Anancus was named by Auguste Aymard in 1855. It is traditionally allocated to Gomphotheriidae, often as the only member of the subfamily Anancinae.[1][2] Recently, some authors have excluded Anancus along with other tetralophodont gomphotheres from Gomphotheriidae, and regarded them as members of Elephantoidea instead.[3][4][5]
Descriptionedit
Anancus arvernensisSkull of Anancus sivalensis in side view
Two largely complete individuals of Anancus arvernensis reached shoulder heights of around 2.5–2.6 metres (8 ft 2 in – 8 ft 6 in), with a volumetric estimate suggesting a body mass of around 5.2 to 6 tons, comparable to living African elephants.[6] The tusks were largely straight and lacked enamel[6] (though enamel was present in juveniles[7]) and were slender,[8] and proportionally large, with a large tusk of the species Anancus avernensis from Stoina, Romania measuring 3.71 metres (12.2 ft) in length with an estimated mass of 70 kilograms (150 lb).[9] The tusks varied from projecting forward parallel to each other, to being outwardly divergent from each other, depending on the species.[10] The skull is proportionally tall and short, with an elevated dome and an enlarged tympanic bulla. Unlike more primitive gomphotheres, the mandible was brevirostrine (shortened), and lacked lower tusks. The molars were typically tetralophodont (bearing four crests or ridges) but were pentalophodont in some species. The premolars were absent in all species other than A. kenyensis. On the upper molars, the posterior pretrite central conules were reduced, as were the anterior pretrite central conules on the lower molars. The pretrite and posttrite half-loph(id)s were dislocated from each other, resulting in the successive loph(id)s exhibiting an alternating pattern.[11]
Dietedit
Dietary preferences of Anancus varied between species. Dental microwear analysis of Anancus arvernensis specimens from the Early Pleistocene of Europe generally suggests that it was a browser, consuming twigs, bark, seeds and fruit,[12] with a browsing diet also proposed for the Early Pliocene South African A.capensis.[13] The East African late Miocene-early Pliocene A. kenyensis and Pliocene A. ultimus have individuals with varying browsing, grazing, and mixed feeding (both browsing and grazing) diets,[14][15] with a grazing diet proposed for Anancus specimens from the Pliocene of India based on isotopic analysis.[16]Anancus osiris from the Pliocene of North Africa is suggested to have been a mixed feeder with a large grass intake based on microwear.[17]
Evolutionedit
Anancus is suggested to have evolved from Tetralophodon or a Tetralophodon-like ancestor.[8][6] The oldest known species of Anancus is A. perimensis, with fossils known from the Tortonian ~ 8.5 million years ago Siwalik Hills of Pakistan. Anancus entered Europe approximately 7.2 million years ago and around 7 million years ago dispersed into Africa. Anancus first appeared in China around 6 million years ago (A. sinensis). Anancus disappeared from Asia and Africa around the end of the Pliocene, approximately 2.6 million years ago.[11] The extinction of Anancus in Africa has been attributed to competitive exclusion by elephantids, whose molar teeth were more efficient at processing grass.[14][18] The European A. arvernensis was the last surviving species, becoming extinct during the Early Pleistocene, around 2 million years ago,[11] with its latest possible record being at Eastern Scheldt in the Netherlands around 1.6 million years ago.[12]
Galleryedit
The jaw of Anancus, an extinct relative of the elephant
Jaw of Anancus arvernensis from Quaternary of Italy
Molar of Anancus arvernensis
Referencesedit
^Hautier, Lionel; Mackaye, Hassane Taisso; Lihoreau, Fabrice; Tassy, Pascal; Vignaud, Patrick; Brunet, Michel (March 2009). "New material of Anancus kenyensis (proboscidea, mammalia) from Toros-Menalla (Late Miocene, Chad): Contribution to the systematics of African anancines". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 53 (4–5): 171–176. Bibcode:2009JAfES..53..171H. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2009.01.003.
