Nereididae (formerly spelled Nereidae) are a family of polychaete worms. It contains about 500 – mostly marine – species grouped into 42 genera. They may be commonly called ragworms or clam worms.
The prostomium of Nereididae bears a pair of palps that are differentiated into two units, the proximal unit is much larger than the distal unit. Parapodia are mostly biramous (only the first two pairs are uniramous). Peristomium fused with the first body segment, with usually two pairs of tentacular cirri. The first body segment with 1-2 pairs tentacular cirri without aciculae. Compound setae present. Notopodia are distinct (rarely reduced), usually with more flattened lobes, notosetae compound falcigers and/or spinigers (rarely notosetae absent). They have two prostomial antennae (absent in Micronereis). Their pharynx, when everted, clearly consists of two portions, with a pair of strong jaws on the distal portion and usually with conical teeth on one or more areas of both portions. Most genera have no gills (if present, they are usually branched and arise on mid-anterior segments of body). The larval body consists of four segments.
Jaw materialedit
Ragworms' teeth are made of a very tough, yet lightweight material. Unlike bone and tooth enamel, this is not mineralised with calcium, but is formed by a histidine rich protein, with bound zinc ions.[1] Research on this material could lead to applications in engineering.[2]
Systematicsedit
Nereididae are currently considered a monophyletic taxon. Their closest neighbours in polychaete phylogenetic tree are Chrysopetalidae and Hesionidae (the superfamily Nereidoidea).
Nereididae are divided into 42 genera, but the relationships between them are as yet unclear. The family contains traditionally three subfamilies - Namanereidinae, Gymnonereinae and Nereidinae.
Ragworms are predominantly marine organisms that may occasionally swim upstream to rivers and even climb to land (for example Lycastopsis catarractarum). They are commonly found in all water depths, foraging in seaweeds, hiding under rocks or burrowing in sand or mud. Ragworms are mainly omnivorous but many are active carnivores. Nereids only breed once before dying (semelparity) and most of them morph into a distinct form to breed (epitoky).
Ragworms are important food sources for a number of shore birds[4]
Human useedit
Chả rươi (an omelete made of Tylorrhynchus heterochaetus) is considered a delicacy in Vietnam.
Ragworms, such as Tylorrhynchus heterochaetus, are considered a delicacy in Vietnam where they are used in the dish chả rươi.[7]
In rice-growing areas of China, these worms are called 禾虫 (Mandarin: hé chóng, Cantonese: woh4 chuhng4). They are harvested from the rice fields and are often cooked with eggs.
Referencesedit
^Broomell et al. (2008) Cutting Edge Structural Protein from the Jaws of Nereis virens Biomacromolecules, 9 (6), pp 1669–1677.
^Marine Worm's Jaws Say 'Cutting-Edge New Aerospace Materials' Science Daily
^Merrit, Mike (13 January 2013) Sea-change as farm grows fish on land The Scotsman, Retrieved 22 January 2013
^Nguyen Quang Chuong (2009). Some contribution to study on productive charecteristics of the palolo (Tylorrhynchus heterochaetus) Polychaeta - Nereidae in Hai Phong brackish water.
The City University of Hong Kong page on Nereidae [3]
More Information on Nereididae
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nereididae.
November 24, 2023
nereididae, confused, with, neriidae, formerly, spelled, nereidae, family, polychaete, worms, contains, about, mostly, marine, species, grouped, into, genera, they, commonly, called, ragworms, clam, worms, alitta, succineascientific, classificationdomain, euka. Not to be confused with Neriidae Nereididae formerly spelled Nereidae are a family of polychaete worms It contains about 500 mostly marine species grouped into 42 genera They may be commonly called ragworms or clam worms NereididaeAlitta succineaScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum AnnelidaClade PleistoannelidaSubclass ErrantiaOrder PhyllodocidaSuborder NereidiformiaFamily NereididaeFauchald 1977 Contents 1 Characteristics 1 1 Jaw material 2 Systematics 2 1 Genera 3 Ecology 4 Human use 5 ReferencesCharacteristics editThe prostomium of Nereididae bears a pair of palps that are differentiated into two units the proximal unit is much larger than the distal unit Parapodia are mostly biramous only the first two pairs are uniramous Peristomium fused with the first body segment with usually two pairs of tentacular cirri The first body segment with 1 2 pairs tentacular cirri without aciculae Compound setae present Notopodia are distinct rarely reduced usually with more flattened lobes notosetae compound falcigers and or spinigers rarely notosetae absent They