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Amalric of Bena

Amalric of Bena (French: Amaury de Bène, Amaury de Chartres; Latin: Almaricus, Amalricus, Amauricus; died c. 1204-1207) was a French theologian, philosopher and sect leader, after whom the Amalricians are named. Reformers such as Martin Luther considered him to be a proto-Protestant.[1]

Amalric of Bena
14th century picture of Amalric of Bena. He appears to be teaching people.
BornLate 12th Century
Diedc. 1204-1207
Paris, Kingdom of France
NationalityFrench
Other namesAmaury De Bène (French), Amalricus (Latin)
EducationUniversity of Paris
Occupation(s)Dialectician, Theologian
Known forFounder of Amalricianism

Biography edit

Amalric was born in the latter part of the 12th century at Bennes, a village between Ollé and Chauffours in the diocese of Chartres.[2]

Amalric taught philosophy and theology at the University of Paris and enjoyed a great reputation as a subtle dialectician; his lectures developing the philosophy of Aristotle attracted a large audience. In 1204 his doctrines were condemned by the university and, on a personal appeal to Pope Innocent III, the sentence was ratified, Amalric being ordered to return to Paris and recant his errors.[2]

His death was caused, it is said, by grief at the humiliation to which he had been subjected. In 1209, ten of his followers were burnt before the gates of Paris and Amalric's own body was exhumed and burnt and the ashes given to the winds. The doctrines of his followers, known as the Amalricians, were formally condemned by the fourth Lateran Council in 1215.[2]

Propositions edit

Amalric appears to have derived his philosophical system from a selective reading of Eriugena, whose expressions he developed in a one-sided and strongly pantheistic form.[2] [3]

Only three propositions can be attributed to him with certainty:

  1. that God is all (omnia sunt deus) and thus all things are one because whatever is, is God (omnia unum, quia quidquid est, est Deus);
  2. that every Christian is bound to believe that he is a member of the body of Christ, and that this belief is necessary for salvation;
  3. that he who remains in love of God can commit no sin.[2]

Because of the first proposition, God himself is thought to be invisible and only recognizable in his creation.

These three propositions were further developed by his followers, who maintained that God revealed Himself in a threefold revelation, the first in the Biblical patriarch Abraham, marking the epoch of the Father; the second in Jesus Christ, who began the epoch of the Son; and the third in Amalric and his disciples, who inaugurated the era of the Holy Ghost.[2]

Amalricians taught:

  • Hell is ignorance, therefore Hell is within all men, "like a bad tooth in a mouth";
  • God is identical with all that is, even evil belongs to God and proves God's omnipotence;
  • A man who knows that God works through everything cannot sin, because every human act is then the act of God;
  • A man who recognizes the truth that God works through everything is already in Heaven and this is the only resurrection. There is no other life; man's fulfillment is in this life alone.

Due to persecutions, this sect does not appear to have long survived the death of its founder.[2] Not long after the burning of ten of their members (1210), the sect itself lost its importance, while some of the surviving Amalricians became Brethren of the Free Spirit.[4]

According to Hosea Ballou, then Pierre Batiffol[5] and George T. Knight[6] (1914) Amalric believed that all people would eventually be saved and this was one of the counts upon which he was declared a heretic by Pope Innocent III.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Alzog, J. (1903). Manual of Universal Church History. Manual of Universal Church History. Robert Clarke Company. p. 27. Retrieved 2022-10-18.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Chisholm 1911.
  3. ^ Bett 1964.
  4. ^ [1] 2011-10-01 at the Wayback Machine (German)
  5. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Apocatastasis" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  6. ^ "Apocatastasis". New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. I.

Attribution:

  •   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Amalric, of Bena". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 779. This cites:
    • W. Preger, Geschichte der deutschen Mystik im Mittelalter (Leipzig, 1874, i. 167–173)
    • Hauréau, Histoire de la phil. scol. (Paris, 1872)
    • C. Schmidt, Histoire de l'Église d'Occident pendant le moyen âge (Paris, 1885)
    • Hefele, Conciliengeschichte (2nd ed., Freiburg, 1886)
    • Bett, Henry (1964). Johannes Scotus Erigena: A Study in Mediaeval Philosophy. New York: Russell & Russell.

