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Alligatoroidea

January 01, 1970

Alligatoroidea is one of three superfamilies of crocodylians, the other two being Crocodyloidea and Gavialoidea. Alligatoroidea evolved in the Late Cretaceous period, and consists of the alligators and caimans, as well as extinct members more closely related to the alligators than the two other groups.

Alligatoroidea
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous - Recent, 81–0 Ma
Alligators (shown above) and caimans are living members of the superfamily Alligatoroidea.
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Clade: Archosauromorpha
Clade: Archosauriformes
Order: Crocodilia
Superfamily: Alligatoroidea
Gray, 1844
Subgroups

Evolution edit

 
An alligator nest at Everglades National Park, Florida, United States
 
A. olseni fore limb
 
Alligator prenasalis fossil

The superfamily Alligatoroidea is thought to have split from the crocodile-gharial lineage in the late Cretaceous, about 80 million years ago, but possibly as early as 100 million years ago based on molecular phylogenetics.[1][2][3] Leidyosuchus of Alberta is the earliest known genus. Fossil alligatoroids have been found throughout Eurasia as land bridges across both the North Atlantic and the Bering Strait have connected North America to Eurasia during the Cretaceous, Paleogene, and Neogene periods. Alligators and caimans split in North America during the early Tertiary or late Cretaceous (about 53 million[2] to about 65 million years ago[1]) and the latter reached South America by the Paleogene, before the closure of the Isthmus of Panama during the Neogene period. The Chinese alligator split from the American alligator about 33 million years ago[2] and likely descended from a lineage that crossed the Bering land bridge during the Neogene. The modern American alligator is well represented in the fossil record of the Pleistocene.[4] The alligator's full mitochondrial genome was sequenced in the 1990s.[5] The full genome, published in 2014, suggests that the alligator evolved much more slowly than mammals and birds.[6]

Phylogeny edit

Cladistically, Alligatoroidea is defined as Alligator mississippiensis (the American alligator) and all crocodylians more closely related to A. mississippiensis than to either Crocodylus niloticus (the Nile crocodile) or Gavialis gangeticus (the gharial).[7] This is a stem-based definition for alligators,[8] and is more inclusive than the crown group Alligatoridae.[9] As a crown group, Alligatoridae only includes the last common ancestor of all extant (living) alligators, caimans, and their descendants (living or extinct), whereas Alligatoroidea, as a stem group, also includes more basal extinct alligator ancestors that are more closely related to living alligators than to crocodiles or gavialids. When considering only living taxa (neontology), this makes Alligatoroidea and Alligatoridae synonymous, and only Alligatoridae is used. Thus, Alligatoroidea is only used in the context of paleontology.

Traditionally, crocodiles and alligators were considered more closely related and grouped together in the clade Brevirostres, to the exclusion of the gharials. This classification was based on morphological studies primarily focused on analyzing skeletal traits of living and extinct fossil species.[10] However, recent molecular studies using DNA sequencing have rejected Brevirostres upon finding the crocodiles and gavialids to be more closely related than the alligators.[11][12][13][9][14] The new clade Longirostres was named by Harshman et al. in 2003.[11]

A 2018 tip dating study by Lee & Yates simultaneously using morphological, molecular (DNA sequencing), and stratigraphic (fossil age) data established the inter-relationships within Crocodilia,[9] which was expanded upon in 2021 by Hekkala et al. using paleogenomics by extracting DNA from the extinct Voay.[14]

The below cladogram shows the results of the latest study:

References edit

  1. ^ a b Oaks, J.R. (2011). "A time-calibrated species tree of Crocodylia reveals a recent radiation of the true crocodiles". Evolution. 65 (11): 3285–3297. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01373.x. PMID 22023592. S2CID 7254442.
  2. ^ a b c Pan, T.; Miao, J.-S.; Zhang, H.-B.; Yan, P.; Lee, P.-S.; Jiang, X.-Y.; Ouyang, J.-H.; Deng, Y.-P.; Zhang, B.-W.; Wu, X.-B. (2020). "Near-complete phylogeny of extant Crocodylia (Reptilia) using mitogenome-based data". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 191 (4): 1075–1089. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa074.
  3. ^ Rio, J. P. & Mannion, P. D. (2021). "Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem". PeerJ. 9: e12094. doi:10.7717/peerj.12094. PMC 8428266. PMID 34567843.
  4. ^ Brochu, Christopher A. (1999). "Phylogenetics, Taxonomy, and Historical Biogeography of Alligatoroidea". Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir. 6: 9–100. doi:10.2307/3889340. JSTOR 3889340.
  5. ^ Janke, A.; Arnason, U. (1997). "The complete mitochondrial genome of Alligator mississippiensis and the separation between recent archosauria (birds and crocodiles)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 14 (12): 1266–72. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025736. PMID 9402737.
  6. ^ Green RE, Braun EL, Armstrong J, Earl D, Nguyen N, Hickey G, Vandewege MW, St John JA, Capella-Gutiérrez S, Castoe TA, Kern C, Fujita MK, Opazo JC, Jurka J, Kojima KK, Caballero J, Hubley RM, Smit AF, Platt RN, Lavoie CA, Ramakodi MP, Finger JW, Suh A, Isberg SR, Miles L, Chong AY, Jaratlerdsiri W, Gongora J, Moran C, Iriarte A, McCormack J, Burgess SC, Edwards SV, Lyons E, Williams C, Breen M, Howard JT, Gresham CR, Peterson DG, Schmitz J, Pollock DD, Haussler D, Triplett EW, Zhang G, Irie N, Jarvis ED, Brochu CA, Schmidt CJ, McCarthy FM, Faircloth BC, Hoffmann FG, Glenn TC, Gabaldón T, Paten B, Ray DA (2014). "Three crocodilian genomes reveal ancestral patterns of evolution among archosaurs". Science. 346 (6215): 1254449. doi:10.1126/science.1254449. PMC 4386873. PMID 25504731.
  7. ^ Brochu, Christopher A. (May 2003). "Phylogenetic approaches toward crocodylian history". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 31 (31): 360. Bibcode:2003AREPS..31..357B. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141308.
  8. ^ Tobias Massonne; Davit Vasilyan; Márton Rabi; Madelaine Böhme (2019). "A new alligatoroid from the Eocene of Vietnam highlights an extinct Asian clade independent from extant Alligator sinensis". PeerJ. 7: e7562. doi:10.7717/peerj.7562. PMC 6839522. PMID 31720094.
  9. ^ a b c Michael S. Y. Lee; Adam M. Yates (27 June 2018). "Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 285 (1881). doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.1071. PMC 6030529. PMID 30051855.
  10. ^ Holliday, Casey M.; Gardner, Nicholas M. (2012). Farke, Andrew A (ed.). "A new eusuchian crocodyliform with novel cranial integument and its significance for the origin and evolution of Crocodylia". PLOS ONE. 7 (1): e30471. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...730471H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030471. PMC 3269432. PMID 22303441.
  11. ^ a b Harshman, J.; Huddleston, C. J.; Bollback, J. P.; Parsons, T. J.; Braun, M. J. (2003). "True and false gharials: A nuclear gene phylogeny of crocodylia". Systematic Biology. 52 (3): 386–402. doi:10.1080/10635150309323. PMID 12775527.
  12. ^ Gatesy, J.; Amato, G. (2008). "The rapid accumulation of consistent molecular support for intergeneric crocodylian relationships". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 48 (3): 1232–1237. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.009. PMID 18372192.
  13. ^ Erickson, G. M.; Gignac, P. M.; Steppan, S. J.; Lappin, A. K.; Vliet, K. A.; Brueggen, J. A.; Inouye, B. D.; Kledzik, D.; Webb, G. J. W. (2012). Claessens, Leon (ed.). "Insights into the ecology and evolutionary success of crocodilians revealed through bite-force and tooth-pressure experimentation". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e31781. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...731781E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031781. PMC 3303775. PMID 22431965.
  14. ^ a b Hekkala, E.; Gatesy, J.; Narechania, A.; Meredith, R.; Russello, M.; Aardema, M. L.; Jensen, E.; Montanari, S.; Brochu, C.; Norell, M.; Amato, G. (2021-04-27). "Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene "horned" crocodile of Madagascar, Voay robustus". Communications Biology. 4 (1): 505. doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02017-0. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 8079395. PMID 33907305.


