Ælfheah of Canterbury
Ælfheah[a][b] (c. 953 – 19 April 1012), more commonly known today as Alphege, was an Anglo-Saxon Bishop of Winchester, later Archbishop of Canterbury. He became an anchorite before being elected abbot of Bath Abbey. His reputation for piety and sanctity led to his promotion to the episcopate and, eventually, to his becoming archbishop. Ælfheah furthered the cult of Dunstan and also encouraged learning. He was captured by Viking raiders in 1011 during the siege of Canterbury and killed by them the following year after refusing to allow himself to be ransomed. Ælfheah was canonised as a saint in 1078. Thomas Becket, a later Archbishop of Canterbury, prayed to Ælfheah just before his murder in Canterbury Cathedral in 1170.
Ælfheah | |
|---|---|
| Archbishop of Canterbury | |
| Term ended | 19 April 1012 |
| Predecessor | Ælfric of Abingdon |
| Successor | Lyfing |
| Other post(s) | |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 19 October 984 |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c. 953 Weston, Somerset, England |
| Died | 19 April 1012 Greenwich, Kent, England |
| Buried | Canterbury Cathedral |
| Sainthood | |
| Feast day | 19 April |
| Venerated in | |
| Canonized | 1078 Rome by Pope Gregory VII |
| Attributes | Archbishop holding an axe[5] |
| Patronage | Greenwich; Solihull; kidnap victims[6] |
| Shrines | Canterbury Cathedral |
Life edit
Ælfheah was born around 953,[8] supposedly in Weston on the outskirts of Bath,[9] and became a monk early in life.[10] He first entered the monastery of Deerhurst, but then moved to Bath, where he became an anchorite.[11] He was noted for his piety and austerity and rose to become abbot of Bath Abbey.[10] The 12th-century chronicler, William of Malmesbury recorded that Ælfheah was a monk and prior at Glastonbury Abbey,[12] but this is not accepted by all historians.[10] Indications are that Ælfheah became abbot at Bath by 982, perhaps as early as around 977. He perhaps shared authority with his predecessor Æscwig after 968.[12]
Probably due to the influence of Dunstan, the Archbishop of Canterbury (959–988), Ælfheah was elected Bishop of Winchester in 984,[13][14] and was consecrated on 19 October that year.[11] While bishop he was largely responsible for the construction of a large organ in the cathedral, audible from over a mile (1600 m) away and said to require more than 24 men to operate. He also built and enlarged the city's churches,[15] and promoted the cult of Swithun and his predecessor, Æthelwold of Winchester.[11] One act promoting Æthelwold's cult was the translation of Æthelwold's body to a new tomb in the cathedral at Winchester, which Ælfheah presided over on 10 September 996.[16]
Following a Viking raid in 994, a peace treaty was agreed with one of the raiders, Olaf Tryggvason. Besides receiving danegeld, Olaf converted to Christianity[17] and undertook never to raid or fight the English again.[18] Ælfheah may have played a part in the treaty negotiations, and it is certain that he confirmed Olaf in his new faith.[11]
In 1006, Ælfheah succeeded Ælfric as Archbishop of Canterbury,[19][20] taking Swithun's head with him as a relic for the new location.[11] He went to Rome in 1007 to receive his pallium—symbol of his status as an archbishop—from Pope John XVIII, but was robbed during his journey.[21] While at Canterbury, he promoted the cult of Dunstan,[11] ordering the writing of the second Life of Dunstan, which Adelard of Ghent composed between 1006 and 1011.[22] He also introduced new practices into the liturgy, and was instrumental in the Witenagemot's recognition of Wulfsige of Sherborne as a saint in about 1012.[23]
Ælfheah sent Ælfric of Eynsham to Cerne Abbey to take charge of its monastic school.[24] He was present at the council of May 1008 at which Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York, preached his Sermo Lupi ad Anglos (The Sermon of the Wolf to the English), castigating the English for their moral failings and blaming the latter for the tribulations afflicting the country.[25]
In 1011, the Danes again raided England, and from 8–29 September they laid siege to Canterbury. Aided by the treachery of Ælfmaer, whose life Ælfheah had once saved, the raiders succeeded in sacking the city.[26][c] Ælfheah was taken prisoner and held captive for seven months.[27] Godwine (Bishop of Rochester), Leofrun (abbess of St Mildrith's), and the king's reeve, Ælfweard were captured also, but the abbot of St Augustine's Abbey, Ælfmær, managed to escape.[26] Canterbury Cathedral was plundered and burned by the Danes following Ælfheah's capture.[28]
Death edit
Ælfheah refused to allow a ransom to be paid for his freedom, and as a result was killed on 19 April 1012 at Greenwich,[27] reputedly on the site of St Alfege's Church.[19][20] The account of Ælfheah's death appears in the E version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:
... the raiding-army became much stirred up against the bishop, because he did not want to offer them any money, and forbade that anything might be granted in return for him. Also they were very drunk, because there was wine brought from the south. Then they seized the bishop, led him to their "hustings"[d] on the Saturday in the octave of Easter, and then pelted him there with bones and the heads of cattle; and one of them struck him on the head with the butt of an axe, so that with the blow he sank down and his holy blood fell on the earth, and sent forth his holy soul to God's kingdom.[29]
