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Alfonso IX of León

January 30, 2023

Alfonso IX (15 August 1171 – 23 or 24 September 1230) was King of León and Galicia from the death of his father Ferdinand II in 1188 until his own death.

Alfonso IX
Depiction on the Tumbo A cartulary of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela
King of León and Galicia
Reign22 January 1188 – 24 September 1230
PredecessorFerdinand II
SuccessorSancha and Dulce (de jure)
Ferdinand III (de facto)
Born15 August 1171
Zamora
Died23/24 September 1230(1230-09-24) (aged 59)
Villanueva de Sarria
Burial
Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1191; annulled 1196)​

​
​
(m. 1197; annulled 1204)​
Issue
among others...
HouseCastilian House of Ivrea
FatherFerdinand II of León and Galicia
MotherUrraca of Portugal
ReligionRoman Catholicism

He took steps towards modernizing and democratizing his dominion and founded the University of Salamanca in 1212. In 1188 he summoned the first parliament reflecting the fullest representation of the citizenry ever seen in Western Europe, the Cortes of León.[1]

Alfonso took part in the Reconquista, conquering several territories within Extremadura, capturing Mérida and Badajoz in 1230, which allowed for the eventual conquest of Seville during the reign of his son Ferdinand III.[2] He was also involved in numerous conflicts with Pope Celestine III, being interdicted on account of the nature of his marriages.

Biography

Early life

Alfonso was born in Zamora. He was the only son of King Ferdinand II of León and Urraca of Portugal.[1] His father was the younger son of Alfonso VII of León and Castile, who divided his kingdoms between his sons, which set the stage for conflict in the family until the kingdoms were re-united by Alfonso IX's son Ferdinand III of Castile.[3]

Alfonso IX had great difficulty in obtaining the throne through his given birthright. In July 1188 his cousin Alfonso VIII of Castile required the younger Alfonso to recognize the elder as overlord in exchange for recognizing the younger's authority in León.[4]

Reign

The convening of the Cortes de León in the cloisters of the Basilica of San Isidoro would be one of the most important events of Alfonso's reign. The difficult economic situation at the beginning of his reign compelled Alfonso to raise taxes on the underprivileged classes, leading to protests and a few town revolts. In response, the king summoned the Cortes, an assembly of nobles, clergy and representatives of cities, and subsequently faced demands for compensatory spending and greater external control and oversight of royal expenditures. Alfonso's convening of the Cortes is considered by many historians, including John Keane,[5] to be instrumental to the formation of democratic parliaments across Europe. Note that Iceland had already held what may have been what is Europe's first parliament, the Þingvellir, in 930. However, the Cortes' 1188 session predates the first session of the Parliament of England, which occurred in the thirteenth century.

In spite of the democratic precedent represented by the Cortes and the founding of the University of Salamanca, Alfonso is often chiefly remembered for the difficulties his successive marriages caused between him with Pope Celestine III. He was first married in 1191 to his first cousin, Theresa of Portugal,[1] who bore him two daughters, and a son who died young. The marriage was declared null by the papal legate Cardinal Gregory for consanguinity.[6]

After Alfonso VIII of Castile was defeated at the Battle of Alarcos, Alfonso IX invaded Castile with the aid of Muslim troops.[1] He was summarily excommunicated by Pope Celestine III.[7] In 1197, Alfonso IX married his first cousin once removed, Berengaria of Castile, to cement peace between León and Castile.[8] For this second act of consanguinity, the king and the kingdom were placed under interdict by representatives of the pope.[9] In 1198, Pope Innocent III declared Alfonso and Berengaria's marriage invalid, but they stayed together until 1204.[10] The annulment of this marriage by the pope drove the younger Alfonso to again attack his cousin in 1204, but treaties made in 1205, 1207, and 1209 each forced him to concede further territories and rights.[11][12] The treaty in 1207 is the first existing public document in the Castilian dialect.[13]

The Pope was, however, compelled to modify his measures by the threat that, if the people could not obtain the services of religion, they would not support the clergy, and that heresy would spread. The king was left under interdict personally, but to that he showed himself indifferent, and he had the support of his clergy.[6]

In 1211 Alfonso IX of León and Galicia gave the castle of Alcañices to the Templar Order,[14] where inhabitants celebrated the great victories of the order.[15]

 
Shield of Alfonso IX displayed in the Tumbo A manuscript of 12th century.

