Alitta virens (common names include sandworm and king ragworm; older scientific names, including Nereis virens, are still frequently used) is an annelid worm that burrows in wet sand and mud. They constuct burrows of different shapes (I,U,J and Y) [2] They range from being very complex to very simple. Long term burrows are held together by mucus. Their burrows are not connected to each other; they are generally solitary creatures. The spacing between the burrows depends on how readily they can propagate water signals. [3]
Sandworms make up a large part of the live sea-bait industry. To fulfill the needs of this industry, some sandworms are commercially grown.[5] Sandworming, the harvesting of sandworms from mudflats, employs over 1,000 people in Maine, US. As of 2006[update], the population of sandworms had diminished greatly over the preceding few years due in large part to overharvesting before the worms are able to reproduce by spawning.[citation needed] Sandworms are also very essential to the study of the investigation of metal uptake in marine biology. [6] They are vital to evaluate the effects of metals in marine organisms. [7]
Sandworms eat seaweed and microorganisms.Sandworms are known to be omnivores. Their diet persists of surface sediment, plant and animal remains. They are often times exposed to metals through their diet and their burrowing tactics.[8] They have many distinctive traits, including:
often reaching great lengths, sometimes exceeding four feet
They are large in size (approximately 30 cm more or less) [9]
Sandworms are abundant in European coasts and fiord environments. [10]
They dominate fully saline coastal areas and have large ditribution along with large biomass. [11]
numerous, highly vascularized parapodia along both sides of their bodies
blue heads with two large pincer teeth which are capable of biting humans[12]
The parapodia function both as external gills (the animal's primary respiratory surfaces), and as means of locomotion (appearing much like short legs).[citation needed]
Usually, sandworms are gonochoric, meaning that they reproduce sexually between the males and females of the species. Sandworms reproduce via a process termed 'swarming'. The female sandworm releases pheromones that attract males to release sperm. Then, the female sandworm ejects eggs to have them fertilized. The production of gametes occurs via the metanephridia gland.[13]
Galleryedit
Referencesedit
^ abcKristian Fauchald & Chris Glasby (2009). Kristian Fauchald (ed.). "Alitta virens (M. Sars, 1835)". World Polychaeta database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved January 19, 2010. * indicates a heterotypic synonym
^Salvo, F., Dufour, S. C., Archambault, P., Stora, G., & Desrosiers, G. (2013). Spatial distribution of alitta virens burrows in intertidal sediments studied by axial tomodensitometry. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 93(6), 1543–1552. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025315413000519
^Salvo, F., Dufour, S. C., Archambault, P., Stora, G., & Desrosiers, G. (2013). Spatial distribution of alitta virens burrows in intertidal sediments studied by axial tomodensitometry. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 93(6), 1543–1552. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025315413000519
^"Alitta virens (M. Sars, 1835)". World Register of Marine Species.
^Hoekstra, Rob; Kool, A.; Louws, C.A. (September 2005). De kweek van zagers op landbouwbedrijven in Zeeland (in Dutch). Utrecht: InnovatieNetwerk Groene Ruimte en Agrocluster. ISBN90-5059-270-8. OCLC 66455921. from the original on 2012-04-26.
^Simonsen, A. M., Pedersen, K. B., Jensen, P. E., Elberling, B., & Bach, L. (2019). Lability of toxic elements in submarine tailings disposal: The relationship between metal fractionation and metal uptake by sandworms (alitta virens). Science of The Total Environment, 696, 133903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133903
^Green Etxabe, A., Pini, J. M., Short, S., Cunha, L., Kille, P., & Watson, G. J. (2021). Identifying conserved polychaete molecular markers of metal exposure: Comparative analyses using the Alitta virens (Annelida, Lophotrochozoa) transcriptome. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 240, 108913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108913
^Simonsen, A. M., Pedersen, K. B., Jensen, P. E., Elberling, B., & Bach, L. (2019). Lability of toxic elements in submarine tailings disposal: The relationship between metal fractionation and metal uptake by sandworms (alitta virens). Science of The Total Environment, 696, 133903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133903
^Simonsen, A. M., Pedersen, K. B., Jensen, P. E., Elberling, B., & Bach, L. (2019). Lability of toxic elements in submarine tailings disposal: The relationship between metal fractionation and metal uptake by sandworms (alitta virens). Science of The Total Environment, 696, 133903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133903
^Simonsen, A. M., Pedersen, K. B., Jensen, P. E., Elberling, B., & Bach, L. (2019). Lability of toxic elements in submarine tailings disposal: The relationship between metal fractionation and metal uptake by sandworms (alitta virens). Science of The Total Environment, 696, 133903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133903
^Green Etxabe, A., Pini, J. M., Short, S., Cunha, L., Kille, P., & Watson, G. J. (2021). Identifying conserved polychaete molecular markers of metal exposure: Comparative analyses using the Alitta virens (Annelida, Lophotrochozoa) transcriptome. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 240, 108913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108913
^"King Ragworm". BritishSeaFishing.co.uk. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
^"Alitta virens (Sars, 1835)". SeaLifeBase. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
