Paraplegia, or paraparesis, is an impairment in motor or sensory function of the lower extremities. The word comes from Ionic Greek (παραπληγίη) "half-stricken".[citation needed] It is usually caused by spinal cord injury or a congenital condition that affects the neural (brain) elements of the spinal canal. The area of the spinal canal that is affected in paraplegia is either the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral regions. If four limbs are affected by paralysis, tetraplegia or quadriplegia is the correct term. If only one limb is affected, the correct term is monoplegia. Spastic paraplegia is a form of paraplegia defined by spasticity of the affected muscles, rather than flaccid paralysis.
Paraplegia
A man with traumatic hematomyelia after the fracture of the 11th thoracic vertebra. A line drawn over his navel marks the area of anesthesia.
The American Spinal Injury Association classifies spinal cord injury severity in the following manner. ASIA A is the complete loss of sensory function and motor skills below the injury. ASIA B is having some sensory function below the injury, but no motor function. In ASIA C, there is some motor function below the level of injury, but half of the muscles cannot move against gravity. In ASIA D, more than half of the muscles below the level of injury can move against gravity. ASIA E is the restoration of all neurologic function.[1]
Individuals with paraplegia can range in their level of disability, requiring treatments to vary from case to case. Rehabilitation aims to help the patient regain as much functionality and independence as possible. Physiotherapy may help to improve strength, range of motion, stretching and transfer skills.[2] Most paraplegics will be reliant on a wheelchair as a mode of transportation.[3]Activities of daily living (ADLs) can be quite challenging at first for those with a spinal cord injury (SCI). With the aid of physiotherapists and occupational therapists, individuals with an SCI can learn new skills and adapt previous ones to maximize independence, often living independently within the community.[4]
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC) have been transplanted with success into the spinal cord of Polish man named Darek Fidyka, who was the survivor of a knife attack that left him paraplegic in 2010.[5]
In 2014, Fidyka underwent pioneering spinal surgery that used nerve grafts, from his ankle, to 'bridge the gap' in his severed spinal cord and OEC's to stimulate the spinal cord cells. The surgery was performed in Poland in collaboration with Prof. Geoff Raisman, chair of neural regeneration at University College London's Institute of Neurology, and his research team. The olfactory cells were taken from the patient's olfactory bulbs in his brain and then grown in the lab, these cells were then injected above and below the impaired spinal tissue.[6]
Fidyka regained sensory and motor function in his lower limbs, notably on the side of the transplanted OEC's. Fidyka first noticed the success three months after the procedure, when his left thigh started gaining muscle mass. MRIs suggest that the gap in his spinal cord has been closed up. He is believed to be the first person in the world to recover sensory function from a complete severing of the spinal nerves.[5][6]
^Tzonichaki I, Kleftaras G (2002). "Paraplegia from spinal cord injury: self-esteem, loneliness, and life satisfaction". OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health. 22 (3): 96–103. doi:10.1177/153944920202200302. S2CID 145347578.
^ abWalsh F (21 October 2014). "Paralysed man walks again after cell transplant". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
^ abQuinn B (21 October 2014). "Paralysed man Darek Fidyka walks again after pioneering surgery". theguardian.com. Retrieved 26 October 2014. The 38-year-old, who is believed to be the first person in the world to recover from complete severing of the spinal nerves, can now walk with a frame and has been able to resume an independent life, even to the extent of driving a car, while sensation has returned to his lower limbs.