Death

Alfonso IX of León and Galicia died on 24 September 1230. His death was particularly significant in that his son, Ferdinand III of Castile, who was already the King of Castile, also inherited the thrones of León and Galicia from his father. This was thanks to the negotiations of his mother, Berengaria, who convinced her stepdaughters to renounce their claim on the throne.[16] In an effort to quickly consolidate his power over León, Ferdinand III abandoned a military campaign to capture the city of Jaén immediately upon hearing news of his father's death and traveled to León to be crowned king. This coronation united the Kingdoms of León and Castile which would go on to dominate the Iberian Peninsula.

Marriages and issue

Alfonso IX married twice, both times to near relatives, and remarkably, both of his marriages were annulled for consanguinity. Apart from the eight children born of these two marriages, Alfonso also fathered numerous progeny upon other women of lower rank.

Marriages and legitimate issue

In 1191, Alfonso married his first cousin Theresa of Portugal,[17] who was his mother's brother's daughter. Theresa was the daughter of King Sancho I of Portugal and Queen Dulce of Aragon.[18] The marriage was annulled five years later, on grounds of consanguinity but three children had been born by then, being:

  • Sancha (1191 – before 1243)[19] unmarried and without issue. She and her sister Dulce became nuns or retired to the monastery of San Guillermo Villabuena in León, where she died before 1243.
  • Ferdinand (1192/1193 – 1214),[20] unmarried and without issue.
  • Dulce (1193/1194 – 1248).[21]

On 17 November 1197, Alfonso IX married his first cousin once removed, the infanta Berengaria of Castile. Berengeria was the daughter of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and his wife Queen Leonor of England. Her paternal grandfather, Sancho III of Castile, had been a brother of Alfonso's own father Ferdinand II of León. Thus, both Alfonso IX and Berengaria belonged to the same dynasty or family. The marriage was annulled on grounds of consanguinity, but not before five children had been born, namely:

Affairs and illegitimate issue

Alfonso also fathered many illegitimate children. After the annulment of his first marriage and before marrying for the second time, he had a relationship which lasted about two years with Inés Íñiguez de Mendoza, daughter of Iñigo López de Mendoza and María García.[27] This affair produced a daughter born around 1197:

Alfonso had another relationship afterwards with a noblewoman from Galicia, Estefanía Pérez de Faiam. She was the daughter of Pedro Menéndez Faiam, who confirmed several royal charters of King Alfonso IX, and the granddaughter of Menendo Faiam, who also confirmed several diplomas issued in Galicia as of 1155 by King Ferdinand II of León. In 1211, Alfonso gave her lands in Orense where her family, as can be inferred from her last will dated 1250, owned many estates, as well as in the north of Portugal. After the relationship ended, Estefanía married Rodrigo Suárez with whom she had further issue. In her will, she asked to be buried in the Monastery of Fiães in northern Portugal.[29] Alfonso IX and Estefanía were the parents of possibly two sons, but definitely of one, being:[b]

  • Ferdinand Alfonso of León (born in 1211),[29] died young.

According to Spanish historian Julio González, after his relationship with Estefanía, the king had a lover from Salamanca, of unknown origin, whose name was Maura and with whom he had issue:[31]

Alfonso also had a relationship with a noblewoman from Portugal, Aldonza Martínez de Silva, daughter of Martim Gomes da Silva and his wife Urraca Rodrigues,[32] which lasted from 1214 to 1218. Three children were born to them:

King Alfonso's most long-lasting extra-marital relationship, which began in 1218 and lasted until his death in 1230,[38] was with Teresa Gil de Soverosa.[39] A member of the Portuguese nobility, Teresa was the daughter of Gil Vasques de Soverosa and his first wife María Aires de Fornelos. They had four children, all of them born between 1218 and 1230:[40]

  • Sancha (d. 1270). Married Simon Ruiz, Lord of Los Cameros.[41] She later became a nun at the convent of Santa Eufemia de Cozuelos which she had founded.[41]
  • María (died after July 1275).[d] Her first marriage was with Álvaro Fernández de Lara. She was then the concubine of her nephew King Alfonso X of Castile and, according to the Count of Barcelos, her second husband was Suero Arias de Valladares.[41]
  • Martín (died 1268/1272), married to Maria Mendes de Sousa, founders of the Monastery of Sancti-Spíritus, Salamanca. There was no issue from this marriage.[42]
  • Urraca (d. after 1252). First married García Romeu,[41] and then Pedro Núñez de Guzmán.[41]

