fbpx
Wikipedia

Alutiiq

August 29, 2023

For the language, see Alutiiq language. Not to be confused with Aleut people.

The Alutiiq people (pronounced /əˈluːtɪk/ in English; from Promyshlenniki Russian Алеутъ, "Aleut";[1][2][3] plural often "Alutiit"), also called by their ancestral name Sugpiaq (/ˈsʊɡˌbjɑːk/ or /ˈsʊɡpiˌæk/; plural often "Sugpiat"), as well as Pacific Eskimo or Pacific Yupik, are one of eight groups of Alaska Natives that inhabit the southern-central coast of the region.[4]

Alutiiq
Sugpiat (pl)
Sugpiaq (sg) Sugpiak (dual)
A Sugpiaq dancer
Total population
4,000-12,000
Regions with significant populations
Languages
Sugcestun, English
Religion
Russian Orthodox Church, traditional religion
Related ethnic groups
Yup'ik, Aleut
Salmon drying. Alutiiq village, Old Harbor, Kodiak Island. Photographed by N. B. Miller, 1889

Their traditional homelands date back to over 7,500 years ago, and include areas such as Prince William Sound and outer Kenai Peninsula (Chugach Sugpiaq), the Kodiak Archipelago and the Alaska Peninsula (Koniag Alutiiq). In the early 1800s there were more than 60 Alutiiq villages in the Kodiak archipelago, with an estimated population of 13,000 people. Today more than 4,000 Alutiiq people live in Alaska.[5]

Terminology Edit

At present, the most commonly used title is Alutiiq (singular), Alutiik (dual), Alutiit (plural). These terms derive from the names (Алеутъ, Aleut) that Russian fur traders and settlers gave to the native people in the region.[6] Russian occupation began in 1784, following their massacre of hundreds of Sugpiat at Refuge Rock (Awa'uq) just off the coast of Sitkalidak Island near the present-day village of Old Harbor (Nuniaq).[7]

Given the violence underlying the colonial period, and confusion because the Sugpiaq term for Aleut is Alutiiq, some Alaska Natives from the region have advocated use of the terms that the people themselves use to describe their people and language: Sugpiaq (singular), Sugpiak (dual), Sugpiat (plural) — to identify the people (meaning "the real people"), and Sugstun, Sugcestun, Sugt'stun, or Sugtestun to refer to the language. All three names (Alutiiq, Aleut, and Sugpiaq) are used now, according to personal preference.[4][8] Over time, many other ethnonyms were used to refer to this people.[9]

Culture Edit

Fishing and Subsistence Edit

The people traditionally lived a coastal lifestyle, subsisting primarily on ocean resources that were supplemented with rich land resources, such as berries and land mammals. The exact methods of subsistence would change throughout the seasons. Ugnerkaq, or spring, was often regarded as the most difficult season to survive in due to the winter's limiting of resources. During this time, the Alutiiq people would turn to the shore, collecting shellfish, hunting octopuses, and pick greens during low tide. As the season furthered, fish and sea mammals would gradually move closer to shore to feed. Alutiiq people would then hook cod and halibut, collect herring eggs, and hunt for seals. As Kiak, or summer, approached, activity increased out on the open ocean. Fishing for halibut and cod would continue to remain prevalent, along with the hunting and harvest at seal and sea lion haulouts, and bird rookeries even common feeding grounds for humpback whales. Trees and shrubs such as Cedar, Kenai birch, Sitka spruce, and other were harvested for their medical and nutritional value.[10] During this time trade would emerge with the natives of mainland Alaska for materials such as antler, ivory, caribou pelts, and glassy stone, not available on Kodiak. During Uksuaq, or fall, much of the work that was in done was in preparation for winter. They pick berries sweetened by the first frosts; harvest large quantities of salmon spawning in local streams; hunt fat bears headed for hibernation, and shoot ducks migrating south for the winter. Much of there harvest would be preserve for winter. This was done a variety of ways from drying, smoking, storing in oil, or freezing foods. During the harsh storms of Uksuq, or winter, most of the season would be spent insides, with occasional breaks in the storms allowing for the trapping of fox and ermine, hunting ducks, or fishing through lake or river ice. While inside, celebrations and festivals would be held in honor of the harvest, and ancestors[11]

Housing Edit

Before contact with Russian fur traders, they lived in semi-subterranean homes called ciqlluaq. Today, in the 21st century, the Alutiiq live in coastal fishing communities in more modern housing. They work in all aspects of the modern economy, while also maintaining the cultural value of subsistence.

