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Source (journalism)

March 18, 2023

In journalism, a source is a person, publication, or knowledge other record or document that gives timely information. Outside journalism, sources are sometimes known as "news sources". Examples of sources include but are not limited to official records, publications or broadcasts, officials in government or business, organizations or corporations, witnesses of crime, accidents or other events, and people involved with or affected by a news event or issue.

According to Shoemaker (1996) and McQuail (1994), there are a multitude of factors that tend to condition the acceptance of sources as bona fide by investigative journalists. Reporters are expected to develop and cultivate sources, especially if they regularly cover a specific topic, known as a "beat". Beat reporters must, however, be cautious of becoming too close to their sources. Reporters often, but not always, give greater leeway to sources with little experience. For example, sometimes a person will say they don't want to talk, and then proceed to talk; if that person is not a public figure, reporters are less likely to use that information. Journalists are also encouraged to be skeptical without being cynical, as per the saying "If your mother says she loves you, check it out," popularized by the City News Bureau of Chicago.[1] As a rule of thumb, but especially when reporting on controversy, reporters are expected to use multiple sources.

Ethical guidelines

Confidential information

Off-the-record material is often valuable and reporters may be eager to use it, so sources wishing to ensure the confidentiality of certain information are generally advised to discuss the "terms of use" before disclosing the information, if possible. Some journalists and news organizations have policies against accepting information "off the record" because they believe it interferes with their ability to report truthfully, or because they suspect it may be intended to mislead them or the public.

Even if writers cannot report certain information directly, they can use "off the record" information to uncover related facts, or to find other sources who are willing to speak on the record. This is especially useful in investigative journalism. Information about a surprise event or breaking news, whether on or off the record, is known as a "tip-off". Information that leads to the uncovering of more interesting information is called a "lead".

Anonymous source

The identity of anonymous sources is sometimes revealed to senior editors or a news organization's lawyers, who would be considered bound by the same confidentiality as the journalist. (Lawyers are generally protected from subpoena in these cases by attorney–client privilege.) Legal staff may need to give counsel about whether it is advisable to publish certain information, or about court proceedings that may attempt to learn confidential information. Senior editors are in the loop to prevent reporters from fabricating non-existent anonymous sources and to provide a second opinion about how to use the information obtained, how to or how not to identify sources, and whether other options should be pursued.

The use of anonymous sources has always been controversial. Some news outlets insist that anonymous sources are the only way to obtain certain information, while others prohibit the use of unnamed sources at all times.[2] News organizations may impose safeguards, such as requiring that information from an anonymous source be corroborated by a second source before it can be printed.

But prominent reports based on anonymous sources have sometimes been proved to be incorrect. For instance, much of the O. J. Simpson reporting from unnamed sources was later deemed inaccurate.[3] Newsweek retracted a story about a Qur'an's allegedly being flushed down a toilet—the story had been based upon one unnamed military source.[4] The Los Angeles Times retracted an article that implicated Sean "Diddy" Combs in the beating of Tupac Shakur.[5] The original article was based on documents and several unnamed sources. When reporting on the original story, the Associated Press noted that "[n]one of the sources was named".[6]

After the embarrassment, a news organization will often "clamp down" on the guidelines for using unnamed sources, but those guidelines are often forgotten after the scandal dies down.[citation needed] One study found that large newspapers' use of anonymous sources dropped dramatically between 2003 and 2004. The Project for Excellence in Journalism, a research group, found use of anonymous sources dropped from 29 percent of all articles in 2003 to just seven percent in 2004,[7] following widespread embarrassment of media after the Bush administration claims that Iraq had WMD were found to be without basis.

Sex with sources

In the U.S., this practice is generally not well seen.[8] However, lengthy lists of reporters' sexual involvement with sources were published by American Journalism Review[9] and by The Los Angeles Times.[10]

Not on tape

Whether in a formal, sit-down interview setting or an impromptu meeting on the street, some sources request that all or part of the encounter not be captured in an audio or video recording ("tape"), but continue speaking to the reporter. As long as the interview is not confidential, the reporter may report the information given by the source, even repeating direct quotes (perhaps scribbled on a notepad or recalled from memory). This often shows up in broadcasts as "John Brown declined to be interviewed on camera, but said" or simply "a spokesperson said".