Although Alfonso IX is supposed to have had another son, Pedro Alfonso de León, there is no documentary proof that he was the king's son or that he was the Grand Master of the Order of Santiago.[e]

Notes

  1. ^ King Fernando's year of birth is not recorded. According to the Chrónica latina de los reyes de Castilla, he was 16 years old when he became king of Castile in 1217 which would mean that he was born in 1201. Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada, a contemporary of Fernando, said that he was 18 years old in 1217 which would indicate that his birth was in 1199, two years after his parents' marriage.[25][26]
  2. ^ It is possible that, besides Ferdinand Alfonso, they also had another son, John Alfonso, who appears in several documents with the children that Estefanía had with her husband Rodrigo Suárez.[30]
  3. ^ There is controversy among historians and genealogists on her marriage to Nuño González de Lara. According to Pedro Afonso, Count of Barcelos, followed by other historians,[35] Nuño's wife was this Teresa, daughter of King Alfonso IX and Aldonza Martínez de Silva. Luis de Salazar y Castro believed that her father was Pedro Alfonso de León, supposedly an illegitimate son of Alfonso IX. Spanish historian Julio González González argued that Nuño's wife could have been the daughter of Urraca Alfonso, illegitimate daughter of King Alfonso IX, and her husband Lope Díaz II de Haro.[36] Szabolcs de Vajay rules out these last two filiations since her patronymic would have been Pérez or López rather than Alfonso and suggests that she could have been an illegitimate daughter of Alfonso of Molina. Nevertheless, Teresa confirms her filiation and marriage in a sale that she made in November 1254 in which she declares that she is the daughter of King Alfonso, granddaughter of King Fernando II of León and Galicia, and wife of Nuño González de Lara.[37]
  4. ^ On 4 July 1275, María donated a fourth part of Lougares to the Monastery of Santa María de Melón (document published by the Real Academia Gallega).
  5. ^ "...for Rades [Francisco de Rades y Andrada], in the space of time corresponding to the government of Fernando Pérez Chacín, there were really two Grand Masters: Fernando Pérez Chacín, who died or was removed a year after his election, and Pedro Alfonso, elected in 1225 who died a year later. For [Derek William] Lomax, there was only one Grand Master in this short period of time: Fernando Pérez Chacín. In fact, documentation proves that this historian is right, rather than the chronicler who mentioned a non-existent Grand Master, supposedly an illegitimate son of King Alfonso IX" (loose translation)[43]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Gerli & Armistead 2003, p. 54.
  2. ^ "Spain – The rise of Castile and Aragon". Britannica. Retrieved 2022-09-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ Shadis 2010, p. xix.
  4. ^ Shadis 2010, p. 53.
  5. ^ . Diario de León (in Spanish). Londres. June 19, 2006. Archived from the original on 2009-06-23. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
  6. ^ a b   One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Alphonso s.v. Alphonso IX.". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 735.
  7. ^ Lower 2014, p. 605.
  8. ^ Shadis 2010, p. 61-62.
  9. ^ Moore 2003, pp. 70–71.
  10. ^ Reilly 1993, p. 133.
  11. ^ Shadis 2010, pp. 78–84.
  12. ^ Túy 2003, p. 324, 4.84.
  13. ^ Wright 2000.
  14. ^ Martínez Díez, Gonzalo (1993). Los Templarios en la Corona de Castilla (1st ed.). Burgos: La Olmeda, D.L. p. 103. ISBN 9788460462774.
  15. ^ Historia (October 22, 2015). "Apéndice I. Los lugares del Temple". In Martínez, Gemma; Mínguez, Nines (eds.). Templarios. Del origen de las cruzadas al final de la Orden del Temple (1st ed.). Madrid: Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial, S. A. U. p. 417. ISBN 9788401015731.
  16. ^ Shadis 2010, p. 3.
  17. ^ Echols & Williams 1992, pp. 400–401.
  18. ^ Fernandes Marques 2008, pp. 62, 87.
  19. ^ Fernandes Marques 2008, pp. 89, 140.
  20. ^ Fernandes Marques 2008, p. 140.
  21. ^ Fernandes Marques 2008, p. 140 y 143.
  22. ^ a b c d e Martínez Díez 2007, p. 47.
  23. ^ a b Flórez 1761, p. 348.
  24. ^ Flórez 1761, p. 355.
  25. ^ Rodríguez López 2004, p. 30.
  26. ^ Flórez 1761, pp. 347–348.
  27. ^ Calderón Medina 2011, p. 262.
  28. ^ Calderón Medina 2011, pp. 262–263.
  29. ^ a b Calderón Medina 2011, pp. 264–265.
  30. ^ Calderón Medina 2011, p. 264 n.31.
  31. ^ a b Calderón Medina 2011, p. 265.
  32. ^ Calderón Medina 2011, pp. 266–267.
  33. ^ Calderón Medina 2011, pp. 267–268.
  34. ^ Calderón Medina 2011, pp. 268–270.
  35. ^ Calderón Medina 2011, pp. 269.
  36. ^ Sánchez de Mora 2004, p. 633 and n. 8.
  37. ^ Martínez Martínez 1997, Doc. 495, pp. 359–360.
  38. ^ Calderón Medina 2011, p. 275.
  39. ^ Calderón Medina 2011, p. 270.
  40. ^ Calderón Medina 2011, pp. 268, 270 and 275.
  41. ^ a b c d e Calderón Medina 2011, p. 276.
  42. ^ Calderón Medina 2011, pp. 275–276.
  43. ^ Ayala Martínez 1997, p. 245 n.14.