Cultural Arts Edit

Traditional Alutiiq art are sources of pride for many as they typically highlight the importance of ancestors, the endurance and preservation of tradition, and the beauty of the natural world that sustain Alutiiq life.[12] Physical medians of expression include pinguat–beads (made from shell, bone, ivory, amber, coal, shale, slate and fish vertebrae),[13] woodcarvings in relation to Alutiiq religion,[14] skin sown articles of clothing for celebratory and traditional use,[15] and grass weaving of both artistic expression and functional application.[16] During festivals, story telling, singing and dancing were all important means of passing down history through generations as Alutiiq lacked a formal system of writing.[17] [18][19]

Language Edit

In 2010 the high school in Kodiak responded to requests from Alutiiq students and agreed to teach the Alutiiq language. It is one of the Eskimo–Aleut languages, belonging to the Yup'ik branch of these languages.[20] The Kodiak dialect of the language was being spoken by only about 50 persons, all of them elderly, and the dialect was in danger of being lost entirely.[21]

Notable people Edit

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ "Report on Population and Resources of Alaska at the Eleventh Census: 1890". United States Census Office - Alaska - 1893. (= "The Kaniagmiut, to whom the Russians applied the name of Aleut")
  2. ^ "East Prince William Sound Landscape Assessment" (PDF). Cordova Ranger District, Chugach National Forest. September 9, 2008. (= "The term Alutiiq is the Sugtestun pronunciation of the Russian-introduced name Aleut and is commonly used as a self-designation by the people of the Chugach region"; Russian: Алутиик)
  3. ^ . Archived from the original on 2015-01-06. (= Names derived from a combination of Russian and Native words include: Alutiiq, from the Russian word Aleut (a term something like English "Eskimo" but referring to the people of the Aleutian Islands, the Alaska Peninsula, and the Kodiak archipelago); plus the Russian plural suffix -y; plus the Native singular suffix -q)
  4. ^ a b "Alutiiq / Sugpiaq People". alutiiqmuseum.org. Retrieved 2023-05-07.
  5. ^ ""Alutiiq / Suqpiaq Nation"" (PDF). Alutiiq Museum.
  6. ^ Richmond, Laurie Shannon (February 2011). (PDF). Conservancy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-24.
  7. ^ Pullar, Gordon L. (2010). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04.
  8. ^ "Looking Both Ways". Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution.
  9. ^ DeHass, Medeia Csoba (January 2012). . Arctic Anthropology. 49: 3–17. doi:10.1353/arc.2012.0010. S2CID 154511087. Archived from the original on 2020-05-18. (= "Aleut," "Alutiiq," "Sugpiaq," "Russian," "Pacific Eskimo," "Unegkuhmiut," and "Chugach Eskimo" are all different names that have been used to identify the group of Native people living on the Lower Kenai Peninsula of Alaska.)
  10. ^ "Plant Gallery". alutiiqmuseum.org. Retrieved 2023-05-07.
  11. ^ "Subsistence". alutiiqmuseum.org. Retrieved 2023-05-07.
  12. ^ "Cultural Arts". alutiiqmuseum.org. Retrieved 2023-05-07.
  13. ^ "Beading". alutiiqmuseum.org. Retrieved 2023-05-07.
  14. ^ "Carving". alutiiqmuseum.org. Retrieved 2023-05-07.
  15. ^ "Skin Sewing". alutiiqmuseum.org. Retrieved 2023-05-07.
  16. ^ "Weaving". alutiiqmuseum.org. Retrieved 2023-05-07.
  17. ^ "Storytelling". alutiiqmuseum.org. Retrieved 2023-05-07.
  18. ^ "Singing". alutiiqmuseum.org. Retrieved 2023-05-07.
  19. ^ "Dancing". alutiiqmuseum.org. Retrieved 2023-05-07.
  20. ^ Krauss, Michael (1990). "Alaska Native Languages in Russian America". In Smith, Barbara S.; Barnett, Redmond J. (eds.). Russian America: The Forgotten Frontier. Tacoma, WA: Washington State Historical Society. pp. 205–213.
  21. ^ . Jacob Resneck KMXT/Alaska Public Radio Network. December 17, 2010. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2010.
  22. ^ . Archived from the original on 2012-03-15. Retrieved 2018-10-14.