Some interview subjects are uncomfortable being recorded. Some are afraid they will be inarticulate or feel like a fool if the interview is broadcast. Others might be uncooperative or distrust the motives or competence of the journalist, and wish to prevent them from being able to broadcast an unflattering sound bite or part of the interview out of context. Professional public relations officers know that having the reporter repeat their words, rather than being heard directly on the air, will blunt the effect of their words.[citation needed] By refusing to be taped or on the air, a person avoids having an audience see or hear them being uncomfortable (if they have unpleasant news); it also permits the individual to be anonymous or identified only by title.

Attribution

In journalism, attribution is the identification of the source of reported information. Journalists' ethical codes normally address the issue of attribution, which is sensitive because in the course of their work, journalists may receive information from sources who wish to remain anonymous. In investigative journalism, important news stories often depend on such information. For example, the Watergate scandal which led to the downfall of U.S. president Richard Nixon was in part exposed by information revealed by an anonymous source ("Deep Throat") to investigative reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein.

Ethics

Divulging the identity of a confidential source is frowned upon by groups representing journalists in many democracies.[11][12][13] In many countries, journalists have no special legal status, and may be required to divulge their sources in the course of a criminal investigation, as any other citizen would be. Even in jurisdictions that grant journalists special legal protections, journalists are typically required to testify if they bear witness to a crime.[14]

Journalists defend the use of anonymous sources for a variety of reasons:

  • Access. Some sources refuse to share stories without the shield of anonymity, including many government officials.[15]
  • Protection from reprisal or punishment. Other sources are concerned about reprisal or punishment as a result of sharing information with journalists.[16]
  • Illegal activity. Sources which are engaged in illegal activity are usually reluctant to be named in order to avoid self-incrimination. This includes sources which are leaking classified information or details of court proceedings which are sealed from the public.[16]

The use of anonymous sources is also criticized by some journalists and government officials:

  • Unreliability. It is difficult for a reader to evaluate the reliability and neutrality of a source they cannot identify, and the reliability of the news as a whole is reduced when it relies upon information from anonymous sources.[16][17]
  • Misinformation and propaganda. Anonymous sources may be reluctant to be identified because the information they are sharing is uncertain or known to them to be untrue, but they want attention or to spread propaganda via the press, such as in the case of the Iraqi aluminum tubes, where tubes known to be useless for uranium refinement were presented as evidence of Saddam Hussein's nuclear weapons program by anonymous sources in the U.S. intelligence community in order to build public support for an attack on Iraq.[17][18][19][20] It may also be used to attack political enemies and present opinions as facts.[17] Several journalists, including Paul Carr, have argued that if an off-the-record briefing is a deliberate lie journalists should feel permitted to name the source.[21] The Washington Post identified a source who had offered a story in an attempt to discredit media and to distract from the issue at hand with respect to a case of sexual impropriety.[22]
  • Illegal activity. The use of anonymous sources encourages some sources to divulge information which it is illegal for them to divulge, such as the details of a legal settlement, grand jury testimony, or classified information. This information is illegal to disclose for reasons such as national security, protecting witnesses, preventing slander and libel, and ending lawsuits without lengthy, expensive trials and encouraging people to disclose such information defeats the purpose of the disclosure being illegal.[23] In some cases, a reporter may encourage a source to disclose classified information, resulting in accusations of espionage.
  • Fabricated sources. A journalist may fabricate a news story and ascribe the information to anonymous sources to fabricate news, create false detail for a news story, commit plagiarism, or protect themselves from accusations of libel.[24]

Speaking terms

There are several categories of "speaking terms" (agreements concerning attribution) that cover information conveyed in conversations with journalists. In the UK the following conventions are generally accepted:

  • "On the record": all that is said can be quoted and attributed.
  • "Unattributable": what is said can be reported but not attributed.
  • "Off the record": the information is provided to inform a decision or provide a confidential explanation, not for publication.