^Konidaris, George E.; Tsoukala, Evangelia (2022), Vlachos, Evangelos (ed.), "The Fossil Record of the Neogene Proboscidea (Mammalia) in Greece", Fossil Vertebrates of Greece Vol. 1, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 299–344, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-68398-6_12, ISBN978-3-030-68397-9, S2CID 245023119, retrieved 2023-04-18
^Shoshani, J.; Tassy, P. (1996). "Summary, conclusions, and a glimpse into the future". In Shoshani, Jeheskel; Tassy, Pascal (eds.). The Proboscidea: Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives. Oxford University Press. pp. 335–348. ISBN978-0-19-854652-8.
^Mothé, Dimila; Ferretti, Marco P.; Avilla, Leonardo S. (12 January 2016). "The Dance of Tusks: Rediscovery of Lower Incisors in the Pan-American Proboscidean Cuvieronius hyodon Revises Incisor Evolution in Elephantimorpha". PLOS ONE. 11 (1): e0147009. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1147009M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147009. PMC4710528. PMID 26756209.
^ abcRomano, Marco; Bellucci, Luca; Antonelli, Matteo; Manucci, Fabio; Palombo, Maria Rita (2023-06-13). "Body mass estimate of Anancus arvernensis (Croizet and Jobert 1828): comparison of the regression and volumetric methods". Journal of Quaternary Science. 38 (8): 1357–1381. Bibcode:2023JQS....38.1357R. doi:10.1002/jqs.3549. ISSN 0267-8179. S2CID 259438457.
^Theodorou, G., Spjeldnaes, N., Hanken, N. M., Lauritzen, S. E., Velitzelos, E., Athanassiou, A., et al. (2000). Description and taphonomic investigations of Neogene Proboscidea from Rhodos, Greece. Annales Géologiques des Pays Helléniques, 38, 133–156.
^ abAthanassiou, Athanassios (June 2016). "Craniomandibular remains of Anancus arvernensis (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from Greece: The samples from Kallíphytos (E. Macedonia) and Sésklo (Thessaly)". Quaternary International. 406: 25–34. Bibcode:2016QuInt.406...25A. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.03.048.
^Larramendi, Asier (2023-12-10). "Estimating tusk masses in proboscideans: a comprehensive analysis and predictive model". Historical Biology: 1–14. doi:10.1080/08912963.2023.2286272. ISSN 0891-2963.
^Konidaris, George E.; Roussiakis, Socrates J. (2018-11-02). "The first record of Anancus (Mammalia, Proboscidea) in the late Miocene of Greece and reappraisal of the primitive anancines from Europe". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 38 (6): e1534118. Bibcode:2018JVPal..38E4118K. doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1534118. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 91391249.
^ abcKonidaris, George E.; Roussiakis, Socrates J. (2018-11-02). "The first record of Anancus (Mammalia, Proboscidea) in the late Miocene of Greece and reappraisal of the primitive anancines from Europe". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 38 (6): e1534118. Bibcode:2018JVPal..38E4118K. doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1534118. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 91391249.
^ abRivals, Florent; Mol, Dick; Lacombat, Frédéric; Lister, Adrian M.; Semprebon, Gina M. (2015-08-27). "Resource partitioning and niche separation between mammoths (Mammuthus rumanus and Mammuthus meridionalis) and gomphotheres (Anancus arvernensis) in the Early Pleistocene of Europe". Quaternary International. Mammoths and their Relatives: VIth International Conference, Grevena-Siatista, Greece, part 1. 379: 164–170. Bibcode:2015QuInt.379..164R. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.12.031. ISSN 1040-6182.
^Groenewald, Patricia A.; Sealy, Judith; Stynder, Deano; Smith, Kathlyn M. (April 2020). "Dietary resource partitioning among three coeval proboscidean taxa (Anancus capensis, Mammuthus subplanifrons, Loxodonta cookei) from the South African Early Pliocene locality of Langebaanweg E Quarry". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 543: 109606. Bibcode:2020PPP...54309606G. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109606. S2CID 213999549.
^ abLister, Adrian M. (2013-06-26). "The role of behaviour in adaptive morphological evolution of African proboscideans". Nature. 500 (7462): 331–334. Bibcode:2013Natur.500..331L. doi:10.1038/nature12275. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 23803767. S2CID 883007.
^Saarinen, Juha; Lister, Adrian M. (2023-08-14). "Fluctuating climate and dietary innovation drove ratcheted evolution of proboscidean dental traits". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 7 (9): 1490–1502. Bibcode:2023NatEE...7.1490S. doi:10.1038/s41559-023-02151-4. ISSN 2397-334X. PMC10482678. PMID 37580434.