Further reading Edit

  • Braund, Stephen R. & Associates. Effects of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill on Alutiiq Culture and People. Anchorage, Alaska: Stephen R. Braund & Associates, 1993.
  • Crowell, Aron, Amy F. Steffian, and Gordon L. Pullar. Looking Both Ways; Heritage and Identity of the Alutiiq People. Fairbanks, Alaska: University of Alaska Press, 2001. ISBN 1-889963-30-5
  • Harvey, Lola. Derevnia's Daughters, Saga of an Alaskan Village. A story about the Old Village of Afognak up to and including the strongest earthquake ever recorded on the North American continent and the resulting tsunami of March 27, 1964. 1991 ISBN 0-89745-135-X
  • Lee, Molly. 2006. ""If It's Not a Tlingit Basket, Then What Is It?": Toward the Definition of an Alutiiq Twined Spruce Root Basket Type", Arctic Anthropology. 43, no. 2: 164.
  • Luehrmann, Sonja. Alutiiq Villages Under Russian and U.S. Rule. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-60223-010-1
  • Mishler, Craig. 1997. "Aurcaq: Interruption, Distraction, and Reversal in an Alutiiq Men's Dart Game", The Journal of American Folklore. (Vol. 110, no. 436): 189–202.
  • Mishler, Craig. 2003. Black Ducks and Salmon Bellies: An Ethnography of Old Harbor and Ouzinkie, Alaska. Donning Company Publishers. Distributed by the Alutiiq Museum & Archaeological Repository, Kodiak, Alaska.
  • Mishler, Craig, and Rachel Mason. 1996. "Alutiiq Vikings: Kinship and Fishing in Old Harbor, Alaska", Human Organization : Journal of the Society for Applied Anthropology (Vol. 55, no. 3): 263–269.
  • Mulcahy, Joanne B. Birth & Rebirth on an Alaskan Island; The Life of an Alutiiq Healer. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8203-2253-9
  • Partnow, Patricia H. Making History Alutiiq/Sugpiaq Life on the Alaska Peninsula. Fairbanks, Alaska: University of Alaska Press, 2001. ISBN 1-889963-38-0
  • Simeonoff, Helen J., and A. L. Pinart. Origins of the Sun and Moon Alutiiq Legend from Kodiak Island, Alaska, Collected by Alphonse Louis Pinart, March 20, 1872. Anchorage, Alaska (3212 West 30th Ave., Anchorage 99517-1660): H.J. Simeonoff, 1996.
  • (PDF). Afognak Native Corporation. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2014-11-15.
  • "Afognak Village Timeline". Afognak Native Corporation. Retrieved 2014-11-15.
  • East Prince William Sound Landscape Assessment. "East Prince William Sound Landscape Assessment" (PDF).
  • Fitzhugh, Ben (2003). The Evolution of Complex Hunter-Gatherers: archaeological evidence from the North Pacific. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. ISBN 9780306477539.
  • United States Census Office (1893). "Report on Population and Resources of Alaska at the Eleventh Census: 1890".
  • Haakanson, Sven (2010). Written Voices Become History. Left Coast press. ISBN 9781598744972.
  • Holton, Gary. . Alaska Native Language Center. Archived from the original on 2015-01-06. Retrieved 2014-11-15. Names derived from a combination of Russian and Native words include: Alutiiq, from the Russian word Aleut; plus the Russian plural suffix -y; plus the Native singular suffix -q
  • Miller, Gwenn A. (2010). Kodiak Kreol: Communities of Empire in Early Russian America. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4642-9.
  • "About the Alutiiq People".
  • Jacob Resnick. . Alaska Public Radio Network. Archived from the original on 2021-05-05. Retrieved 2010-12-18.
  • Richmond, Laurie Shannon (2011). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-24.

