Annie Turnbo Malone
Annie Minerva Turnbo Malone (August 9, 1877[2][3] – May 10, 1957)[4] was an American businesswoman, inventor and philanthropist.[5][6] In the first three decades of the 20th century, she founded and developed a large and prominent commercial and educational enterprise centered on cosmetics for African-American women.
Annie Turnbo Malone | |
|---|---|
Annie Malone in a Poro College souvenir booklet, 1920-1927 | |
| Born | Annie Minerva Turnbo August 9, 1869 Metropolis, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | May 10, 1957 (aged 87) Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Resting place | Burr Oak Cemetery, Alsip, Illinois |
| Nationality | American |
| Other names | Annie Malone |
| Occupation(s) | Businesswoman, inventor |
| Known for | Development of mail-order process for beauty care products. African American philanthropy. Mentorship of Madam C. J. Walker.[1] Community developer |
Early life edit
Annie Minerva Turnbo was born in Metropolis, Illinois, the daughter of Robert and Isabella Turnbo, who had formerly been enslaved.[1][7] When her father went for the Union with the 1st Kentucky Cavalry in the Civil War, Isabella took the couple's children and escaped from Kentucky, a neutral border state that maintained slavery. After traveling down the Ohio River, she found refuge in Metropolis, Illinois. Annie Turnbo was born on a farm near Metropolis in Massac County, Illinois,[8] the tenth of eleven children.[9]
Orphaned at a young age, she attended a public school in Metropolis, before moving in 1896 to live with her older sister Ada Moody in Peoria. There Turnbo attended high school, taking a particular interest in chemistry. However, due to frequent illness, she was forced to withdraw from classes.[9]
While out of school, Turnbo grew so fascinated with hair and hair care that she often practiced hairdressing with her sister.[10] With expertise in both chemistry and hair care, Turnbo began to develop her own hair-care products.[11] At the time, many women used goose fat, heavy oils, soap, or bacon grease to straighten their curls, which damaged both scalp and hair.[1]
Career edit
By the beginning of the 1900s, Turnbo moved with her older siblings to Lovejoy, now known as Brooklyn, Illinois.[5] While experimenting with hair and different hair-care products, she developed and manufactured her own line of non-damaging hair straighteners, special oils, and hair-stimulant products for African-American women.[12] She named her new product “Wonderful Hair Grower”. To promote her new product, Turnbo sold the Wonderful Hair Grower in bottles door-to-door.[8] Her products and sales began to revolutionize hair-care methods for all African Americans.[13]
In 1902, Turnbo moved to a thriving St. Louis, where she and three employees sold her hair-care products door-to-door. As part of her marketing, she gave away free treatments to attract more customers.[8]
Due to the high demand for her product in St. Louis, Turnbo opened her first shop in 1902 at 2223 Market Street.[8] She also launched a wide advertising campaign in the black press, held news conferences, toured many southern states, and recruited many women whom she trained to sell her products.[14][15][16][17]
One of her selling agents, Sarah Breedlove Davis,[15][6] later known as Madam C. J. Walker, operated first in St. Louis and later in Denver, Colorado, until a disagreement led Walker to leave the company. Walker allegedly took the original Poro formula and created her own brand of it (this is disputed). This development was one of the reasons which led then Turnbo to copyright her products under the name "Poro" because of what she called fraudulent imitations and to discourage counterfeit versions.[18] Poro may have received this name from a Mende word for devotional society or it may be a combination of the married names of Annie Pope and her sister Laura Roberts.[19] Due to the growth in her business, in 1910 Turnbo moved to a larger facility on 3100 Pine Street.[8]
Poro College edit
In 1918, she established Poro College, a cosmetology school and center.[1] The building included a manufacturing plant, a retail store where Poro products were sold, business offices, a 500-seat auditorium, dining and meeting rooms, a roof garden, dormitory, gymnasium, bakery, and chapel. It served the African-American community as a center for religious and social functions.[12]
