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Body integrity dysphoria

May 08, 2024

"Self-amputation" redirects here. See also Autotomy and Amputation § Self-amputation.
"BIID" redirects here. For the organisation, see British Institute of Interior Design.

Body integrity dysphoria (BID), also referred to as body integrity identity disorder (BIID), amputee identity disorder or xenomelia, and formerly called apotemnophilia, is a rare mental disorder characterized by a desire to have a sensory or physical disability or feeling discomfort with being able-bodied, beginning in early adolescence and resulting in harmful consequences.[1] BID appears to be related to somatoparaphrenia.[2] People with this condition may refer to themselves as transabled.[3][4][5]

Body integrity dysphoria
Other namesBody integrity identity disorder
SpecialtyPsychiatry, Clinical Psychology
SymptomsDesire to have a sensory or physical disability, discomfort with being able-bodied
ComplicationsSelf-amputation
Usual onset8–12 years old
Risk factorsKnowing an amputee as a child
TreatmentCognitive behavioral therapy
MedicationAntidepressants

Signs and symptoms edit

BID is a rare, infrequently studied condition in which there is a mismatch between the mental body image and the physical body, characterized by an intense desire for amputation or paralysis of a limb, usually a leg, or to become blind or deaf.[2] The person sometimes has a sense of sexual arousal connected with the desire for loss of a limb, movement, or sense.[2]

Some become somewhat more comfortable with their own bodies by pretending they are amputees using prostheses and other tools to help their dysphoria, by using a wheelchair or by blocking their vision or hearing. Some people with BID have reported to the media or by interview with researchers that they have resorted to self-amputation of a "superfluous" limb by, for example, allowing a train to run over it or otherwise damaging it so severely that surgeons will have to amputate it. However, the medical literature records few cases of self-amputation[6][7] apart from that of cricket historian Rowland Bowen, who self-amputated one of his legs below the knee in 1968.[8]

To the extent that generalizations can be made, people with BID appear to start to wish for amputation when they are young, between eight and twelve years of age, and often knew a person with an amputated limb when they were children; however, people with BID tend to seek treatment only when they are much older.[7] People with BID seem to be predominantly male, and while there is no evidence that sexual preference is relevant, there does seem to be a correlation with BID and a person having a paraphilia; there appears to be a weak correlation with personality disorders.[7] Family psychiatric history does not appear to be relevant, and there does not appear to be any strong correlation with the site of the limb or limbs that the person wishes they did not have, nor with any past trauma to the undesired limb.[7]

Causes edit

As of 2014 the cause was not clear and was a subject of ongoing research.[9] However a small sample of people with body integrity dysphoria connected to their left leg have had MRI scans that showed less gray matter in the right side of their superior parietal lobule. The amount of gray matter missing was correlated to the strength of the patients' desire to remove their leg.[10]

Diagnosis edit

In the ICD-11, BID is included under the category "Disorders of bodily distress or bodily experience". It is "characterised by an intense and persistent desire to become physically disabled in a significant way (e.g. major limb amputee, paraplegic, blind), with onset by early adolescence accompanied by persistent discomfort, or intense feelings of inappropriateness concerning current non-disabled body configuration. The desire to become physically disabled results in harmful consequences, as manifested by either the preoccupation with the desire (including time spent pretending to be disabled) significantly interfering with productivity, with leisure activities, or with social functioning (e.g. person is unwilling to have close relationships because it would make it difficult to pretend) or by attempts to actually become disabled have resulted in the person putting his or her health or life in significant jeopardy. The disturbance is not better accounted for by another mental, behavioural or neurodevelopmental disorder, by a Disease of the Nervous System or by another medical condition, or by Malingering." A diagnosis of gender dysphoria must be ruled out.[11]

Classification edit

Prior to the release of the ICD-11, the diagnosis of BID as a mental disorder was controversial. There was debate about including it in the DSM-5, and it was not included; it was also not included in the ICD-10.[2][9] It has been included in the ICD-11, which reached a stable version in June 2018, as 'Body integrity dysphoria' with code 6C21.[1]

Treatment edit

There is no evidence-based treatment for BID; there are reports of the use of cognitive behavioral therapy and antidepressants.[7]

The ethics of surgically amputating the undesired limb of a person with BID are difficult and controversial.[6][12][13]

Prognosis edit

Outcomes of treated and untreated BID are not known; there are numerous case reports that amputation permanently resolves the desire in affected individuals.[7][14]