However, confusion over the precise meaning of "unattributable" and "off-the-record" has led to more detailed formulations:

Designation Description
"Chatham House Rule" Named after Chatham House (the Royal Institute of International Affairs), which introduced the rule in 1927: "When a meeting, or part thereof, is held under the Chatham House Rule, participants are free to use the information received, but neither the identity nor the affiliation of the speaker(s), nor that of any other participant, may be revealed".
"Lobby terms":[25] In the UK accredited journalists are allowed in to the otherwise restricted Members' Lobby on the basis that information received there is never attributed and events there are not reported. "Lobby terms" are agreed to extend this arrangement to cover discussions that take place elsewhere.
"Not for attribution"[26] The comments may be quoted directly, but the source may be identified only in general terms (e.g., "a government insider"). In practice such general descriptions may be agreed with the interviewee.
"On background"[26] The thrust of the briefing may be reported (and the source characterized in general terms as above) but direct quotes may not be used.
"Deep background" A term that is used in the United States, though not consistently. Most journalists would understand "deep background" to mean that the information may not be included in the article but is used by the journalist to enhance his or her view of the subject matter, or to act as a guide to other leads or sources. Most deep background information is confirmed elsewhere before being reported. Alternative meanings exist; for instance, a White House spokesman said, "Deep background means that the info presented by the briefers can be used in reporting but the briefers can't be quoted."[27] Deep background can also mean the information received can be used in the story, but cannot be attributed to any source. Depending on the publication, information on deep background is sometimes attributed in terms such as "[Publication name] has learned" or "It is understood by [publication name]."

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Q&A: Blur Author Tom Rosenstiel". cjr.org. Retrieved 2015-10-02.
  2. ^ Shedden, David. "Anonymous Sources | Poynter". Poynter. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  3. ^ Shepard, Alicia C. . American Journalism Review. Archived from the original on August 16, 2003. Retrieved December 1, 2019.
  4. ^ Kurtz, Howard (2005-05-17). "Newsweek Retracts Guantanamo Story". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  5. ^ "Times retracts Shakur story". LA Times. 2008-04-07. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  6. ^ "News | The Advocate — Baton Rouge, Louisiana". 2theadvocate.com. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  7. ^ Seelye, Katharine Q. (2005-03-14). "Fewer Sources Go Nameless in the Press, Survey Shows". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  8. ^ "Is It OK to Sleep With Your Sources? - POLITICO Magazine". Politico.
  9. ^ Lori Robertson (May 2002). . American Journalism Review. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  10. ^ "Romancing the source - Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times. 29 July 2007.
  11. ^ . www.uta.fi. Archived from the original on June 15, 2006.
  12. ^ "Society of Professional Journalists | Improving and protecting journalism since 1909". Spj.org. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  13. ^ "You are being redirected". Caj.ca. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  14. ^ "Sources and Subpoenas (Reporter's Privilege) | Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press". Rcfp.org. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  15. ^ Shepard, Alicia C. . Ajr.org. Archived from the original on 2011-08-30. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  16. ^ a b c "New York Times Warns Newsroom on Anonymous Sources". Gawker.com. 2010-08-31. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  17. ^ a b c "Press pays a price for anonymous sources | First Amendment Center – news, commentary, analysis on free speech, press, religion, assembly, petition". Firstamendmentcenter.org. 2005-05-22. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  18. ^ "NY Times Reporter Defends Anonymous Sourcing: Government Is Not A 'Unified Entity' | Michael Calderone". Huffingtonpost.com. 2013-03-21. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  19. ^ Gordon, Michael R. (2002-09-08). "Threats And Responses - The Iraqis - U.S. Says Hussein Intensifies Quest For A-Bomb Parts". The New York Times. IRAQ. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  20. ^ . abqtrib.com. Archived from the original on February 5, 2012.
  21. ^ Carr, Paul. "The off-the-record gravy train stops here". TechCrunch. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  22. ^ "A woman approached The Post with dramatic — and false — tale about Roy Moore. She appears to be part of undercover sting operation". The Washington Post. Retrieved Nov 27, 2017.
  23. ^ "Spy leaks put Britain in danger, says MI5 chief". The Times. 2013-10-09. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  24. ^ "CORRECTING THE RECORD - Times Reporter Who Resigned Leaves Long Trail of Deception". The New York Times. Maryland; Texas. 2003-05-11. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  25. ^ "UK | UK Politics | Lobby correspondents". BBC News. 2008-10-01. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  26. ^ a b "Protection of sources". Canadian Association of Journalists. 10 November 2009. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
  27. ^ "White House holds 'deep background' Benghazi briefing". Politico. 2013-05-10. Retrieved 2013-05-14.

References

  • McQuail, D. (1994) Mass Communication Theory. London: Sage.
  • Shoemaker, P. and Reese, S.D. (1996) Mediating the Message. London: Longman.