^Patnaik, Rajeev; Singh, Ningthoujam Premjit; Paul, Debajyoti; Sukumar, Raman (November 2019). "Dietary and habitat shifts in relation to climate of Neogene-Quaternary proboscideans and associated mammals of the Indian subcontinent". Quaternary Science Reviews. 224: 105968. Bibcode:2019QSRv..22405968P. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105968. S2CID 210307849.
^Ramírez-Pedraza, Iván; Rivals, Florent; Tornero, Carlos; Geraads, Denis; Raynal, Jean Paul; Lefèvre, David; Mohib, Abderrahim (November 2023). "Palaeoecological reconstruction of Plio-Pleistocene herbivores from the Ahl al Oughlam site (Casablanca, Morocco): Insights from dental wear and stable isotopes". Quaternary Science Reviews. 319: 108341. Bibcode:2023QSRv..31908341R. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108341. S2CID 263714029.
^Saegusa, Haruo (March 2020). "Stegodontidae and Anancus: Keys to understanding dental evolution in Elephantidae". Quaternary Science Reviews. 231: 106176. Bibcode:2020QSRv..23106176S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106176. S2CID 214094348.
Benes, Josef (1979). Prehistoric Animals and Plants. Prague: Artua. p. 263.
anancus, extinct, genus, tetralophodont, gomphothere, native, afro, eurasia, that, lived, from, tortonian, stage, late, miocene, until, extinction, during, early, pleistocene, roughly, from, million, years, temporal, range, late, miocene, early, pleistocene, p. Anancus is an extinct genus of tetralophodont gomphothere native to Afro Eurasia that lived from the Tortonian stage of the late Miocene until its extinction during the Early Pleistocene roughly from 8 5 2 million years ago AnancusTemporal range Late Miocene Early Pleistocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N One of the most complete A arvernensis skeletons found clay layers near San Giovanni Valdarno and displayed in the Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze in Tuscany Italy Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Proboscidea Superfamily Elephantoidea Genus AnancusAymard 1855 Species A alexeevae Baigusheva 1971 A arvernensis Croizet and Jobert 1828 type A capensis Sanders 2007 A cuneatus Teilhard de Chardin and Trassaert 1937 A kazachstanensis Aubekerova 1974 A kenyensis MacInnes 1942 A lehmanni Gaziry 1997 A osiris Arambourg 1945 A perimensis Falconer and Cautley 1847 A petrocchii Coppens 1965 A sinensis Hopwood 1935 A sivalensis Cautley 1836 A ultimus Sanders 2011 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Diet 4 Evolution 5 Gallery 6 ReferencesTaxonomy editAnancus was named by Auguste Aymard in 1855 It is traditionally allocated to Gomphotheriidae often as the only member of the subfamily Anancinae 1 2 Recently some authors have excluded Anancus along with other tetralophodont gomphotheres from Gomphotheriidae and regarded them as members of Elephantoidea instead 3 4 5 Description edit nbsp Anancus arvernensis nbsp Skull of Anancus sivalensis in side view Two largely complete individuals of Anancus arvernensis reached shoulder heights of around 2 5 2 6 metres 8 ft 2 in 8 ft 6 in with a volumetric estimate suggesting a body mass of around 5 2 to 6 tons comparable to living African elephants 6 The tusks were largely straight and lacked enamel 6 though enamel was present in juveniles 7 and were slender 8 and proportionally large with a large tusk of the species Anancus avernensis from Stoina Romania measuring 3 71 metres 12 2 ft in length with an estimated mass of 70 kilograms 150 lb 9 The tusks varied from projecting forward parallel to each other to being outwardly divergent from each other depending on the species 10 The skull is proportionally tall and short with an elevated dome and an enlarged tympanic bulla Unlike more primitive gomphotheres the mandible was brevirostrine shortened and lacked lower tusks The molars were typically tetralophodont bearing four crests or ridges but were pentalophodont in some species The premolars were absent in