The Alwand or Halwan River (Arabic: نهر حلوان, Kurdish: Çemê Elwen ,ڕووباری ئەڵوەن, Persian: رود الوند) is a river in eastern Iraq and western Iran. It rises in the Zagros Mountains in Iran.[1]
Alwand River in Khanaqin at night with the historical Alwand Bridge on top of it
The river flows west from the mountains to the city of Qasr-e Shirin, where it turns south and crosses the border with Iraq. It then divides the city of Khanaqin in two parts. It has played a significant role in land cultivation and in establishment of a strong rural society in the area, and is considered by the people of Khanaqin as a symbol for their unity and Kurdish identity.
According to Vladimir Minorsky, the name "Alwand" is related to the name of the historical city of Hulwan, which lay on the river near the present-day city of Sarpol-e Zahab.[3]: 80
Geographyedit
The Alwand basin is located on the western side of the Zagros and covers an area of about 2,700 km2.[2]: 787–8 The climate of this region is semiarid to Mediterranean, with cool winters and dry summers.[2]: 788 It receives an average of about 530 mm of rainfall per year.[2]: 788 The region is characterized by karst terrain, and there are about 35 karst springs in the Alwand basin (12 major and 23 minor).[2]: 789
Geologyedit
The Alwand basin features seven main anticlines, which are separated from each other by synclines.[2]: 789 About 36% of the basin is made up of carbonate formations, primarily the Asmari Formation.[2]: 789 The Asmari Formation, which makes up the main body of the anticlines, consists of Tertiary dolomitic limestone and dolomite.[2]: 789 Above it lie layers of the marl-and-sandstone Aghajari Formation or the gypsum-and-marl Gachasaran Formation.[2]: 789 Below it is the Cretaceous Pabdeh-Gurpi Formation, which consists of marl and shale.[2]: 789 Another carbonate formation, the Cretaceous Ilam Formation, is made of limestone and is only exposed in the Patagh anticline.[2]: 789 The Asmari Formation, confined beneath the impermeable Aghajari and Gachasaran Formations, is the main aquifer in the Alwand basin.[2]: 789
^ abHoutsma, M. Th (1993). First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936. p. 807. ISBN9004097902.
^ abcdefghijklKarimi, Haji; Raeisi, Ezzat; Bakalowicz, Michel (2005). "Characterising the main karst aquifers of the Alvand basin, northwest of Zagros, Iran, by a hydrogeochemical approach". Hydrogeology Journal. 13 (5): 787–99. doi:10.1007/s10040-004-0350-4. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
^Minorsky, Vladimir (1943). "The Gūrān". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 11 (1): 75–103. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
alwand, river, alwand, halwan, river, arabic, نهر, حلوان, kurdish, çemê, elwen, ڕووباری, ئەڵوەن, persian, رود, الوند, river, eastern, iraq, western, iran, rises, zagros, mountains, iran, khanaqin, night, with, historical, alwand, bridge, itthe, river, flows, w. The Alwand or Halwan River Arabic نهر حلوان Kurdish Ceme Elwen ڕووباری ئەڵوەن Persian رود الوند is a river in eastern Iraq and western Iran It rises in the Zagros Mountains in Iran 1 Alwand River in Khanaqin at night with the historical Alwand Bridge on top of itThe river flows west from the mountains to the city of Qasr e Shirin where it turns south and crosses the border with Iraq It then divides the city of Khanaqin in two parts It has played a significant role in land cultivation and in establishment of a strong rural society in the area and is considered by the people of Khanaqin as a symbol for their unity and Kurdish identity The river joins the Diyala River at Zengabadh 1 2 Contents 1 Name 2 Geography 3 Geology 4 See also 5 ReferencesName editAccording to Vladimir Minorsky the name Alwand is related to the name of the historical city of Hulwan which lay on the river near the present day city of Sarpol e Zahab 3 80 Geography editThe Alwand basin is located on the western side of the Zagros and covers an area of about 2 700 km2 2 787 8 The climate of this region is semiarid to Mediterranean with cool winters and dry summers 2 788 It receives an average of about 530 mm of rainfall per year 2 788 The region is characterized by karst terrain and there are about 35 karst springs in the Alwand basin 12 major and 23 minor 2 789 Geology editThe Alwand basin features seven main anticlines which are separated from each other by synclines 2 789 About 36 of the basin is made up of carbonate formations primarily the Asmari Formation 2 789 The Asmari Formation which makes up the main body of the anticlines consists of Tertiary dolomitic limestone and dolomite 2 789 Above it lie layers of the marl and sandstone Aghajari Formation or the gypsum and marl Gachasaran Formation 2 789 Below it is the Cretaceous Pabdeh Gurpi Formation which consists of marl and shale 2 789 Another carbonate formation the Cretaceous Ilam Formation is made of limestone and is only exposed in the Patagh anticline 2 789 The Asmari Formation confined beneath the impermeable Aghajari and Gachasaran Formations is the main aquifer in the Alwand basin 2 789 See also editAlwand DamReferences edit a b Houtsma M Th 1993 First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913 1936 p 807 ISBN 9004097902 a b c d e f g h i j k l Karimi Haji Raeisi Ezzat Bakalowicz Michel 2005 Characterising the main karst aquifers of the Alvand basin northwest of Zagros Iran by a hydrogeochemical approach Hydrogeology Journal 13 5 787 99 doi 10 1007 s10040 004 0350 4 Retrieved 20 October 2022 Minorsky Vladimir 1943 The Guran Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies University of London 11 1 75 103 Retrieved 18 October 2022 34 32 7 N 45 59 39 E 34 53528 N 45 99417 E 34 53528 45 99417 nbsp This Kurdistan geographical location article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte This Iraq river or creek related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte This article related to a river in Iran is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Alwand River amp oldid 1178550743, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