 

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January 01, 1970
alligatoroidea, three, superfamilies, crocodylians, other, being, crocodyloidea, gavialoidea, evolved, late, cretaceous, period, consists, alligators, caimans, well, extinct, members, more, closely, related, alligators, than, other, groups, temporal, range, la. Alligatoroidea is one of three superfamilies of crocodylians the other two being Crocodyloidea and Gavialoidea Alligatoroidea evolved in the Late Cretaceous period and consists of the alligators and caimans as well as extinct members more closely related to the alligators than the two other groups AlligatoroideaTemporal range Late Cretaceous Recent 81 0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Alligators shown above and caimans are living members of the superfamily Alligatoroidea Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Reptilia Clade Archosauromorpha Clade Archosauriformes Order Crocodilia Superfamily AlligatoroideaGray 1844 Subgroups Globidonta Diplocynodontinae Deinosuchus Listrognathosuchus LeidyosuchusEvolution edit nbsp An alligator nest at Everglades National Park Florida United States nbsp A olseni fore limb nbsp Alligator prenasalis fossil The superfamily Alligatoroidea is thought to have split from the crocodile gharial lineage in the late Cretaceous about 80 million years ago but possibly as early as 100 million years ago based on molecular phylogenetics 1 2 3 Leidyosuchus of Alberta is the earliest known genus Fossil alligatoroids have been found throughout Eurasia as land bridges across both the North Atlantic and the Bering Strait have connected North America to Eurasia during the Cretaceous Paleogene and Neogene periods Alligators and caimans split in North America during the early Tertiary or late Cretaceous about 53 million 2 to about 65 million years ago 1 and the latter reached South America by the Paleogene before the closure of the Isthmus of Panama during the Neogene period The Chinese alligator split from the American alligator about 33 million years ago 2 and likely descended from a lineage that crossed the Bering land bridge during the Neogene The modern American alligator is well represented in the fossil record of the Pleistocene 4 The alligator s full mitochondrial genome was sequenced in the 1990s 5 The full genome published in 2014 suggests that the alligator evolved much more slowly than mammals and birds 6 Phylogeny editCladistically Alligatoroidea is defined as Alligator mississippiensis the American alligator and all crocodylians more closely related to A mississippiensis than to either Crocodylus niloticus the Nile crocodile or Gavialis gangeticus the gharial 7 This is a stem based definition for alligators 8 and is more inclusive than the crown group Alligatoridae 9 As a crown group Alligatoridae only includes the last common ancestor of all extant living alligators caimans and their descendants living or extinct whereas Alligatoroidea as a stem group also includes more basal extinct alligator ancestors that are more closely related to living alligators than to crocodiles or gavialids When considering only living taxa neontology this makes Alligatoroidea and Alligatoridae synonymous and only Alligatoridae is used Thus Alligatoroidea is only used in the context of paleontology Traditionally crocodiles and alligators were considered more closely related and grouped together in the clade Brevirostres to the exclusion of the gharials This classification was based on morphological studies primarily focused on analyzing skeletal traits of living and extinct fossil species 10 However recent molecular studies using DNA sequencing have rejected Brevirostres upon finding the crocodiles and gavialids to be more closely related than the alligators 11 12 13 9 14 The new clade Longirostres was named by Harshman et al in 2003 11 A 2018 tip dating study by Lee amp Yates simultaneously using morphological molecular DNA sequencing and stratigraphic fossil age data established the inter relationships within Crocodilia 9 which was expanded upon in 2021 by Hekkala et al using paleogenomics by extracting DNA from the extinct Voay 14 The below cladogram shows the results of the latest study Crocodylia Alligatoroidea Leidyosuchus Diplocynodontinae Diplocynodon Globidonta Stangerochampsa Brachychampsa Navajosuchus Alligatoridae Caimaninae Caiman nbsp Melanosuchus nbsp Paleosuchus nbsp Alligatorinae Alligator nbsp crown group stem based group extinct basal Crocodilians including Mekosuchinae Longirostres