all species other than A kenyensis On the upper molars the posterior pretrite central conules were reduced as were the anterior pretrite central conules on the lower molars The pretrite and posttrite half loph id s were dislocated from each other resulting in the successive loph id s exhibiting an alternating pattern 11 Diet editDietary preferences of Anancus varied between species Dental microwear analysis of Anancus arvernensis specimens from the Early Pleistocene of Europe generally suggests that it was a browser consuming twigs bark seeds and fruit 12 with a browsing diet also proposed for the Early Pliocene South African A capensis 13 The East African late Miocene early Pliocene A kenyensis and Pliocene A ultimus have individuals with varying browsing grazing and mixed feeding both browsing and grazing diets 14 15 with a grazing diet proposed for Anancus specimens from the Pliocene of India based on isotopic analysis 16 Anancus osiris from the Pliocene of North Africa is suggested to have been a mixed feeder with a large grass intake based on microwear 17 Evolution editAnancus is suggested to have evolved from Tetralophodon or a Tetralophodon like ancestor 8 6 The oldest known species of Anancus is A perimensis with fossils known from the Tortonian 8 5 million years ago Siwalik Hills of Pakistan Anancus entered Europe approximately 7 2 million years ago and around 7 million years ago dispersed into Africa Anancus first appeared in China around 6 million years ago A sinensis Anancus disappeared from Asia and Africa around the end of the Pliocene approximately 2 6 million years ago 11 The extinction of Anancus in Africa has been attributed to competitive exclusion by elephantids whose molar teeth were more efficient at processing grass 14 18 The European A arvernensis was the last surviving species becoming extinct during the Early Pleistocene around 2 million years ago 11 with its latest possible record being at Eastern Scheldt in the Netherlands around 1 6 million years ago 12 Gallery edit nbsp The jaw of Anancus an extinct relative of the elephant nbsp Jaw of Anancus arvernensis from Quaternary of Italy nbsp Molar of Anancus arvernensisReferences edit Hautier Lionel Mackaye Hassane Taisso Lihoreau Fabrice Tassy Pascal Vignaud Patrick Brunet Michel March 2009 New material of Anancus kenyensis proboscidea mammalia from Toros Menalla Late Miocene Chad Contribution to the systematics of African anancines Journal of African Earth Sciences 53 4 5 171 176 Bibcode 2009JAfES 53 171H doi 10 1016 j jafrearsci 2009 01 003 Konidaris George E Tsoukala Evangelia 2022 Vlachos Evangelos ed The Fossil Record of the Neogene Proboscidea Mammalia in Greece Fossil Vertebrates of Greece Vol 1 Cham Springer International Publishing pp 299 344 doi 10 1007 978 3 030 68398 6 12 ISBN 978 3 030 68397 9 S2CID 245023119 retrieved 2023 04 18 Shoshani Jeheskel Tassy Pascal January 2005 Advances in proboscidean taxonomy amp classification anatomy amp physiology and ecology amp behavior Quaternary International 126 128 5 20 Bibcode 2005QuInt 126 5S doi 10 1016 j quaint 2004 04 011 Shoshani J Tassy P 1996 Summary conclusions and a glimpse into the future In Shoshani Jeheskel Tassy Pascal eds The Proboscidea Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives Oxford University Press pp 335 348 ISBN 978 0 19 854652 8 Mothe Dimila Ferretti Marco P Avilla Leonardo S 12 January 2016 The Dance of Tusks Rediscovery of Lower Incisors in the Pan American Proboscidean Cuvieronius hyodon Revises Incisor Evolution in Elephantimorpha PLOS ONE 11 1 e0147009 Bibcode 2016PLoSO 1147009M doi 10 1371 journal pone 0147009 PMC 4710528 PMID 26756209 a b c Romano Marco Bellucci Luca Antonelli Matteo Manucci Fabio Palombo Maria Rita 2023 06 13 Body mass estimate of Anancus arvernensis Croizet and Jobert 1828 comparison of the regression and volumetric methods Journal of Quaternary Science 38 8 1357 1381 Bibcode 2023JQS 38 1357R doi 10 1002 jqs 3549 ISSN 0267 