The college's curriculum addressed the whole student; students were coached on personal style for work: on walking, talking, and a style of dress designed to maintain a solid persona.[20] Poro College employed nearly 200 people in St. Louis. Through its school and franchise businesses, the college created jobs for almost 75,000 women in North and South America, Africa and the Philippines.[21]
Her business thrived until 1927 when her husband filed for divorce. Having served as president of the company, he demanded half of the business' value, based on his claim that his contributions had been integral to its success.[22] The divorce suit forced Poro College into court-ordered receivership. With support from her employees and powerful figures such as Mary McLeod Bethune, she negotiated a settlement of $200,000. This affirmed her as the sole owner of Poro College, and the divorce was granted.[12]
After the divorce, Turnbo moved most of her business to Chicago's South Parkway (now Martin Luther King Jr. Drive), where she bought an entire city block.[15] Other lawsuits followed. In 1937, during the Great Depression, a former employee filed suit, also claiming credit for Poro's success. To raise money for the settlement, Turnbo Malone sold her St. Louis property. Although much reduced in size, her business continued to thrive.[1]
Philanthropy and personal life edit
In 1902[9] she married Nelson Pope; the couple divorced in 1907.[13]
On April 28, 1914, Annie Turnbo married Aaron Eugene Malone, a former teacher and religious book salesman.[23]
By the 1920s, Annie Turnbo Malone had become a multi-millionaire.[1] In 1924 she paid income tax of nearly $40,000, reportedly the highest in Missouri. While extremely wealthy, Malone lived modestly, giving thousands of dollars to the local black YMCA[15][24] and the Howard University College of Medicine in Washington, D.C.[25]
She became a benefactor of the St. Louis Colored Orphans Home, where she served as president on the board of directors from 1919 to 1943.[8] With her help, in 1922 the Home bought a facility at 2612 Goode Avenue, which was renamed Annie Malone Drive in her honor.[26]
The Orphans Home is located in the historic Ville neighborhood. Upgraded and expanded, the facility was renamed in the entrepreneur's honor as the Annie Malone Children and Family Service Center.[20] As well as funding many programs, Turnbo Malone ensured that her employees, all African American, were paid well and given opportunities for advancement.[22]
Death and legacy edit
Turnbo was named an honorary member of the Zeta Phi Beta sorority[27] and was awarded an honorary degree from Howard University.[12]
On May 10, 1957, Annie Turnbo suffered a stroke and died at Chicago's Provident Hospital. Childless, she had bequeathed her business and remaining fortune to her nieces and nephews.[13] At the time of her death, her estate was valued at $100,000.[1]
St. Louis has an annual Annie Malone parade in support of children's charities.[26]
In media edit
A fictionalized version of Malone is portrayed by British actress Carmen Ejogo in the 2020 Netflix miniseries Self Made.[19] In this version, the character is renamed Addie Munroe.[5]
Turnbo is featured in Bayer Mack's 2019 documentary, No Lye: An American Beauty Story, which chronicles the rise and decline of the black-owned ethnic beauty industry.[28][29][30]
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f g . Shsmo Historic Missourians. The State Historical Society of Missouri. Archived from the original on May 27, 2019. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
- ^ Ancestry.com. 1900 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004. Census Place: Metropolis, Massac, Illinois; Page: 4; Enumeration District: 0054; FHL microfilm: 1240329
- ^ Turnbo Malone's year of birth has most often been reported as 1869. However, this is unlikely. Malone is not present with her family in the 1870 census and her older brother is shown to have been born about 1869. (Ancestry.com. 1870 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch. Census Place: Township 15 Range 5, Massac, Illinois; Roll: M593_255; Page: 272B; Family History Library Film: 545754.) Turnbo first appears in the 1900 census in which her month and year of birth are given as August 1877.
- ^ Christensen, Lawrence O.; Foley, William E.; Kremer, Gary (1999). Dictionary of Missouri Biography. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-8262-6016-1.