Transability edit

Transability (which can also be referred to as being trans-able) is the term used to describe an able-bodied person's need to alter his or her body in order to develop a physical impairment or disability. This is influenced by personal decision and desire.[15] According to ISH News, transable people go through the process by physically injuring themselves in a way that causes lifelong disabilities, satisfying their aspiration to be disabled. The transable person could want to become deaf, blind, amputee, paraplegic or anything else.[16]

History edit

Apotemnophilia was first described in a 1977 article by psychologists Gregg Furth and John Money as primarily sexually oriented. In 1986 Money described a similar condition he called acrotomophilia; namely, sexual arousal in response to a partner's amputation. Publications before 2004 were generally case studies.[17] The condition received public attention in the late 1990s after Scottish surgeon Robert Smith amputated limbs of two otherwise healthy people who were desperate to have this done.[17]

In 2004 Michael First published the first clinical research in which he surveyed fifty-two people with the condition, a quarter of whom had undergone an amputation. Based on that work, First coined the term "body integrity identity disorder" to express what he saw as more of an identity disorder than a paraphilia.[9] After First's work, efforts to study BID as a neurological condition looked for possible causes in the brains of people with BID using neuroimaging and other techniques.[2][17] Research provisionally found that people with BID were more likely to want removal of a left limb than right, consistent with damage to the right parietal lobe; in addition, skin conductance response is significantly different above and below the line of desired amputation, and the line of desired amputation remains stable over time, with the desire often beginning in early childhood.[17] This work did not completely explain the condition, and psychosexual research has been ongoing as well.[17][18][19]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b "ICD-11 – Mortality and Morbidity Statistics". icd.who.int. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e Brugger, P; Lenggenhager, B (December 2014). "The bodily self and its disorders: neurological, psychological and social aspects". Current Opinion in Neurology. 27 (6): 644–52. doi:10.1097/WCO.0000000000000151. PMID 25333602. S2CID 3335803. from the original on 14 January 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
  3. ^ Baril, Alexandre; Trevenen, Kathryn (14 April 2016). "Transabled women lost in translation? An introduction to: '"Extreme" transformations: (Re)Thinking solidarities among social movements through the case of voluntary disability acquisition'". Medicine Anthropology Theory. 3 (1): 136. doi:10.17157/mat.3.1.388.  
  4. ^ Shad (11 June 2015). "Desiring disability: What does it mean to be transabled?". CBC Radio. from the original on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  5. ^ Davis, Jenny L. (1 June 2014). "Morality Work among the Transabled". Deviant Behavior. 35 (6): 433–455. doi:10.1080/01639625.2014.855103. ISSN 0163-9625. S2CID 144412724.
  6. ^ a b Levy, Neil (2007). Neuroethics — Challenges for the 21st Century. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–5. ISBN 978-0-521-68726-3.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Bou Khalil, R; Richa, S (December 2012). "Apotemnophilia or body integrity identity disorder: a case report review". The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds. 11 (4): 313–9. doi:10.1177/1534734612464714. PMID 23089967. S2CID 30991969.
  8. ^ "Cricket historian, writer, surgeon, spy: the mad world of Major Rowland Bowen". the Guardian. 21 July 2017. from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
  9. ^ a b c Sedda, A; Bottini, G (2014). "Apotemnophilia, body integrity identity disorder or xenomelia? Psychiatric and neurologic etiologies face each other". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 10: 1255–65. doi:10.2147/NDT.S53385. PMC 4094630. PMID 25045269.
  10. ^ Longo, Matthew (June 2020). "Body Image: Neural Basis of 'Negative' Phantom Limbs". Current Biology. 30 (11): 2191–2195. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.006. PMID 32516613. S2CID 219544915.
  11. ^ "ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics". icd.who.int. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
  12. ^ Costandi, Mo (30 May 2012). "The science and ethics of voluntary amputation | Mo Costandi". The Guardian. from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
  13. ^ Dua, A (February 2010). "Apotemnophilia: ethical considerations of amputating a healthy limb". Journal of Medical Ethics. 36 (2): 75–8. doi:10.1136/jme.2009.031070. PMID 20133399. S2CID 23988376.
  14. ^ Blom, RM; Hennekam, RC; Denys, D (2012). "Body integrity identity disorder". PLOS ONE. 7 (4): e34702. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734702B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034702. PMC 3326051. PMID 22514657.
  15. ^ "Becoming disabled by choice, not chance: 'Transabled' people feel like impostors in their fully working bodies". nationalpost. 3 June 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  16. ^ "Transability Makes People Get Disabled by Choice - ISH News". YouTube. 16 December 2022. from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  17. ^ a b c d e De Preester, H (May 2013). "Merleau-Ponty's sexual schema and the sexual component of body integrity identity disorder". Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy. 16 (2): 171–84. doi:10.1007/s11019-011-9367-3. PMID 22139385. S2CID 144072976.
  18. ^ Lawrence, A. A. (2006). "Clinical and theoretical parallels between desire for limb amputation and gender identity disorder" (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 35 (3): 263–278. doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9026-6. PMID 16799838. S2CID 17528273. (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  19. ^ Lawrence, A. A. (2009). "Erotic target location errors: An underappreciated paraphilic dimension". Journal of Sex Research. 46 (2–3): 194–215. doi:10.1080/00224490902747727. PMID 19308843. S2CID 10105602.