8179 S2CID 259438457 Theodorou G Spjeldnaes N Hanken N M Lauritzen S E Velitzelos E Athanassiou A et al 2000 Description and taphonomic investigations of Neogene Proboscidea from Rhodos Greece Annales Geologiques des Pays Helleniques 38 133 156 a b Athanassiou Athanassios June 2016 Craniomandibular remains of Anancus arvernensis Proboscidea Mammalia from Greece The samples from Kalliphytos E Macedonia and Sesklo Thessaly Quaternary International 406 25 34 Bibcode 2016QuInt 406 25A doi 10 1016 j quaint 2015 03 048 Larramendi Asier 2023 12 10 Estimating tusk masses in proboscideans a comprehensive analysis and predictive model Historical Biology 1 14 doi 10 1080 08912963 2023 2286272 ISSN 0891 2963 Konidaris George E Roussiakis Socrates J 2018 11 02 The first record of Anancus Mammalia Proboscidea in the late Miocene of Greece and reappraisal of the primitive anancines from Europe Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 38 6 e1534118 Bibcode 2018JVPal 38E4118K doi 10 1080 02724634 2018 1534118 ISSN 0272 4634 S2CID 91391249 a b c Konidaris George E Roussiakis Socrates J 2018 11 02 The first record of Anancus Mammalia Proboscidea in the late Miocene of Greece and reappraisal of the primitive anancines from Europe Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 38 6 e1534118 Bibcode 2018JVPal 38E4118K doi 10 1080 02724634 2018 1534118 ISSN 0272 4634 S2CID 91391249 a b Rivals Florent Mol Dick Lacombat Frederic Lister Adrian M Semprebon Gina M 2015 08 27 Resource partitioning and niche separation between mammoths Mammuthus rumanus and Mammuthus meridionalis and gomphotheres Anancus arvernensis in the Early Pleistocene of Europe Quaternary International Mammoths and their Relatives VIth International Conference Grevena Siatista Greece part 1 379 164 170 Bibcode 2015QuInt 379 164R doi 10 1016 j quaint 2014 12 031 ISSN 1040 6182 Groenewald Patricia A Sealy Judith Stynder Deano Smith Kathlyn M April 2020 Dietary resource partitioning among three coeval proboscidean taxa Anancus capensis Mammuthus subplanifrons Loxodonta cookei from the South African Early Pliocene locality of Langebaanweg E Quarry Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 543 109606 Bibcode 2020PPP 54309606G doi 10 1016 j palaeo 2020 109606 S2CID 213999549 a b Lister Adrian M 2013 06 26 The role of behaviour in adaptive morphological evolution of African proboscideans Nature 500 7462 331 334 Bibcode 2013Natur 500 331L doi 10 1038 nature12275 ISSN 0028 0836 PMID 23803767 S2CID 883007 Saarinen Juha Lister Adrian M 2023 08 14 Fluctuating climate and dietary innovation drove ratcheted evolution of proboscidean dental traits Nature Ecology amp Evolution 7 9 1490 1502 Bibcode 2023NatEE 7 1490S doi 10 1038 s41559 023 02151 4 ISSN 2397 334X PMC 10482678 PMID 37580434 Patnaik Rajeev Singh Ningthoujam Premjit Paul Debajyoti Sukumar Raman November 2019 Dietary and habitat shifts in relation to climate of Neogene Quaternary proboscideans and associated mammals of the Indian subcontinent Quaternary Science Reviews 224 105968 Bibcode 2019QSRv 22405968P doi 10 1016 j quascirev 2019 105968 S2CID 210307849 Ramirez Pedraza Ivan Rivals Florent Tornero Carlos Geraads Denis Raynal Jean Paul Lefevre David Mohib Abderrahim November 2023 Palaeoecological reconstruction of Plio Pleistocene herbivores from the Ahl al Oughlam site Casablanca Morocco Insights from dental wear and stable isotopes Quaternary Science Reviews 319 108341 Bibcode 2023QSRv 31908341R doi 10 1016 j quascirev 2023 108341 S2CID 263714029 Saegusa Haruo March 2020 Stegodontidae and Anancus Keys to understanding dental evolution in Elephantidae Quaternary Science Reviews 231 106176 Bibcode 2020QSRv 23106176S doi 10 1016 j quascirev 2020 106176 S2CID 214094348 Benes Josef 1979 Prehistoric Animals and Plants Prague Artua p 263 nbsp Paleontology portal Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Anancus amp oldid 1209696252, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