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alitta, virens, common, names, include, sandworm, king, ragworm, older, scientific, names, including, nereis, virens, still, frequently, used, annelid, worm, that, burrows, sand, they, constuct, burrows, different, shapes, they, range, from, being, very, compl. Alitta virens common names include sandworm and king ragworm older scientific names including Nereis virens are still frequently used is an annelid worm that burrows in wet sand and mud They constuct burrows of different shapes I U J and Y 2 They range from being very complex to very simple Long term burrows are held together by mucus Their burrows are not connected to each other they are generally solitary creatures The spacing between the burrows depends on how readily they can propagate water signals 3 Alitta virensScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum AnnelidaClade PleistoannelidaSubclass ErrantiaOrder PhyllodocidaFamily NereididaeGenus AlittaSpecies A virensBinomial nameAlitta virens M Sars 1835 1 Synonyms 1 Nereis virens M Sars 1835 Neanthes virens M Sars 1835 Nereis paucidentata Treadwell 1939 Nereis dyamushi Izuka 1912 Nereis grandis Stimpson 1854 Nereis southerni Abdel Moez amp Humphries 1955 Nereis yankiana Quatrefages 1866 It was first described by biologist Michael Sars in 1835 4 It is classified as a polychaete in the family Nereididae 1 Sandworms make up a large part of the live sea bait industry To fulfill the needs of this industry some sandworms are commercially grown 5 Sandworming the harvesting of sandworms from mudflats employs over 1 000 people in Maine US As of 2006 update the population of sandworms had diminished greatly over the preceding few years due in large part to overharvesting before the worms are able to reproduce by spawning citation needed Sandworms are also very essential to the study of the investigation of metal uptake in marine biology 6 They are vital to evaluate the effects of metals in marine organisms 7 Sandworms eat seaweed and microorganisms Sandworms are known to be omnivores Their diet persists of surface sediment plant and animal remains They are often times exposed to metals through their diet and their burrowing tactics 8 They have many distinctive traits including often reaching great lengths sometimes exceeding four feet They are large in size approximately 30 cm more or less 9 Sandworms are abundant in European coasts and fiord environments 10 They dominate fully saline coastal areas and have large ditribution along with large biomass 11 numerous highly vascularized parapodia along both sides of their bodies blue heads with two large pincer teeth which are capable of biting humans 12 The parapodia function both as external gills the animal s primary respiratory surfaces and as means of locomotion appearing much like short legs citation needed Usually sandworms are gonochoric meaning that they reproduce sexually between the males and females of the species Sandworms reproduce via a process termed swarming The female sandworm releases pheromones that attract males to release sperm Then the female sandworm ejects eggs to have them fertilized The production of gametes occurs via the metanephridia gland 13 Gallery edit nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp References edit a b c Kristian Fauchald amp Chris Glasby 2009 Kristian Fauchald ed Alitta virens M Sars 1835 World Polychaeta database World Register of Marine Species Retrieved January 19 2010 indicates a heterotypic synonym Salvo F Dufour S C Archambault P Stora G amp Desrosiers G 2013 Spatial distribution of alitta virens burrows in intertidal sediments studied by axial tomodensitometry Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 93 6 1543 1552 https doi org 10 1017 s0025315413000519 Salvo F Dufour S C Archambault P Stora G amp Desrosiers G 2013 Spatial distribution of alitta virens burrows in intertidal sediments studied by axial tomodensitometry Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 93 6 1543 1552 https doi org 10 1017 s0025315413000519 Alitta virens M Sars 1835 World Register of Marine Species Hoekstra Rob Kool A Louws C A September 2005 De kweek van zagers op landbouwbedrijven in Zeeland in Dutch Utrecht InnovatieNetwerk Groene Ruimte en Agrocluster ISBN 90 5059 270 8 OCLC 66455921 Archived from the original on 2012 04 26 Simonsen A M Pedersen K B Jensen P E Elberling B amp Bach L 2019 Lability of toxic elements in submarine tailings disposal The relationship between metal fractionation and metal uptake by sandworms alitta virens Science of The Total Environment 696 133903 https doi org 10 1016 j scitotenv 2019 133903 Green Etxabe A Pini J M Short S Cunha L Kille P amp Watson G J 2021 Identifying conserved polychaete molecular markers of metal exposure Comparative analyses using the Alitta virens Annelida Lophotrochozoa transcriptome Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Toxicology amp Pharmacology 240 108913 https doi org 10 1016 j cbpc 2020 108913 Simonsen A M Pedersen K B Jensen P E Elberling B amp Bach L 2019 Lability of toxic elements in submarine tailings disposal The relationship between metal fractionation and metal uptake by sandworms alitta virens Science of The Total Environment 696 133903 https doi org 10 1016 j scitotenv 2019 133903 Simonsen A M Pedersen K B Jensen P E Elberling B amp Bach L 2019 Lability of toxic elements in submarine tailings disposal The relationship between metal fractionation and metal uptake by sandworms alitta virens Science of The Total Environment 696 133903 https doi org 10 1016 j scitotenv 2019 133903 Simonsen A M Pedersen K B Jensen P E Elberling B amp Bach L 2019 Lability of toxic elements in submarine tailings disposal The relationship between metal fractionation and metal uptake by sandworms alitta virens Science of The Total Environment 696 133903 https doi org 10 1016 j scitotenv 2019 133903 Green Etxabe A Pini J M Short S Cunha L Kille P amp Watson G J 2021 Identifying conserved polychaete molecular markers of metal exposure Comparative analyses using the Alitta virens Annelida Lophotrochozoa transcriptome Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Toxicology amp Pharmacology 240 108913 https doi org 10 1016 j cbpc 2020 108913 King Ragworm BritishSeaFishing co uk Retrieved 24 January 2014 Alitta virens Sars 1835 SeaLifeBase Retrieved 30 November 2021 nbsp This annelid related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Alitta virens amp oldid 1183497784, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