External links Edit

August 29, 2023
alutiiq, language, language, confused, with, aleut, people, people, pronounced, english, from, promyshlenniki, russian, Алеутъ, aleut, plural, often, alutiit, also, called, their, ancestral, name, sugpiaq, ɑː, plural, often, sugpiat, well, pacific, eskimo, pac. For the language see Alutiiq language Not to be confused with Aleut people The Alutiiq people pronounced e ˈ l uː t ɪ k in English from Promyshlenniki Russian Aleut Aleut 1 2 3 plural often Alutiit also called by their ancestral name Sugpiaq ˈ s ʊ ɡ ˌ b j ɑː k or ˈ s ʊ ɡ p i ˌ ae k plural often Sugpiat as well as Pacific Eskimo or Pacific Yupik are one of eight groups of Alaska Natives that inhabit the southern central coast of the region 4 AlutiiqSugpiat pl Sugpiaq sg Sugpiak dual A Sugpiaq dancerTotal population4 000 12 000Regions with significant populationsLanguagesSugcestun EnglishReligionRussian Orthodox Church traditional religionRelated ethnic groupsYup ik AleutSalmon drying Alutiiq village Old Harbor Kodiak Island Photographed by N B Miller 1889Their traditional homelands date back to over 7 500 years ago and include areas such as Prince William Sound and outer Kenai Peninsula Chugach Sugpiaq the Kodiak Archipelago and the Alaska Peninsula Koniag Alutiiq In the early 1800s there were more than 60 Alutiiq villages in the Kodiak archipelago with an estimated population of 13 000 people Today more than 4 000 Alutiiq people live in Alaska 5 Contents 1 Terminology 2 Culture 2 1 Fishing and Subsistence 2 2 Housing 2 3 Cultural Arts 2 4 Language 3 Notable people 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksTerminology EditAt present the most commonly used title is Alutiiq singular Alutiik dual Alutiit plural These terms derive from the names Aleut Aleut that Russian fur traders and settlers gave to the native people in the region 6 Russian occupation began in 1784 following their massacre of hundreds of Sugpiat at Refuge Rock Awa uq just off the coast of Sitkalidak Island near the present day village of Old Harbor Nuniaq 7 Given the violence underlying the colonial period and confusion because the Sugpiaq term for Aleut is Alutiiq some Alaska Natives from the region have advocated use of the terms that the people themselves use to describe their people and language Sugpiaq singular Sugpiak dual Sugpiat plural to identify the people meaning the real people and Sugstun Sugcestun Sugt stun or Sugtestun to refer to the language All three names Alutiiq Aleut and Sugpiaq are used now according to personal preference 4 8 Over time many other ethnonyms were used to refer to this people 9 Culture EditFishing and Subsistence Edit The people traditionally lived a coastal lifestyle subsisting primarily on ocean resources that were supplemented with rich land resources such as berries and land mammals The exact methods of subsistence would change throughout the seasons Ugnerkaq or spring was often regarded as the most difficult season to survive in due to the winter s limiting of resources During this time the Alutiiq people would turn to the shore collecting shellfish hunting octopuses and pick greens during low tide As the season furthered fish and sea mammals would gradually move closer to shore to feed Alutiiq people would then hook cod and halibut collect herring eggs and hunt for seals As Kiak or summer approached activity increased out on the open ocean Fishing for halibut and cod would continue to remain prevalent along with the hunting and harvest at seal and sea lion haulouts and bird rookeries even common feeding grounds for humpback whales Trees and shrubs such as Cedar Kenai birch Sitka spruce and other were harvested for their medical and nutritional value 10 During this time trade would emerge with the natives of mainland Alaska for materials such as antler ivory caribou pelts and glassy stone not available on Kodiak During Uksuaq or fall much of the work that was in done was in preparation for winter They pick berries sweetened by the first frosts harvest large quantities of salmon spawning in local streams hunt fat bears headed for hibernation and shoot ducks migrating south for the winter Much of there harvest would be preserve for winter This was done a variety of ways from drying smoking storing in oil or freezing foods During the harsh storms of Uksuq or winter most of the season would be