Further reading edit

  • Davis, Jenny L. (2012). "Narrative Construction of a Ruptured Self: Stories of Transability on Transabled.org". Sociological Perspectives. 55 (2): 319–340. doi:10.1525/sop.2012.55.2.319. JSTOR 10.1525/sop.2012.55.2.319. S2CID 145521213.
  • First, MB; Fisher, CE (2012). "Body integrity identity disorder: the persistent desire to acquire a physical disability". Psychopathology. 45 (1): 3–14. doi:10.1159/000330503. PMID 22123511. S2CID 19615762.
  • Furth, Gregg M.; Smith, Robert (2000). Apotemnophilia : information, questions, answers, and recommendations about self-demand amputation (Rev. (05/15/2002). ed.). Bloomington, IN: 1stBooks. ISBN 978-1588203908.
  • Sacks, Oliver W. (1998). A Leg To Stand On. Touchstone Books. ISBN 978-0-684-85395-6.
  • Stirn, A.; Thiel, A.; Oddo, S. (2009). Body Integrity Identity Disorder: Psychological, Neurobiological, Ethical and Legal Aspects. Pabst Science Publishers. ISBN 978-3-89967-592-4.

External links edit

May 08, 2024
body, integrity, dysphoria, self, amputation, redirects, here, also, autotomy, amputation, self, amputation, biid, redirects, here, organisation, british, institute, interior, design, also, referred, body, integrity, identity, disorder, biid, amputee, identity. Self amputation redirects here See also Autotomy and Amputation Self amputation BIID redirects here For the organisation see British Institute of Interior Design Body integrity dysphoria BID also referred to as body integrity identity disorder BIID amputee identity disorder or xenomelia and formerly called apotemnophilia is a rare mental disorder characterized by a desire to have a sensory or physical disability or feeling discomfort with being able bodied beginning in early adolescence and resulting in harmful consequences 1 BID appears to be related to somatoparaphrenia 2 People with this condition may refer to themselves as transabled 3 4 5 Body integrity dysphoriaOther namesBody integrity identity disorderSpecialtyPsychiatry Clinical PsychologySymptomsDesire to have a sensory or physical disability discomfort with being able bodiedComplicationsSelf amputationUsual onset8 12 years oldRisk factorsKnowing an amputee as a childTreatmentCognitive behavioral therapyMedicationAntidepressants Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Causes 3 Diagnosis 3 1 Classification 4 Treatment 5 Prognosis 6 Transability 7 History 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksSigns and symptoms editBID is a rare infrequently studied condition in which there is a mismatch between the mental body image and the physical body characterized by an intense desire for amputation or paralysis of a limb usually a leg or to become blind or deaf 2 The person sometimes has a sense of sexual arousal connected with the desire for loss of a limb movement or sense 2 Some become somewhat more comfortable with their own bodies by pretending they are amputees using prostheses and other tools to help their dysphoria by using a wheelchair or by blocking their vision or hearing Some people with BID have reported to the media or by interview with researchers that they have resorted to self amputation of a superfluous limb by for example allowing a train to run over it or otherwise damaging it so severely that surgeons will have to amputate it However the medical literature records few cases of self amputation 6 7 apart from that of cricket historian Rowland Bowen who self amputated one of his legs below the knee in 1968 8 To the extent that generalizations can be made people with BID appear to start to wish for amputation when they are young between eight and twelve years of age and often knew a person with an amputated limb when they were children however people with BID tend to seek treatment only when they are much older 7 People with BID seem to be predominantly male and while there is no evidence that sexual preference is relevant there does seem to be a correlation with BID and a person having a paraphilia there appears to be a weak correlation with personality disorders 7 Family psychiatric history does not appear to be relevant and there does not appear to be any strong correlation with the site of the limb or limbs that the person wishes they did not have nor with any past trauma to the undesired limb 7 Causes editAs of 2014 the cause was not clear and was a subject of ongoing research 9 However a small sample of people with body integrity dysphoria connected to their left leg have had MRI scans that showed less gray matter in the right side of their superior parietal lobule The