Sources edit

  • Christoph Ulrich Hahn: Geschichte der Ketzer im Mittelalter, Vol. 3 (Stuttgart, 1850)
  • Arno Borst: Religiöse und geistige Bewegungen im Hochmittelalter, Propyläen Weltgeschichte, Ullstein 1963, Vol. 5, p. 537
  • Friedrich Heer Medieval World Europe 1100-1350
  • Capelle, G. C., Amaury de Bène, étude sur son panthéisme formel (Paris, 1932).
  • Russell, J. B., The Influence of Amalric of Bene in Thirteenth Century Pantheism (Berkeley, 1957).

amalric, bena, french, amaury, bène, amaury, chartres, latin, almaricus, amalricus, amauricus, died, 1204, 1207, french, theologian, philosopher, sect, leader, after, whom, amalricians, named, reformers, such, martin, luther, considered, proto, protestant, 14t. Amalric of Bena French Amaury de Bene Amaury de Chartres Latin Almaricus Amalricus Amauricus died c 1204 1207 was a French theologian philosopher and sect leader after whom the Amalricians are named Reformers such as Martin Luther considered him to be a proto Protestant 1 Amalric of Bena14th century picture of Amalric of Bena He appears to be teaching people BornLate 12th CenturyBennes Kingdom of FranceDiedc 1204 1207 Paris Kingdom of FranceNationalityFrenchOther namesAmaury De Bene French Amalricus Latin EducationUniversity of ParisOccupation s Dialectician TheologianKnown forFounder of Amalricianism Contents 1 Biography 2 Propositions 3 See also 4 References 5 SourcesBiography editAmalric was born in the latter part of the 12th century at Bennes a village between Olle and Chauffours in the diocese of Chartres 2 Amalric taught philosophy and theology at the University of Paris and enjoyed a great reputation as a subtle dialectician his lectures developing the philosophy of Aristotle attracted a large audience In 1204 his doctrines were condemned by the university and on a personal appeal to Pope Innocent III the sentence was ratified Amalric being ordered to return to Paris and recant his errors 2 His death was caused it is said by grief at the humiliation to which he had been subjected In 1209 ten of his followers were burnt before the gates of Paris and Amalric s own body was exhumed and burnt and the ashes given to the winds The doctrines of his followers known as the Amalricians were formally condemned by the fourth Lateran Council in 1215 2 Propositions editAmalric appears to have derived his philosophical system from a selective reading of Eriugena whose expressions he developed in a one sided and strongly pantheistic form 2 3 Only three propositions can be attributed to him with certainty that God is all omnia sunt deus and thus all things are one because whatever is is God omnia unum quia quidquid est est Deus that every Christian is bound to believe that he is a member of the body of Christ and that this belief is necessary for salvation that he who remains in love of God can commit no sin 2 Because of the first proposition God himself is thought to be invisible and only recognizable in his creation These three propositions were further developed by his followers who maintained that God revealed Himself in a threefold revelation the first in the Biblical patriarch Abraham marking the epoch of the Father the second in Jesus Christ who began the epoch of the Son and the third in Amalric and his disciples who inaugurated the era of the Holy Ghost 2 Amalricians taught Hell is ignorance therefore Hell is within all men like a bad tooth in a mouth God is identical with all that is even evil belongs to God and proves God s omnipotence A man who knows that God works through everything cannot sin because every human act is then the act of God A man who recognizes the truth that God works through everything is already in Heaven and this is the only resurrection There is no other life man s fulfillment is in this life alone Due to persecutions this sect does not appear to have long survived the death of its founder 2 Not long after the burning of ten of their members 1210 the sect itself lost its importance while some of the surviving Amalricians became Brethren of the Free Spirit 4 According to Hosea Ballou then Pierre Batiffol 5 and George T Knight 6 1914 Amalric believed that all people would eventually be saved and this was one of the counts upon which he was declared a heretic by Pope Innocent III See also editBrethren of the Free SpiritReferences edit Alzog J 1903 Manual of Universal Church History Manual of Universal Church History Robert Clarke Company p 27 Retrieved 2022 10 18 a b c d e f g Chisholm 1911 Bett 1964 1 Archived 2011 10 01 at the Wayback Machine German Herbermann Charles ed 1913 Apocatastasis Catholic Encyclopedia New York Robert Appleton Company Apocatastasis New Schaff Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge Vol I Attribution nbsp This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Amalric of Bena Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 1 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 779 This cites W Preger Geschichte der deutschen Mystik im Mittelalter Leipzig 1874 i 167 173 Haureau Histoire de la phil scol Paris 1872 C Schmidt Histoire de l Eglise d Occident pendant le moyen age Paris 1885 Hefele Conciliengeschichte 2nd ed Freiburg 1886 Bett Henry 1964 Johannes Scotus Erigena A Study in Mediaeval Philosophy New York Russell amp Russell Sources editChristoph Ulrich Hahn Geschichte der Ketzer im Mittelalter Vol 3 Stuttgart 1850 Arno Borst Religiose und geistige Bewegungen im Hochmittelalter Propylaen Weltgeschichte Ullstein 1963 Vol 5 p 537 Friedrich Heer Medieval World Europe 1100 1350 Capelle G C Amaury de Bene etude sur son pantheisme formel Paris 1932 Russell J B The Influence of Amalric of Bene in Thirteenth Century Pantheism Berkeley 1957 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Amalric of Bena amp oldid 1169676257, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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