spent insides with occasional breaks in the storms allowing for the trapping of fox and ermine hunting ducks or fishing through lake or river ice While inside celebrations and festivals would be held in honor of the harvest and ancestors 11 Housing Edit Before contact with Russian fur traders they lived in semi subterranean homes called ciqlluaq Today in the 21st century the Alutiiq live in coastal fishing communities in more modern housing They work in all aspects of the modern economy while also maintaining the cultural value of subsistence Cultural Arts Edit Traditional Alutiiq art are sources of pride for many as they typically highlight the importance of ancestors the endurance and preservation of tradition and the beauty of the natural world that sustain Alutiiq life 12 Physical medians of expression include pinguat beads made from shell bone ivory amber coal shale slate and fish vertebrae 13 woodcarvings in relation to Alutiiq religion 14 skin sown articles of clothing for celebratory and traditional use 15 and grass weaving of both artistic expression and functional application 16 During festivals story telling singing and dancing were all important means of passing down history through generations as Alutiiq lacked a formal system of writing 17 18 19 Language Edit In 2010 the high school in Kodiak responded to requests from Alutiiq students and agreed to teach the Alutiiq language It is one of the Eskimo Aleut languages belonging to the Yup ik branch of these languages 20 The Kodiak dialect of the language was being spoken by only about 50 persons all of them elderly and the dialect was in danger of being lost entirely 21 Notable people EditAlvin Eli Amason painter and sculptor Linda Infante Lyons painter and muralist Cungagnaq also known as Peter the Aleut an Eastern Orthodox saint reportedly from Kodiak Island Loren Leman Lieutenant governor of Alaska 2002 2006 Sven Haakanson executive director of the Alutiiq Museum and winner of a 2007 MacArthur Fellowship 22 See also EditChugach Awa uq Massacre Alutiiq Museum Alutiiq Museum WebsiteReferences Edit Report on Population and Resources of Alaska at the Eleventh Census 1890 United States Census Office Alaska 1893 The Kaniagmiut to whom the Russians applied the name of Aleut East Prince William Sound Landscape Assessment PDF Cordova Ranger District Chugach National Forest September 9 2008 The term Alutiiq is the Sugtestun pronunciation of the Russian introduced name Aleut and is commonly used as a self designation by the people of the Chugach region Russian Alutiik Mapping Alaska s Native languages Archived from the original on 2015 01 06 Names derived from a combination of Russian and Native words include Alutiiq from the Russian word Aleut a term something like English Eskimo but referring to the people of the Aleutian Islands the Alaska Peninsula and the Kodiak archipelago plus the Russian plural suffix y plus the Native singular suffix q a b Alutiiq Sugpiaq People alutiiqmuseum org Retrieved 2023 05 07 Alutiiq Suqpiaq Nation PDF Alutiiq Museum Richmond Laurie Shannon February 2011 Regulating a Mystery Science colonialism and the politics of knowing in the Pacific halibut commons PDF Conservancy Archived from the original PDF on 2013 01 24 Pullar Gordon L 2010 Assimilation and Identity among the Kodiak Island Sugpiat PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2016 03 04 Looking Both Ways Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution DeHass Medeia Csoba January 2012 What is in a Name The Predicament of Ethnonyms in the Sugpiaq Alutiiq Region of Alaska Arctic Anthropology 49 3 17 doi 10 1353 arc 2012 0010 S2CID 154511087 Archived from the original on 2020 05 18 Aleut Alutiiq Sugpiaq Russian Pacific Eskimo Unegkuhmiut and Chugach Eskimo are all different names that have been used to identify the group of Native people living on the Lower Kenai Peninsula of Alaska Plant Gallery alutiiqmuseum org Retrieved 2023 05 07 Subsistence alutiiqmuseum org Retrieved 2023 05 07 Cultural Arts alutiiqmuseum org Retrieved 2023 05 07 Beading alutiiqmuseum org Retrieved 2023 05 07 Carving alutiiqmuseum org Retrieved 2023 05 07 Skin Sewing alutiiqmuseum org Retrieved 2023 05 07 Weaving alutiiqmuseum org Retrieved 2023 05 07 Storytelling alutiiqmuseum org Retrieved 2023 05 07 Singing alutiiqmuseum org Retrieved 2023 05 07 Dancing alutiiqmuseum