Ælfheah was the first Archbishop of Canterbury to die a violent death.[30] A contemporary report tells that Thorkell the Tall attempted to save Ælfheah from the mob about to kill him by offering everything he owned except for his ship, in exchange for Ælfheah's life; Thorkell's presence is not mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, however.[31] Some sources record that the final blow, with the back of an axe, was delivered as an act of kindness by a Christian convert known as "Thrum". Ælfheah was buried in Old St Paul's Cathedral.[11] In 1023, his body was moved by King Cnut to Canterbury, with great ceremony.[32][e] Thorkell the Tall was appalled at the brutality of his fellow raiders, and switched sides to the English king Æthelred the Unready following Ælfheah's death.[34]
Veneration edit
Pope Gregory VII canonised Ælfheah in 1078, with a feast day of 19 April.[3] Lanfranc, the first post-Conquest archbishop, was dubious about some of the saints venerated at Canterbury. He was persuaded of Ælfheah's sanctity,[35] but Ælfheah and Augustine of Canterbury were the only pre-conquest Anglo-Saxon archbishops kept on Canterbury's calendar of saints.[36] Ælfheah's shrine, which had become neglected, was rebuilt and expanded in the early 12th century under Anselm of Canterbury, who was instrumental in retaining Ælfheah's name in the church calendar.[37][38] After the 1174 fire in Canterbury Cathedral, Ælfheah's remains together with those of Dunstan were placed around the high altar, at which Thomas Becket is said to have commended his life into Ælfheah's care shortly before his martyrdom during the Becket controversy.[11] The new shrine was sealed in lead,[39] and was north of the high altar, sharing the honour with Dunstan's shrine, which was located south of the high altar.[40] A Life of Saint Ælfheah in prose and verse was written by a Canterbury monk named Osbern, at Lanfranc's request. The prose version has survived, but the Life is very much a hagiography; many of the stories it contains have obvious Biblical parallels, making them suspect as a historical record.[11]
In the late medieval period, Ælfheah's feast day was celebrated in Scandinavia, perhaps because of the saint's connection with Cnut.[41] Few church dedications to him are known, with most of them occurring in Kent and one each in London and Winchester;[7] as well as St Alfege's Church in Greenwich, a nearby hospital (1931–1968) was named after him.[42] In Kent, there are two 12th-century parish churches dedicated to St Alphege at Seasalter[43] and Canterbury. Reputedly his body lay in these churches overnight on his way back to Canterbury Cathedral for burial.[44] In the town of Solihull in the West Midlands, St Alphege Church is dedicated to Ælfheah dating back to approximately 1277.[45] In 1929, a new Roman Catholic church in Bath, the Church of Our Lady & St Alphege, was designed by Giles Gilbert Scott in homage to the ancient Roman church of Santa Maria in Cosmedin, and dedicated to Ælfheah under the name of Alphege.[46][47] St George the Martyr with St Alphege & St Jude stands in Borough in London.[48]
Artistic representations of Ælfheah often depict him holding a pile of stones in his chasuble, a reference to his martyrdom.[49]
Notes edit
- ^ Old English: Ælfhēah, "elf-tall"
- ^ Officially remembered as Saint Alphege within some churches,[4][5] and also called Elphege, Alfege,[7] or Godwine.[8]
- ^ How exactly Ælfheah had saved Ælfmaer's life is not recorded in any source.[11]
- ^ "Hustings" derives from an Old Norse word that has the meaning of assembly or council, so there may have been some sort of trial that condemned Ælfheah.[29]
- ^ Except perhaps for a finger, which a later tradition held was given by Cnut to Westminster Abbey.[33]
Citations edit
- ^ Greek Orthodox Church, April 19th Feast Commemorations, "Saint Aelphege the Hieromartyr of Canterbury"
- ^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἀλπέγιος ὁ Ἱερομάρτυρας Ἀρχιεπίσκοπος Καντουαρίας. Απριλίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
- ^ a b Delaney Dictionary of Saints pp. 29–30
- ^ a b Holford-Strevens, et al. Oxford Book of Days pp. 160–161
- ^ a b "St. Alphege". Catholic Online. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
- ^ . Saints. SPQN. Archived from the original on 19 March 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
- ^ a b Rumble "From Winchester to Canterbury" Leaders of the Anglo-Saxon Church p. 173
- ^ a b Rumble "From Winchester to Canterbury" Leaders of the Anglo-Saxon Church p. 165
- ^ . St. Alphege's Church, Bath. Archived from the original on 10 January 2011. Accessed 14 August 2009
- ^ a b c Knowles, et al. Heads of Religious Houses, England and Wales pp. 28, 241
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Leyser "Ælfheah" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
- ^ a b Rumble "From Winchester to Canterbury" Leaders of the Anglo-Saxon Church p. 166
- ^ Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 223
- ^ Barlow English Church 1000–1066 p. 109 footnote 5
- ^ Hindley A Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons pp. 304–305