External links

March 18, 2023
source, journalism, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, source, journalism, news, newspapers, books, sch. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Source journalism news newspapers books scholar JSTOR February 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message In journalism a source is a person publication or knowledge other record or document that gives timely information Outside journalism sources are sometimes known as news sources Examples of sources include but are not limited to official records publications or broadcasts officials in government or business organizations or corporations witnesses of crime accidents or other events and people involved with or affected by a news event or issue According to Shoemaker 1996 and McQuail 1994 there are a multitude of factors that tend to condition the acceptance of sources as bona fide by investigative journalists Reporters are expected to develop and cultivate sources especially if they regularly cover a specific topic known as a beat Beat reporters must however be cautious of becoming too close to their sources Reporters often but not always give greater leeway to sources with little experience For example sometimes a person will say they don t want to talk and then proceed to talk if that person is not a public figure reporters are less likely to use that information Journalists are also encouraged to be skeptical without being cynical as per the saying If your mother says she loves you check it out popularized by the City News Bureau of Chicago 1 As a rule of thumb but especially when reporting on controversy reporters are expected to use multiple sources Contents 1 Ethical guidelines 1 1 Confidential information 1 2 Anonymous source 1 3 Sex with sources 1 4 Not on tape 2 Attribution 2 1 Ethics 2 2 Speaking terms 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksEthical guidelines EditConfidential information Edit Off the record material is often valuable and reporters may be eager to use it so sources wishing to ensure the confidentiality of certain information are generally advised to discuss the terms of use before disclosing the information if possible Some journalists and news organizations have policies against accepting information off the record because they believe it interferes with their ability to report truthfully or because they suspect it may be intended to mislead them or the public Even if writers cannot report certain information directly they can use off the record information to uncover related facts or to find other sources who are willing to speak on the record This is especially useful in investigative journalism Information about a surprise event or breaking news whether on or off the record is known as a tip off Information that leads to the uncovering of more interesting information is called a lead Anonymous source Edit The identity of anonymous sources is sometimes revealed to senior editors or a news organization s lawyers who would be considered bound by the same confidentiality as the journalist Lawyers are generally protected from subpoena in these cases by attorney client privilege Legal staff may need to give counsel about whether it is advisable to publish certain information or about court proceedings that may attempt to learn confidential information Senior editors are in the loop to prevent reporters from fabricating non existent anonymous sources and to provide a second opinion about how to use the information obtained how to or how not to identify sources and whether other options should be pursued The use of anonymous sources has always been controversial Some news outlets insist that anonymous sources are the only way to obtain certain information while others prohibit the use of unnamed sources at all times 2 News organizations may impose safeguards such as requiring that information from an anonymous source be corroborated by a second source before it can be printed But prominent reports based on anonymous sources have sometimes been proved to be incorrect For instance much of the O J Simpson reporting from unnamed sources was later deemed inaccurate 3 Newsweek retracted a story about a Qur an s allegedly being flushed down a toilet the story had been based upon one unnamed military source 4 The Los Angeles Times retracted an article that implicated Sean Diddy Combs in the beating of Tupac Shakur 5 The original article was based on documents and several unnamed sources When reporting on the original story the Associated Press noted that n one of the sources was named 6 After the embarrassment a news organization will often clamp down on the guidelines for using unnamed sources but those guidelines are often forgotten after the scandal dies down citation needed One study found that large newspapers use of anonymous sources dropped dramatically between 2003 and 2004 The Project for Excellence in Journalism a research group found use of anonymous sources dropped from 29 percent of all articles in 2003 to just seven percent in 2004 7 following widespread embarrassment of media after the Bush administration claims that Iraq had WMD were found to be without basis Sex with sources Edit In the U S this practice is generally not well seen 8 However lengthy lists of reporters sexual involvement with sources were published by American Journalism Review 9 and by The Los Angeles Times 10 Not on tape Edit Whether in a formal sit down interview setting or an impromptu meeting on the street some sources request that all or part of the encounter not be captured in an audio or video recording tape but continue speaking to the