Bibliography

  • Alonso, Isabel (2002). "Desheredamiento y desafuero, o la pretendida justificación de una revuelta nobiliaria". Cahiers d'Études Hispaniques Médiévales (in Spanish). No. 25. pp. 99–129. ISSN 2108-7083.
  • Ayala Martínez, Carlos de (1997). "Las órdenes militares en el siglo XII castellano. La consolidación de los maestrazgos". Anuario de Estudios Medievales (in Spanish). No. 27. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC: Institución Milá y Fontanals. ISSN 0066-5061.
  • Calderón Medina, Inés (2011). "Las otras mujeres del rey: El concubinato regio en el reino de León (1157–1230)" (PDF). Seminário Medieval 2009–2011 (in Spanish). Coordinators:Ferreira, María do Rosário; Laranjinha, Ana Sofia; Ribeiro Miranda, José Carlos. Oporto: Instituto de Filosofía da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto. pp. 255–289. ISBN 9789898459145.
  • Doubleday, Simon R. (2001). The Lara family: crown and nobility in medieval Spain. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03429-7.
  • Echols, Anne; Williams, Marty (1992). An Annotated index of Medieval Women. Markus Weiner Publishing Inc. ISBN 978-0-910129-27-5.
  • Fernandes Marques, Maria Alegría (2008). Estudos sobre a Ordem de Cister em Portugal (in Portuguese). Coímbra: Estudos da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra. ISBN 978-972-772-019-4.
  • Flórez, Enrique (1761). Antonio Marín (ed.). Memorias de las Reynas Catholicas, historia genealógica de la Casa Real de Castilla, y de León, todos los infantes: Trages de las Reynas en estampas: y nuevo aspecto de la historia de España. Vol. I. Madrid. OCLC 220697158.
  • Gerli, E. Michael; Armistead, Samuel G., eds. (2003). Medieval Iberia: an encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-93918-8.
  • Lower, Michael (2014). "The Papacy and Christian Mercenaries of Thirteenth-Century North Africa". Speculum. The University of Chicago Press. 89 (3 JULY): 601–631. doi:10.1017/S0038713414000761. S2CID 154773840.
  • Martínez Díez, Gonzalo (2007). Alfonso VIII, rey de Castilla y Toledo (1158–1214) (in Spanish). Gijón: Ediciones Trea, S.L. ISBN 978-84-9704-327-4.
  • Martínez Martínez, Martín (1997). Cartulario de Santa María de Carracedo 992-1500 (in Spanish). Vol. I: 992-974. Ponferrada: Instituto de Estudios Bercianos. ISBN 84-88635-07-9.
  • Moore, John Clare (2003). Pope Innocent III (1160/61-1216): To root up and to plant. Brill. ISBN 978-1-4237-1213-8.
  • Reilly, Bernard F. (1993). The Medieval Spains. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-39436-9.
  • Rodríguez López, Ana (2004). "Sucesión regia y legitimidad política en Castilla en los siglos XII y XIII. Algunas consideraciones sobre el relato de las crónicas latinas castellano-leonesas". Annexes des Cahiers de linguistique et de civilisation hispaniques médiévales (in Spanish). 16 (1): 21–41. doi:10.3406/cehm.2004.1312.
  • Sánchez de Mora, Antonio (2004). "Nuño González de Lara: "El más poderoso omne que sennor ouiese e más honrado de Espanna"". Historia, instituciones, documentos (in Spanish). No. 31. Seville: University of Seville. ISSN 0210-7716.[permanent dead link]
  • Shadis, Miriam (2010). Berenguela of Castile (1180–1246) and Political Women in the High Middle Ages. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-23473-7.
  • Túy, Lucas (2003). Rey, Emma Falque (ed.). Chronicon mundi. Turnhout: Brepols. ISBN 9782503037417.
  • Wright, Roger (2000). El tratado de Cabreros (1206): estudio sociofilológico de una reforma ortográfica. London: Queen Mary and Westfield College. ISBN 978-0-904188-59-2.