amount of gray matter missing was correlated to the strength of the patients desire to remove their leg 10 Diagnosis editIn the ICD 11 BID is included under the category Disorders of bodily distress or bodily experience It is characterised by an intense and persistent desire to become physically disabled in a significant way e g major limb amputee paraplegic blind with onset by early adolescence accompanied by persistent discomfort or intense feelings of inappropriateness concerning current non disabled body configuration The desire to become physically disabled results in harmful consequences as manifested by either the preoccupation with the desire including time spent pretending to be disabled significantly interfering with productivity with leisure activities or with social functioning e g person is unwilling to have close relationships because it would make it difficult to pretend or by attempts to actually become disabled have resulted in the person putting his or her health or life in significant jeopardy The disturbance is not better accounted for by another mental behavioural or neurodevelopmental disorder by a Disease of the Nervous System or by another medical condition or by Malingering A diagnosis of gender dysphoria must be ruled out 11 Classification edit Prior to the release of the ICD 11 the diagnosis of BID as a mental disorder was controversial There was debate about including it in the DSM 5 and it was not included it was also not included in the ICD 10 2 9 It has been included in the ICD 11 which reached a stable version in June 2018 as Body integrity dysphoria with code 6C21 1 Treatment editThere is no evidence based treatment for BID there are reports of the use of cognitive behavioral therapy and antidepressants 7 The ethics of surgically amputating the undesired limb of a person with BID are difficult and controversial 6 12 13 Prognosis editOutcomes of treated and untreated BID are not known there are numerous case reports that amputation permanently resolves the desire in affected individuals 7 14 Transability editTransability which can also be referred to as being trans able is the term used to describe an able bodied person s need to alter his or her body in order to develop a physical impairment or disability This is influenced by personal decision and desire 15 According to ISH News transable people go through the process by physically injuring themselves in a way that causes lifelong disabilities satisfying their aspiration to be disabled The transable person could want to become deaf blind amputee paraplegic or anything else 16 History editApotemnophilia was first described in a 1977 article by psychologists Gregg Furth and John Money as primarily sexually oriented In 1986 Money described a similar condition he called acrotomophilia namely sexual arousal in response to a partner s amputation Publications before 2004 were generally case studies 17 The condition received public attention in the late 1990s after Scottish surgeon Robert Smith amputated limbs of two otherwise healthy people who were desperate to have this done 17 In 2004 Michael First published the first clinical research in which he surveyed fifty two people with the condition a quarter of whom had undergone an amputation Based on that work First coined the term body integrity identity disorder to express what he saw as more of an identity disorder than a paraphilia 9 After First s work efforts to study BID as a neurological condition looked for possible causes in the brains of people with BID using neuroimaging and other techniques 2 17 Research provisionally found that people with BID were more likely to want removal of a left limb than right consistent with damage to the right parietal lobe in addition skin conductance response is significantly different above and below the line of desired amputation and the line of desired amputation remains stable over time with the desire often beginning in early childhood 17 This work did not completely explain the condition and psychosexual research has been ongoing as well 17 18 19 See also editAbasiophilia Attraction to disability Body dysmorphic disorder Body modification Disability pretenders Silver Spring monkeys Quid Pro Quo Armless WholeReferences edit a b ICD 11 Mortality and Morbidity Statistics icd who int Archived from the original on 1 August 2018 Retrieved 6 July 2018 a b c d e Brugger P Lenggenhager B December 2014 The bodily self and its disorders neurological psychological and social aspects Current Opinion in Neurology 27 6 644 52 doi 10 1097 WCO 