currently 2021 lists Aiceoninae Eastop amp van Emden 1972 monotypic Anoeciinae Tullgren 1909 Aphidinae Latreille 1802 Baltichaitophorinae Heie 1980 Calaphidinae Oestlund 1919 Chaitophorinae Borner 1949 Drepanosiphinae Herrich Schaeffer 1857 Eriosomatinae Baker 1920 Greenideinae Baker 1920 Hormaphidinae Baker 1920 Israelaphidinae Ilharco 1961 monotypic Lachninae Herrich Schaeffer 1854 Lizeriinae Blanchard 1923 Macropodaphidinae Zachvatkin amp Aizenberg 1960 Mindarinae Tullgren 1909 monotypic Neophyllaphidinae Takahashi 1921 monotypic Phloeomyzinae Mordvilko 1934 Phyllaphidinae Herrich Schaeffer 1857 Pterastheniinae Remaudiere amp Quednau 1988 Saltusaphidinae Baker 1920 Spicaphidinae Essig 1953 Taiwanaphidinae Quednau amp Remaudiere 1994 monotypic Tamaliinae Oestlund 1923 monotypic Thelaxinae Baker 1920 Fossil genera Selected species edit Aphis fabae blackfly black bean aphid bean aphid or beet leaf aphid Aphis gossypii cotton aphid melon aphid or melon and cotton aphid Beech blight aphid Grylloprociphilus imbricator Brevicoryne brassicae cabbage aphid cabbage aphid or turnip aphid Cinara cupressi cypress aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae potato aphid Melaphis chinensis Chinese sumac aphid Mindarus harringtoni Nasonovia ribisnigri Pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum Pemphigus betae sugarbeet root aphid Rose aphid Macrosiphum rosae Russian wheat aphid Diuraphis noxia Sipha flava yellow sugarcane aphid Soybean aphid Aphis glycines Toxoptera citricida brown citrus aphid black citrus aphid or oriental citrus aphid Witch hazel cone gall aphid Hormaphis hamamelidis See also editWooly aphids Subfamily EriosomatinaeReferences edit Von Dohlen CD Moran NA 2000 Molecular data support a rapid radiation of aphids in the Cretaceous and multiple origins of host alternation Biol J Linnean Soc 71 689 717 Von Dohlen CD Rowe CA Heie OE 2006 A test of morphological hypotheses for tribal and subtribal relationships of Aphidinae Insecta Hemiptera Aphididae using DNA sequences Mol Phylo Evol 38 316 329 AnimalBase Reaumur 1737 reference homepage AnimalBase in French Retrieved 2021 05 08 Aphid Biodiversity under Environmental Change Patterns and Processes p 3 a b Richards O W Davies R G 1977 Imms General Textbook of Entomology Volume 1 Structure Physiology and Development Volume 2 Classification and Biology Berlin Springer ISBN 0 412 61390 5 Tree of Life Aphids Aphid Species File Version 5 0 5 0 retrieved 10 July 2021 External links edit nbsp Media related to Aphididae at Wikimedia Commons On the UF IFAS Featured Creatures Web site Aphis gossypii melon or cotton aphid Aphis nerii oleander aphid Cerataphis brasiliensis palm aphid Hyadaphis coriandri corianderaphid Longistigma caryae giant bark aphid Myzus persicae green peach aphid Sarucallis kahawaluokalani crapemyrtle aphid Schizaphis graminum greenbug Shivaphis celti an Asian woolly hackberry aphid Sipha flava yellow sugarcane aphid Toxoptera citricida brown citrus aphid Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Aphididae amp oldid 1180446942, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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