Further reading

  • Sánchez Rivera, Jesús Ángel, "Configuración de una iconografía singular: la venerable doña Sancha Alfonso, comendadora de Santiago", Anales de Historia del Arte, nº 18 (2008), Madrid, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, pp. 167–209.
  • Szabolcs de Vajay, "From Alfonso VIII to Alfonso X" in Studies in Genealogy and Family History in Tribute to Charles Evans on the Occasion of his Eightieth Birthday, 1989, pp. 366–417.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alfonso IX of León.
Alfonso IX of León
Cadet branch of the House of Ivrea
Born: 15 August 1171 Died: 23/24 September 1230
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of León and Galicia
1188–1230 		Succeeded by

January 30, 2023
alfonso, león, alfonso, august, 1171, september, 1230, king, león, galicia, from, death, father, ferdinand, 1188, until, death, alfonso, ixdepiction, tumbo, cartulary, cathedral, santiago, compostelaking, león, galiciareign22, january, 1188, september, 1230pre. Alfonso IX 15 August 1171 23 or 24 September 1230 was King of Leon and Galicia from the death of his father Ferdinand II in 1188 until his own death Alfonso IXDepiction on the Tumbo A cartulary of the Cathedral of Santiago de CompostelaKing of Leon and GaliciaReign22 January 1188 24 September 1230PredecessorFerdinand IISuccessorSancha and Dulce de jure Ferdinand III de facto Born15 August 1171ZamoraDied23 24 September 1230 1230 09 24 aged 59 Villanueva de SarriaBurialCathedral of Santiago de CompostelaSpouseTheresa of Portugal m 1191 annulled 1196 wbr Berengaria of Castile m 1197 annulled 1204 wbr Issueamong others Sancha I Queen of Leon Fernando Infante of Leon Dulce I Queen of Leon Ferdinand III King of Castile Alfonso Lord of Molina and Mesa Berengaria Latin EmpressHouseCastilian House of IvreaFatherFerdinand II of Leon and GaliciaMotherUrraca of PortugalReligionRoman CatholicismHe took steps towards modernizing and democratizing his dominion and founded the University of Salamanca in 1212 In 1188 he summoned the first parliament reflecting the fullest representation of the citizenry ever seen in Western Europe the Cortes of Leon 1 Alfonso took part in the Reconquista conquering several territories within Extremadura capturing Merida and Badajoz in 1230 which allowed for the eventual conquest of Seville during the reign of his son Ferdinand III 2 He was also involved in numerous conflicts with Pope Celestine III being interdicted on account of the nature of his marriages Contents 1 Biography 1 1 Early life 1 2 Reign 1 3 Death 2 Marriages and issue 2 1 Marriages and legitimate issue 2 2 Affairs and illegitimate issue 3 Notes 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 Further readingBiography EditEarly life Edit Alfonso was born in Zamora He was the only son of King Ferdinand II of Leon and Urraca of Portugal 1 His father was the younger son of Alfonso VII of Leon and Castile who divided his kingdoms between his sons which set the stage for conflict in the family until the kingdoms were re united by Alfonso IX s son Ferdinand III of Castile 3 Alfonso IX had great difficulty in obtaining the throne through his given birthright In July 1188 his cousin Alfonso VIII of Castile required the younger Alfonso to recognize the elder as overlord in exchange for recognizing the younger s authority in Leon 4 Reign Edit The convening of the Cortes de Leon in the cloisters of the Basilica of San Isidoro would be one of the most important events of Alfonso s reign The difficult economic situation at the beginning of his reign compelled Alfonso to raise taxes on the underprivileged classes leading to protests and a few town revolts In response the king summoned the Cortes an assembly of nobles clergy and representatives of cities and subsequently faced demands for compensatory spending and greater external control and oversight of royal expenditures Alfonso s convening of the Cortes is considered by many historians including John Keane 5 to be instrumental to the formation of democratic parliaments across Europe Note that Iceland had already held what may have been what is Europe s first parliament the THingvellir in 930 However the Cortes 1188 session predates the first session of the Parliament of England which occurred in the thirteenth century In spite of the democratic precedent represented by the Cortes and the founding of the University of Salamanca Alfonso is often chiefly remembered for the difficulties his successive marriages caused between him with Pope Celestine III He was