- ^ a b c Foussianes, Chloe (March 22, 2020). "Did Self-Made Base Madam C.J. Walker's Rival, Addie Monroe, on Annie Malone?". Town & Country. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
- ^ a b Nittle, Nadra (February 15, 2019). "Meet Annie Turnbo Malone, the hair care entrepreneur Trump shouted out in his Black History Month proclamation". Vox. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
- ^ Witzel, Morgen, ed. (2005). The Encyclopedia of the History of American Management. Thoemmes Continuum. ISBN 1843711311.
- ^ a b c d e f Trout, Carlynn, "Annie Turnbo Malone", AAUW Columbia (MO) Branch. Accessed November 1, 2012.
- ^ a b c "Annie Malone". Historical Society of Illinois. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
- ^ Quintana, Maria, "Remembered and Reclaimed"[permanent dead link], BlackPast. Accessed November 17, 2012.
- ^ Carney, Jessie. Epic Lives: One Hundred Black Women Who Made a Difference, New York, New York: Visible Inc Press, 1993, p. 363.
- ^ a b c d Houston, Helen R., "Annie Turnbo Malone"[permanent dead link], in The American Mosaic: The African American Experience, ABC-CLIO, 2010. Accessed November 29, 2012.
- ^ a b c Boyd, Herb (February 8, 2018). "From slavery to hair industry millions—Annie Turnbo Malone". Amsterdam News. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
- ^ Halstead, Marilyn. "From Metropolis to millionaire: Annie Malone was one of the first black female millionaires". The Southern. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
- ^ a b c d Johnson, Erick (April 24, 2018). "Who was Annie Malone?". Chicago Crusader. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
- ^ "Black History Highlight: The Annie Malone Story". Explore St. Louis. February 5, 2013. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
- ^ Tabbey-Botchwey, Adom (August 13, 2019). "Why this forgotten woman could be America's first black millionaire instead of C.J. Walker". Face2Face Africa. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
- ^ a b Taylor, Julius F. "The Broad Ax". Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
- ^ a b "Portrayal Of 'Self Made' Antagonist, Annie Turnbo Malone, Draws Criticism". BET.com. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
- ^ a b "Annie Malone", Living St. Louis Story, KETC-9.
- ^ Bailey, Diane Carol; Costa, Diane Da (July 11, 2013). Milady Standard Natural Hair Care & Braiding. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-133-69368-0.
- ^ a b Osbourne, E., "Notable Careers of Prof. And Mrs. A. E. Malone," The Washington Bee, August 31, 1918, II.
- ^ Bangert, Heather (August 5, 2018). "Black former principal became rich entrepreneur". Herald-Whig. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
- ^ "Annie Malone, the first Black woman millionaire". The Philadelphia Sunday Sun. February 17, 2017. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
- ^ "Mrs. Annie Malone, Poro Founder, Dies". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. May 12, 1957. p. 28 – via Proquest.
- ^ a b Beacon, Virginia Gilbert and Barry Gilbert for The St Louis. "Annie Malone turns 125". St. Louis American. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
- ^ Turner, Geneva C. (1952). "The Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Inc". Negro History Bulletin. 15 (8): 156–159. ISSN 0028-2529. JSTOR 44212563.
- ^ "Extra! Extra! Read All About It! 'No Lye: An American Beauty Story' Gives Excellent History Lesson". EURweb.com. December 3, 2019. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
- ^ "No Lye: An American Beauty Story". www.dia.org. Retrieved July 29, 2022.
- ^ Burns, Karpani (July 27, 2020). "'No Lye: An American Beauty Story' is a must-see Black hair documentary screening online at the SF". San Francisco Bay View. Retrieved July 29, 2022.
Further reading edit
- Whitfield, John H. (2015). "A Friend to All Mankind":Mrs. Annie Turnbo Malone and Poro College. CreateSpace. ISBN 978-1507526026.
- Wilkerson, J.L. (2003). Story of Pride, Power and Uplift: Annie T. Malone (The Great Heartlanders Series). Acorn Books. ISBN 9780966447088.
External links edit
- "Annie Malone", Living St. Louis Story, KETC-9.
- Annie Malone Children & Family Service Center
- "Annie Malone photographs". University of Missouri–St. Louis.
- Annie Turnbo Malone at Find a Grave