0000000000000151 PMID 25333602 S2CID 3335803 Archived from the original on 14 January 2018 Retrieved 13 January 2018 Baril Alexandre Trevenen Kathryn 14 April 2016 Transabled women lost in translation An introduction to Extreme transformations Re Thinking solidarities among social movements through the case of voluntary disability acquisition Medicine Anthropology Theory 3 1 136 doi 10 17157 mat 3 1 388 nbsp Shad 11 June 2015 Desiring disability What does it mean to be transabled CBC Radio Archived from the original on 11 June 2015 Retrieved 11 June 2015 Davis Jenny L 1 June 2014 Morality Work among the Transabled Deviant Behavior 35 6 433 455 doi 10 1080 01639625 2014 855103 ISSN 0163 9625 S2CID 144412724 a b Levy Neil 2007 Neuroethics Challenges for the 21st Century Cambridge University Press pp 3 5 ISBN 978 0 521 68726 3 a b c d e f Bou Khalil R Richa S December 2012 Apotemnophilia or body integrity identity disorder a case report review The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds 11 4 313 9 doi 10 1177 1534734612464714 PMID 23089967 S2CID 30991969 Cricket historian writer surgeon spy the mad world of Major Rowland Bowen the Guardian 21 July 2017 Archived from the original on 29 December 2021 Retrieved 29 December 2021 a b c Sedda A Bottini G 2014 Apotemnophilia body integrity identity disorder or xenomelia Psychiatric and neurologic etiologies face each other Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 10 1255 65 doi 10 2147 NDT S53385 PMC 4094630 PMID 25045269 Longo Matthew June 2020 Body Image Neural Basis of Negative Phantom Limbs Current Biology 30 11 2191 2195 doi 10 1016 j cub 2020 04 006 PMID 32516613 S2CID 219544915 ICD 11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics icd who int Archived from the original on 1 August 2018 Retrieved 19 December 2021 Costandi Mo 30 May 2012 The science and ethics of voluntary amputation Mo Costandi The Guardian Archived from the original on 2 January 2018 Retrieved 13 January 2018 Dua A February 2010 Apotemnophilia ethical considerations of amputating a healthy limb Journal of Medical Ethics 36 2 75 8 doi 10 1136 jme 2009 031070 PMID 20133399 S2CID 23988376 Blom RM Hennekam RC Denys D 2012 Body integrity identity disorder PLOS ONE 7 4 e34702 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 734702B doi 10 1371 journal pone 0034702 PMC 3326051 PMID 22514657 Becoming disabled by choice not chance Transabled people feel like impostors in their fully working bodies nationalpost 3 June 2015 Retrieved 19 January 2023 Transability Makes People Get Disabled by Choice ISH News YouTube 16 December 2022 Archived from the original on 19 January 2023 Retrieved 19 January 2023 a b c d e De Preester H May 2013 Merleau Ponty s sexual schema and the sexual component of body integrity identity disorder Medicine Health Care and Philosophy 16 2 171 84 doi 10 1007 s11019 011 9367 3 PMID 22139385 S2CID 144072976 Lawrence A A 2006 Clinical and theoretical parallels between desire for limb amputation and gender identity disorder PDF Archives of Sexual Behavior 35 3 263 278 doi 10 1007 s10508 006 9026 6 PMID 16799838 S2CID 17528273 Archived PDF from the original on 9 October 2018 Retrieved 24 September 2019 Lawrence A A 2009 Erotic target location errors An underappreciated paraphilic dimension Journal of Sex Research 46 2 3 194 215 doi 10 1080 00224490902747727 PMID 19308843 S2CID 10105602 Further reading editDavis Jenny L 2012 Narrative Construction of a Ruptured Self Stories of Transability on Transabled org Sociological Perspectives 55 2 319 340 doi 10 1525 sop 2012 55 2 319 JSTOR 10 1525 sop 2012 55 2 319 S2CID 145521213 First MB Fisher CE 2012 Body integrity identity disorder the persistent desire to acquire a physical disability Psychopathology 45 1 3 14 doi 10 1159 000330503 PMID 22123511 S2CID 19615762 Furth Gregg M Smith Robert 2000 Apotemnophilia information questions answers and recommendations about self demand amputation Rev 05 15 2002 ed Bloomington IN 1stBooks ISBN 978 1588203908 Sacks Oliver W 1998 A Leg To Stand On Touchstone Books ISBN 978 0 684 85395 6 Stirn A Thiel A Oddo S 2009 Body Integrity Identity Disorder Psychological Neurobiological Ethical and Legal Aspects Pabst Science Publishers ISBN 978 3 89967 592 4 External links editComplete Obsession a Horizon episode on BIID transcript https www okwhatever org topics selfie biid Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Body integrity dysphoria amp oldid 1218308961, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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