reporter As long as the interview is not confidential the reporter may report the information given by the source even repeating direct quotes perhaps scribbled on a notepad or recalled from memory This often shows up in broadcasts as John Brown declined to be interviewed on camera but said or simply a spokesperson said Some interview subjects are uncomfortable being recorded Some are afraid they will be inarticulate or feel like a fool if the interview is broadcast Others might be uncooperative or distrust the motives or competence of the journalist and wish to prevent them from being able to broadcast an unflattering sound bite or part of the interview out of context Professional public relations officers know that having the reporter repeat their words rather than being heard directly on the air will blunt the effect of their words citation needed By refusing to be taped or on the air a person avoids having an audience see or hear them being uncomfortable if they have unpleasant news it also permits the individual to be anonymous or identified only by title Attribution EditIn journalism attribution is the identification of the source of reported information Journalists ethical codes normally address the issue of attribution which is sensitive because in the course of their work journalists may receive information from sources who wish to remain anonymous In investigative journalism important news stories often depend on such information For example the Watergate scandal which led to the downfall of U S president Richard Nixon was in part exposed by information revealed by an anonymous source Deep Throat to investigative reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein Ethics Edit Divulging the identity of a confidential source is frowned upon by groups representing journalists in many democracies 11 12 13 In many countries journalists have no special legal status and may be required to divulge their sources in the course of a criminal investigation as any other citizen would be Even in jurisdictions that grant journalists special legal protections journalists are typically required to testify if they bear witness to a crime 14 Journalists defend the use of anonymous sources for a variety of reasons Access Some sources refuse to share stories without the shield of anonymity including many government officials 15 Protection from reprisal or punishment Other sources are concerned about reprisal or punishment as a result of sharing information with journalists 16 Illegal activity Sources which are engaged in illegal activity are usually reluctant to be named in order to avoid self incrimination This includes sources which are leaking classified information or details of court proceedings which are sealed from the public 16 The use of anonymous sources is also criticized by some journalists and government officials Unreliability It is difficult for a reader to evaluate the reliability and neutrality of a source they cannot identify and the reliability of the news as a whole is reduced when it relies upon information from anonymous sources 16 17 Misinformation and propaganda Anonymous sources may be reluctant to be identified because the information they are sharing is uncertain or known to them to be untrue but they want attention or to spread propaganda via the press such as in the case of the Iraqi aluminum tubes where tubes known to be useless for uranium refinement were presented as evidence of Saddam Hussein s nuclear weapons program by anonymous sources in the U S intelligence community in order to build public support for an attack on Iraq 17 18 19 20 It may also be used to attack political enemies and present opinions as facts 17 Several journalists including Paul Carr have argued that if an off the record briefing is a deliberate lie journalists should feel permitted to name the source 21 The Washington Post identified a source who had offered a story in an attempt to discredit media and to distract from the issue at hand with respect to a case of sexual impropriety 22 Illegal activity The use of anonymous sources encourages some sources to divulge information which it is illegal for them to divulge such as the details of a legal settlement grand jury testimony or classified information This information is illegal to disclose for reasons such as national security protecting witnesses preventing slander and libel and ending lawsuits without lengthy expensive trials and encouraging people to disclose such information defeats the purpose of the disclosure being illegal 23 In some cases a reporter may encourage a source to disclose classified information resulting in accusations of espionage Fabricated sources A journalist may fabricate a news story and ascribe the information to anonymous sources to fabricate news create false detail for a news story commit plagiarism or protect themselves from accusations of libel 24 Speaking terms Edit There are several categories of speaking terms agreements concerning attribution that cover information conveyed in conversations with journalists In the UK the following conventions are generally accepted On the record all that is said can be quoted and attributed Unattributable what is said can be reported but not attributed Off the record the information is provided to inform a decision or provide a confidential explanation not for publication However confusion over the precise meaning of unattributable and off the record has led to more detailed formulations Designation Description Chatham House Rule Named after Chatham House the Royal Institute of International Affairs which introduced the rule in 1927 When a meeting or part