have two prostomial antennae absent in Micronereis Their pharynx when everted clearly consists of two portions with a pair of strong jaws on the distal portion and usually with conical teeth on one or more areas of both portions Most genera have no gills if present they are usually branched and arise on mid anterior segments of body The larval body consists of four segments Jaw material edit Ragworms teeth are made of a very tough yet lightweight material Unlike bone and tooth enamel this is not mineralised with calcium but is formed by a histidine rich protein with bound zinc ions 1 Research on this material could lead to applications in engineering 2 Systematics editNereididae are currently considered a monophyletic taxon Their closest neighbours in polychaete phylogenetic tree are Chrysopetalidae and Hesionidae the superfamily Nereidoidea Nereididae are divided into 42 genera but the relationships between them are as yet unclear The family contains traditionally three subfamilies Namanereidinae Gymnonereinae and Nereidinae Genera edit Subfamily Gymnonereidinae Banse 1977 3 Australonereis Hartman 1954 Ceratocephale Malmgren 1867 Dendronereides Southern 1921 Gymnonereis Horst 1919 Kinberginereis Pettibone 1971 Leptonereis Kinberg 1865 Micronereides Day 1963 Olganereis Hartmann Schroder 1977 Rullierinereis Pettibone 1971 Sinonereis Wu amp Sun 1979 Stenoninereis Wesenberg Lund 1958 Tambalagamia Pillai 1961 Tylonereis Fauvel 1911 Tylorrhynchus Grube 1866 Typhlonereis Hansen 1879 Websterinereis Pettibone 1971Subfamily Namanereidinae Hartman 1959 3 Namalycastis Hartman 1959 Namanereis Chamberlin 1919Subfamily Nereidinae Blainville 1818 3 Alitta Kinberg 1865 Ceratonereis Kinberg 1865 Cheilonereis Benham 1916 Composetia Hartmann Schroder 1985 Eunereis Malmgren 1865 Hediste Malmgren 1867 Imajimainereis de Leon Gonzalez amp Solis Weiss 2000 Laeonereis Hartman 1945 Leonnates Kinberg 1865 Micronereis Claparede 1863 Neanthes Kinberg 1865 Nectoneanthes Imajima 1972 Nereis Linnaeus 1758 Nicon Kinberg 1865 Paraleonnates Chlebovitsch amp Wu 1962 Parasetia Villalobos Guerrero Conde Vela amp Sato 2022 Perinereis Kinberg 1865 Platynereis Kinberg 1865 Potamonereis Villalobos Guerrero Conde Vela amp Sato 2022 Pseudonereis Kinberg 1865 Simplisetia Hartmann Schroder 1985 Solomononereis Gibbs 1971 Unanereis Day 1962 Wuinereis Khlebovich 1996Subfamily Nereididae incertae sedis 3 Kainonereis Chamberlin 1919 Lycastonereis Nageswara Rao 1981Ecology editRagworms are predominantly marine organisms that may occasionally swim upstream to rivers and even climb to land for example Lycastopsis catarractarum They are commonly found in all water depths foraging in seaweeds hiding under rocks or burrowing in sand or mud Ragworms are mainly omnivorous but many are active carnivores Nereids only breed once before dying semelparity and most of them morph into a distinct form to breed epitoky Ragworms are important food sources for a number of shore birds 4 Human use edit nbsp Chả rươi an omelete made of Tylorrhynchus heterochaetus is considered a delicacy in Vietnam Ragworms such as Hediste diversicolor are commonly used as bait in sea angling 5 They are a popular bait for all types of wrasse and pollock They are also used as fish feed in aquaculture 6 Ragworms such as Tylorrhynchus heterochaetus are considered a delicacy in Vietnam where they are used in the dish chả rươi 7 In rice growing areas of China these worms are called 禾虫 Mandarin he chong Cantonese woh4 chuhng4 They are harvested from the rice fields and are often cooked with eggs References edit Broomell et al 2008 Cutting Edge Structural Protein from the Jaws of Nereis virens Biomacromolecules 9 6 pp 1669 1677 Marine Worm s Jaws Say Cutting Edge New Aerospace Materials Science Daily a b c d Read G Fauchald K Ed 2023 World Polychaeta Database Nereididae Blainville 1818 Accessed through World Register of Marine Species at https www marinespecies org aphia php p taxdetails amp id 22496 on 2023 10 27 Animal Fact files Ragworm Nereis diversicolor BBC Science amp Nature Budd Georgina 2008 Ragworm Hediste diversicolor Marine Life Information Network Retrieved 2013 05 18 Merrit Mike 13 January 2013 Sea change as farm grows fish on land The Scotsman Retrieved 22 January 2013 Nguyen Quang Chuong 2009 Some contribution to study on productive charecteristics of the palolo Tylorrhynchus heterochaetus Polychaeta Nereidae in Hai Phong brackish water Santos et al 2006 1 A Key to Families of Polychaetes 2 The City University of Hong Kong page on Nereidae 3 More Information on Nereididae 4 nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nereididae Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nereididae amp oldid 1182101874, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