Crocodyloidea extinct basal crocodiles Crocodylidae Crocodylus nbsp Mecistops nbsp Osteolaemus nbsp crown group stem based group Gavialoidea extinct basal Gavialoids Gavialidae Gavialis nbsp Tomistoma nbsp crown group stem based group crown group crown group References edit a b Oaks J R 2011 A time calibrated species tree of Crocodylia reveals a recent radiation of the true crocodiles Evolution 65 11 3285 3297 doi 10 1111 j 1558 5646 2011 01373 x PMID 22023592 S2CID 7254442 a b c Pan T Miao J S Zhang H B Yan P Lee P S Jiang X Y Ouyang J H Deng Y P Zhang B W Wu X B 2020 Near complete phylogeny of extant Crocodylia Reptilia using mitogenome based data Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191 4 1075 1089 doi 10 1093 zoolinnean zlaa074 Rio J P amp Mannion P D 2021 Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long standing gharial problem PeerJ 9 e12094 doi 10 7717 peerj 12094 PMC 8428266 PMID 34567843 Brochu Christopher A 1999 Phylogenetics Taxonomy and Historical Biogeography of Alligatoroidea Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 6 9 100 doi 10 2307 3889340 JSTOR 3889340 Janke A Arnason U 1997 The complete mitochondrial genome of Alligator mississippiensis and the separation between recent archosauria birds and crocodiles Molecular Biology and Evolution 14 12 1266 72 doi 10 1093 oxfordjournals molbev a025736 PMID 9402737 Green RE Braun EL Armstrong J Earl D Nguyen N Hickey G Vandewege MW St John JA Capella Gutierrez S Castoe TA Kern C Fujita MK Opazo JC Jurka J Kojima KK Caballero J Hubley RM Smit AF Platt RN Lavoie CA Ramakodi MP Finger JW Suh A Isberg SR Miles L Chong AY Jaratlerdsiri W Gongora J Moran C Iriarte A McCormack J Burgess SC Edwards SV Lyons E Williams C Breen M Howard JT Gresham CR Peterson DG Schmitz J Pollock DD Haussler D Triplett EW Zhang G Irie N Jarvis ED Brochu CA Schmidt CJ McCarthy FM Faircloth BC Hoffmann FG Glenn TC Gabaldon T Paten B Ray DA 2014 Three crocodilian genomes reveal ancestral patterns of evolution among archosaurs Science 346 6215 1254449 doi 10 1126 science 1254449 PMC 4386873 PMID 25504731 Brochu Christopher A May 2003 Phylogenetic approaches toward crocodylian history Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 31 31 360 Bibcode 2003AREPS 31 357B doi 10 1146 annurev earth 31 100901 141308 Tobias Massonne Davit Vasilyan Marton Rabi Madelaine Bohme 2019 A new alligatoroid from the Eocene of Vietnam highlights an extinct Asian clade independent from extant Alligator sinensis PeerJ 7 e7562 doi 10 7717 peerj 7562 PMC 6839522 PMID 31720094 a b c Michael S Y Lee Adam M Yates 27 June 2018 Tip dating and homoplasy reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil Proceedings of the Royal Society B 285 1881 doi 10 1098 rspb 2018 1071 PMC 6030529 PMID 30051855 Holliday Casey M Gardner Nicholas M 2012 Farke Andrew A ed A new eusuchian crocodyliform with novel cranial integument and its significance for the origin and evolution of Crocodylia PLOS ONE 7 1 e30471 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 730471H doi 10 1371 journal pone 0030471 PMC 3269432 PMID 22303441 a b Harshman J Huddleston C J Bollback J P Parsons T J Braun M J 2003 True and false gharials A nuclear gene phylogeny of crocodylia Systematic Biology 52 3 386 402 doi 10 1080 10635150309323 PMID 12775527 Gatesy J Amato G 2008 The rapid accumulation of consistent molecular support for intergeneric crocodylian relationships Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 48 3 1232 1237 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2008 02 009 PMID 18372192 Erickson G M Gignac P M Steppan S J Lappin A K Vliet K A Brueggen J A Inouye B D Kledzik D Webb G J W 2012 Claessens Leon ed Insights into the ecology and evolutionary success of crocodilians revealed through bite force and tooth pressure experimentation PLOS ONE 7 3 e31781 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 731781E doi 10 1371 journal pone 0031781 PMC 3303775 PMID 22431965 a b Hekkala E Gatesy J Narechania A Meredith R Russello M Aardema M L Jensen E Montanari S Brochu C Norell M Amato G 2021 04 27 Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene horned crocodile of Madagascar Voay robustus Communications Biology 4 1 505 doi 10 1038 s42003 021 02017 0 ISSN 2399 3642 PMC 8079395 PMID 33907305 nbsp This article about an archosaur is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Alligatoroidea amp oldid 1221855802, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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