thereof is held under the Chatham House Rule participants are free to use the information received but neither the identity nor the affiliation of the speaker s nor that of any other participant may be revealed Lobby terms 25 In the UK accredited journalists are allowed in to the otherwise restricted Members Lobby on the basis that information received there is never attributed and events there are not reported Lobby terms are agreed to extend this arrangement to cover discussions that take place elsewhere Not for attribution 26 The comments may be quoted directly but the source may be identified only in general terms e g a government insider In practice such general descriptions may be agreed with the interviewee On background 26 The thrust of the briefing may be reported and the source characterized in general terms as above but direct quotes may not be used Deep background A term that is used in the United States though not consistently Most journalists would understand deep background to mean that the information may not be included in the article but is used by the journalist to enhance his or her view of the subject matter or to act as a guide to other leads or sources Most deep background information is confirmed elsewhere before being reported Alternative meanings exist for instance a White House spokesman said Deep background means that the info presented by the briefers can be used in reporting but the briefers can t be quoted 27 Deep background can also mean the information received can be used in the story but cannot be attributed to any source Depending on the publication information on deep background is sometimes attributed in terms such as Publication name has learned or It is understood by publication name See also EditAngle Shield laws in the United StatesNotes Edit Q amp A Blur Author Tom Rosenstiel cjr org Retrieved 2015 10 02 Shedden David Anonymous Sources Poynter Poynter Retrieved 2015 02 28 Shepard Alicia C Anonymous Sources American Journalism Review Archived from the original on August 16 2003 Retrieved December 1 2019 Kurtz Howard 2005 05 17 Newsweek Retracts Guantanamo Story Washingtonpost com Retrieved 2015 02 28 Times retracts Shakur story LA Times 2008 04 07 Retrieved 2015 02 28 News The Advocate Baton Rouge Louisiana 2theadvocate com Retrieved 2015 02 28 Seelye Katharine Q 2005 03 14 Fewer Sources Go Nameless in the Press Survey Shows The New York Times Retrieved 2015 02 28 Is It OK to Sleep With Your Sources POLITICO Magazine Politico Lori Robertson May 2002 Romancing the Source American Journalism Review Archived from the original on 18 August 2016 Retrieved 26 November 2020 Romancing the source Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times 29 July 2007 European codes of journalism ethics Europe www uta fi Archived from the original on June 15 2006 Society of Professional Journalists Improving and protecting journalism since 1909 Spj org Retrieved 2015 02 28 You are being redirected Caj ca Retrieved 2015 02 28 Sources and Subpoenas Reporter s Privilege Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press Rcfp org Retrieved 2015 02 28 Shepard Alicia C American Journalism Review Ajr org Archived from the original on 2011 08 30 Retrieved 2015 02 28 a b c New York Times Warns Newsroom on Anonymous Sources Gawker com 2010 08 31 Retrieved 2015 02 28 a b c Press pays a price for anonymous sources First Amendment Center news commentary analysis on free speech press religion assembly petition Firstamendmentcenter org 2005 05 22 Retrieved 2015 02 28 NY Times Reporter Defends Anonymous Sourcing Government Is Not A Unified Entity Michael Calderone Huffingtonpost com 2013 03 21 Retrieved 2015 02 28 Gordon Michael R 2002 09 08 Threats And Responses The Iraqis U S Says Hussein Intensifies Quest For A Bomb Parts The New York Times IRAQ Retrieved 2015 02 28 Wilson I questioned Iraq evidence Local Politics Albuquerque Tribune abqtrib com Archived from the original on February 5 2012 Carr Paul The off the record gravy train stops here TechCrunch Retrieved 3 November 2014 A woman approached The Post with dramatic and false tale about Roy Moore She appears to be part of undercover sting operation The Washington Post Retrieved Nov 27 2017 Spy leaks put Britain in danger says MI5 chief The Times 2013 10 09 Retrieved 2015 02 28 CORRECTING THE RECORD Times Reporter Who Resigned Leaves Long Trail of Deception The New York Times Maryland Texas 2003 05 11 Retrieved 2015 02 28 UK UK Politics Lobby correspondents BBC News 2008 10 01 Retrieved 2015 02 28 a b Protection of sources Canadian Association of Journalists 10 November 2009 Retrieved 25 December 2022 White House holds deep background Benghazi briefing Politico 2013 05 10 Retrieved 2013 05 14 References EditMcQuail D 1994 Mass Communication Theory London Sage Shoemaker P and Reese S D 1996 Mediating the Message London Longman External links EditBe Clear About Your Source s Biases and Agendas Project for Excellence in Journalism Archived from the original on 18 November 2005 Chart Real and Fake News 2016 Vanessa Otero basis Mark Frauenfelder Chart Real and Fake News 2014 2016 Pew Research Center Information for Journalists from the United States Department of State scroll to Ground Rules for Interviewing State Department Officials section Protection of journalistic sources a factsheet of the ECtHR case law Viewers as Sources Archived 2008 11 03 at the Wayback Machine from Newslab Portal Journalism Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Source journalism amp oldid 1129430653 Anonymous source, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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