Look up paraplegia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
February 07, 2023
paraplegia, confused, with, hemiplegia, diplegia, paraparesis, impairment, motor, sensory, function, lower, extremities, word, comes, from, ionic, greek, παραπληγίη, half, stricken, citation, needed, usually, caused, spinal, cord, injury, congenital, condition. Not to be confused with Hemiplegia or Diplegia Paraplegia or paraparesis is an impairment in motor or sensory function of the lower extremities The word comes from Ionic Greek paraplhgih half stricken citation needed It is usually caused by spinal cord injury or a congenital condition that affects the neural brain elements of the spinal canal The area of the spinal canal that is affected in paraplegia is either the thoracic lumbar or sacral regions If four limbs are affected by paralysis tetraplegia or quadriplegia is the correct term If only one limb is affected the correct term is monoplegia Spastic paraplegia is a form of paraplegia defined by spasticity of the affected muscles rather than flaccid paralysis ParaplegiaA man with traumatic hematomyelia after the fracture of the 11th thoracic vertebra A line drawn over his navel marks the area of anesthesia Pronunciation ˌpaereˈpliːdʒe SpecialtyPhysical medicine and rehabilitationCausesSpinal cord injury congenital conditions affecting the spinal canalThe American Spinal Injury Association classifies spinal cord injury severity in the following manner ASIA A is the complete loss of sensory function and motor skills below the injury ASIA B is having some sensory function below the injury but no motor function In ASIA C there is some motor function below the level of injury but half of the muscles cannot move against gravity In ASIA D more than half of the muscles below the level of injury can move against gravity ASIA E is the restoration of all neurologic function 1 Contents 1 Treatment 1 1 Regeneration of the spinal cord 2 See also 3 References 4 External linksTreatment EditIndividuals with paraplegia can range in their level of disability requiring treatments to vary from case to case Rehabilitation aims to help the patient regain as much functionality and independence as possible Physiotherapy may help to improve strength range of motion stretching and transfer skills 2 Most paraplegics will be reliant on a wheelchair as a mode of transportation 3 Activities of daily living ADLs can be quite challenging at first for those with a spinal cord injury SCI With the aid of physiotherapists and occupational therapists individuals with an SCI can learn new skills and adapt previous ones to maximize independence often living independently within the community 4 Regeneration of the spinal cord Edit See also Spinal cord injury Research directions Olfactory ensheathing cells OEC have been transplanted with success into the spinal cord of Polish man named Darek Fidyka who was the survivor of a knife attack that left him paraplegic in 2010 5 In 2014 Fidyka underwent pioneering spinal surgery that used nerve grafts from his ankle to bridge the gap in his severed spinal cord and OEC s to stimulate the spinal cord cells The surgery was performed in Poland in collaboration with Prof Geoff Raisman chair of neural regeneration at University College London s Institute of Neurology and his research team The olfactory cells were taken from the patient s olfactory bulbs in his brain and then grown in the lab these cells were then injected above and below the impaired spinal tissue 6 Fidyka regained sensory and motor function in his lower limbs notably on the side of the transplanted OEC s Fidyka first noticed the success three months after the procedure when his left thigh started gaining muscle mass MRIs suggest that the gap in his spinal cord has been closed up He is believed to be the first person in the world to recover sensory function from a complete severing of the spinal nerves 5 6 See also EditAdapted automobile Cauda equina syndrome Hemiplegia Quadriplegia Hughes Stovin syndrome Regeneration in humans The Body Silent Sexuality after spinal cord injury Spinal cord injury researchReferences Edit Standard Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury PDF American Spinal Injury Association amp ISCOS Archived from the original on June 18 2011 Taylor Schroeder S LaBarbera J McDowell S et al 2011 The SCIRehab project treatment time spent in SCI rehabilitation Physical therapy treatment time during inpatient spinal cord injury rehabilitation J Spinal Cord Med 34 2 149 61 doi 10 1179 107902611x12971826988057 PMC 3066500 PMID 21675354 Ozelie R Sipple C Foy T et al 2009 SCIRehab Project series the occupational therapy taxonomy J Spinal Cord Med 32 3 283 97 doi 10 1080 10790268 2009 11760782 PMC 2718817 PMID 19810630 Tzonichaki I Kleftaras G 2002 Paraplegia from spinal cord injury self esteem loneliness and life satisfaction OTJR Occupation Participation and Health 22 3 96 103 doi 10 1177 153944920202200302 S2CID 145347578 a b Walsh F 21 October 2014 Paralysed man walks again after cell transplant bbc co uk Retrieved 26 October 2014 a b Quinn B 21 October 2014 Paralysed man Darek Fidyka walks again after pioneering surgery theguardian com Retrieved 26 October 2014 The 38 year old who is believed to be the first person in the world to recover from complete severing of the spinal nerves can now walk with a frame and has been able to resume an independent life even to the extent of driving a car while sensation has returned to his lower limbs External links EditSpinal Cord Injury at The Mayo Clinic Types of Paralysis at Spinalcord com Look up paraplegia in Wiktionary the free dictionary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Paraplegia amp oldid 1128040560, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