- ^ Rumble "From Winchester to Canterbury" Leaders of the Anglo-Saxon Church p. 167
- ^ Stenton Anglo-Saxon England p. 378
- ^ Williams Æthelred the Unready p. 47
- ^ a b Walsh New Dictionary of Saints p. 28
- ^ a b Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 214
- ^ Barlow English Church 1000–1066 pp. 298–299 footnote 7
- ^ Barlow English Church 1000–1066 p. 62
- ^ Barlow English Church 1000–1066 p. 223
- ^ Stenton Anglo-Saxon England p. 458
- ^ Fletcher Bloodfeud p. 94
- ^ a b Williams Æthelred the Unready pp. 106–107
- ^ a b Hindley Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons p. 301
- ^ Barlow English Church 1000–1066 pp. 209–210
- ^ a b Swanton Anglo-Saxon Chronicle p. 142
- ^ Fletcher Bloodfeud p. 78
- ^ Williams Æthelred the Unready pp. 109–110
- ^ Hindley Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons pp. 309–310
- ^ Rumble "From Winchester to Canterbury" Leaders of the Anglo-Saxon Church p. 171
- ^ Stenton Anglo-Saxon England p. 383
- ^ Williams English and the Norman Conquest p. 137
- ^ Stenton Anglo-Saxon England p. 672
- ^ Brooke Popular Religion in the Middle Ages p. 40
- ^ Southern "St Anselm and his English Pupils" Mediaeval and Renaissance Studies
- ^ Nilson Cathedral Shrines p. 33
- ^ Nilson Cathedral Shrines pp. 66–67
- ^ Blair "Handlist of Anglo-Saxon Saints" Local Saints and Local Churches p. 504
- ^ "Greenwich District Hospital". Lost Hospitals of London. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
- ^ "St Alphege Church, Seasalter in Whitstable – St Alphege Church, Seasalter – Part of the Anglican Whitstable Team Ministry". stalphegeseasalter.org. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
- ^ Histories in the parish collection at Canterbury Cathedral Archives and Library.
- ^ . www.solihullparish.org.uk. Archived from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ^ . St Alphege's Church, Bath. Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Accessed 30 August 2009
- ^ "Bath Our Lady & St Alphege". Explore Churches. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
- ^ "Borough St George the Martyr with St Alphege & St Jude". Explore Churches. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
- ^ Audsley Handbook of Christian Symbolism p. 125
References edit
- Audsley, William; Audsley, George Ashdown (1865). Handbook of Christian Symbolism. London: Day & Son Limited.
- Barlow, Frank (1979). The English Church 1000–1066: A History of the Later Anglo-Saxon Church (Second ed.). New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-49049-9.
- Blair, John (2002). "A Handlist of Anglo-Saxon Saints". In Thacker, Alan; Sharpe, Richard (eds.). Local Saints and Local Churches in the Early Medieval West. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 495–565. ISBN 0-19-820394-2.
- Brooke, Christopher; Brooke, Rosalind (1996). Popular Religion in the Middle Ages: Western Europe 1000–1300 (Reprint ed.). New York: Barnes & Noble. ISBN 0-7607-0093-1.
- Delaney, John P. (1980). Dictionary of Saints (Second ed.). Garden City, NY: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-13594-7.
- Fletcher, R. A. (2003). Bloodfeud: Murder and Revenge in Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516136-X.
- Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
- Hindley, Geoffrey (2006). A Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons: The Beginnings of the English Nation. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 978-0-7867-1738-5.
- Holford-Strevens, Leofranc; Blackburn, Bonnie J. (2000). The Oxford Book of Days. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-866260-2.
- Knowles, David; London, Vera C. M.; Brooke, Christopher (2001). The Heads of Religious Houses, England and Wales, 940–1216 (Second ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80452-3.
- Leyser, Henrietta (2006). "Ælfheah (d. 1012)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (October 2006 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/181. Retrieved 7 November 2007. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- Nilson, Ben (1998). Cathedral Shrines of Medieval England. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-540-5.
- Rumble, Alexander R. (2012). "From Winchester to Canterbury: Ælheah and Stigand – Bishops, Archbishops and Victims". In Rumble, Alexander R. (ed.). Leaders of the Anglo-Saxon Church: From Bede to Stigand. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. 165–182. ISBN 978-1-84383-700-8.
- Stenton, F. M. (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (Third ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5.
- Southern, Richard (1941). "St Anselm and His English Pupils". Mediaeval and Renaissance Studies. I: 5.
- The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Translated by Swanton, Michael James. New York: Routledge. 1998. ISBN 0-415-92129-5.
- Walsh, Michael J. (2007). A New Dictionary of Saints: East and West. London: Burns & Oats. ISBN 978-0-86012-438-2.
- Williams, Ann (2003). Aethelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King. London: Hambledon & London. ISBN 1-85285-382-4.
- Williams, Ann (2000). The English and the Norman Conquest. Ipswich, UK: Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-708-4.
Further reading edit
External links edit
- Ælfheah 44 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England