org Retrieved 2023 05 07 Krauss Michael 1990 Alaska Native Languages in Russian America In Smith Barbara S Barnett Redmond J eds Russian America The Forgotten Frontier Tacoma WA Washington State Historical Society pp 205 213 Kodiak High School Adding Alutiiq Language Class Jacob Resneck KMXT Alaska Public Radio Network December 17 2010 Archived from the original on May 5 2021 Retrieved December 18 2010 2007 Fellows Individual Pages MacArthur Foundation Archived from the original on 2012 03 15 Retrieved 2018 10 14 Further reading EditBraund Stephen R amp Associates Effects of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill on Alutiiq Culture and People Anchorage Alaska Stephen R Braund amp Associates 1993 Crowell Aron Amy F Steffian and Gordon L Pullar Looking Both Ways Heritage and Identity of the Alutiiq People Fairbanks Alaska University of Alaska Press 2001 ISBN 1 889963 30 5 Harvey Lola Derevnia s Daughters Saga of an Alaskan Village A story about the Old Village of Afognak up to and including the strongest earthquake ever recorded on the North American continent and the resulting tsunami of March 27 1964 1991 ISBN 0 89745 135 X Lee Molly 2006 If It s Not a Tlingit Basket Then What Is It Toward the Definition of an Alutiiq Twined Spruce Root Basket Type Arctic Anthropology 43 no 2 164 Luehrmann Sonja Alutiiq Villages Under Russian and U S Rule Fairbanks University of Alaska Press 2008 ISBN 978 1 60223 010 1 Mishler Craig 1997 Aurcaq Interruption Distraction and Reversal in an Alutiiq Men s Dart Game The Journal of American Folklore Vol 110 no 436 189 202 Mishler Craig 2003 Black Ducks and Salmon Bellies An Ethnography of Old Harbor and Ouzinkie Alaska Donning Company Publishers Distributed by the Alutiiq Museum amp Archaeological Repository Kodiak Alaska Mishler Craig and Rachel Mason 1996 Alutiiq Vikings Kinship and Fishing in Old Harbor Alaska Human Organization Journal of the Society for Applied Anthropology Vol 55 no 3 263 269 Mulcahy Joanne B Birth amp Rebirth on an Alaskan Island The Life of an Alutiiq Healer Athens University of Georgia Press 2001 ISBN 0 8203 2253 9 Partnow Patricia H Making History Alutiiq Sugpiaq Life on the Alaska Peninsula Fairbanks Alaska University of Alaska Press 2001 ISBN 1 889963 38 0 Simeonoff Helen J and A L Pinart Origins of the Sun and Moon Alutiiq Legend from Kodiak Island Alaska Collected by Alphonse Louis Pinart March 20 1872 Anchorage Alaska 3212 West 30th Ave Anchorage 99517 1660 H J Simeonoff 1996 The Afognak Alutiiq People Our History and Culture PDF Afognak Native Corporation 2008 Archived from the original PDF on 2013 11 13 Retrieved 2014 11 15 Afognak Village Timeline Afognak Native Corporation Retrieved 2014 11 15 East Prince William Sound Landscape Assessment East Prince William Sound Landscape Assessment PDF Fitzhugh Ben 2003 The Evolution of Complex Hunter Gatherers archaeological evidence from the North Pacific Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers ISBN 9780306477539 United States Census Office 1893 Report on Population and Resources of Alaska at the Eleventh Census 1890 Haakanson Sven 2010 Written Voices Become History Left Coast press ISBN 9781598744972 Holton Gary Mapping Alaska s Native languages Alaska Native Language Center Archived from the original on 2015 01 06 Retrieved 2014 11 15 Names derived from a combination of Russian and Native words include Alutiiq from the Russian word Aleut plus the Russian plural suffix y plus the Native singular suffix q Miller Gwenn A 2010 Kodiak Kreol Communities of Empire in Early Russian America Ithaca NY Cornell University Press ISBN 978 0 8014 4642 9 About the Alutiiq People Jacob Resnick Kodiak High School Adding Alutiiq Language Class Alaska Public Radio Network Archived from the original on 2021 05 05 Retrieved 2010 12 18 Richmond Laurie Shannon 2011 Regulating a Mystery Science colonialism and the politics of knowing in the Pacific halibut commons PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2013 01 24 External links EditAlaska Native Language Center Alaska Native Languages Map Alaskan Orthodox Christian texts Alutiiq Archived 2015 05 08 at the Wayback Machine Alutiiq Museum List of Native American peoples in the United States Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Alutiiq amp oldid 1171355713, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.