first married in 1191 to his first cousin Theresa of Portugal 1 who bore him two daughters and a son who died young The marriage was declared null by the papal legate Cardinal Gregory for consanguinity 6 After Alfonso VIII of Castile was defeated at the Battle of Alarcos Alfonso IX invaded Castile with the aid of Muslim troops 1 He was summarily excommunicated by Pope Celestine III 7 In 1197 Alfonso IX married his first cousin once removed Berengaria of Castile to cement peace between Leon and Castile 8 For this second act of consanguinity the king and the kingdom were placed under interdict by representatives of the pope 9 In 1198 Pope Innocent III declared Alfonso and Berengaria s marriage invalid but they stayed together until 1204 10 The annulment of this marriage by the pope drove the younger Alfonso to again attack his cousin in 1204 but treaties made in 1205 1207 and 1209 each forced him to concede further territories and rights 11 12 The treaty in 1207 is the first existing public document in the Castilian dialect 13 The Pope was however compelled to modify his measures by the threat that if the people could not obtain the services of religion they would not support the clergy and that heresy would spread The king was left under interdict personally but to that he showed himself indifferent and he had the support of his clergy 6 In 1211 Alfonso IX of Leon and Galicia gave the castle of Alcanices to the Templar Order 14 where inhabitants celebrated the great victories of the order 15 Shield of Alfonso IX displayed in the Tumbo A manuscript of 12th century Death Edit Alfonso IX of Leon and Galicia died on 24 September 1230 His death was particularly significant in that his son Ferdinand III of Castile who was already the King of Castile also inherited the thrones of Leon and Galicia from his father This was thanks to the negotiations of his mother Berengaria who convinced her stepdaughters to renounce their claim on the throne 16 In an effort to quickly consolidate his power over Leon Ferdinand III abandoned a military campaign to capture the city of Jaen immediately upon hearing news of his father s death and traveled to Leon to be crowned king This coronation united the Kingdoms of Leon and Castile which would go on to dominate the Iberian Peninsula Marriages and issue EditAlfonso IX married twice both times to near relatives and remarkably both of his marriages were annulled for consanguinity Apart from the eight children born of these two marriages Alfonso also fathered numerous progeny upon other women of lower rank Marriages and legitimate issue Edit In 1191 Alfonso married his first cousin Theresa of Portugal 17 who was his mother s brother s daughter Theresa was the daughter of King Sancho I of Portugal and Queen Dulce of Aragon 18 The marriage was annulled five years later on grounds of consanguinity but three children had been born by then being Sancha 1191 before 1243 19 unmarried and without issue She and her sister Dulce became nuns or retired to the monastery of San Guillermo Villabuena in Leon where she died before 1243 Ferdinand 1192 1193 1214 20 unmarried and without issue Dulce 1193 1194 1248 21 On 17 November 1197 Alfonso IX married his first cousin once removed the infanta Berengaria of Castile Berengeria was the daughter of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and his wife Queen Leonor of England Her paternal grandfather Sancho III of Castile had been a brother of Alfonso s own father Ferdinand II of Leon Thus both Alfonso IX and Berengaria belonged to the same dynasty or family The marriage was annulled on grounds of consanguinity but not before five children had been born namely Eleanor 22 1198 23 11 November 1202 23 Constance died in 1242 24 became a nun at the Abbey of Santa Maria la Real de Las Huelgas Burgos where she died 22 Ferdinand III of Castile 1199 1201 a 1252 King of Castile in 1217 after the death of Henry I of Castile and of Leon in 1230 after the death of his father 22 Alfonso died in 1272 Lord of Molina jure uxoris due to his first marriage to Mafalda Gonzalez de Lara 22 Berengaria of Leon died in 1237 in 1224 married John of Brienne 22 Affairs and illegitimate issue Edit Alfonso also fathered many illegitimate children After the annulment of his first marriage and before marrying for the second time he had a relationship which lasted about two years with Ines Iniguez de Mendoza daughter of Inigo Lopez de Mendoza and Maria Garcia 27 This affair produced a daughter born around 1197 Urraca Alfonso the wife of Lope Diaz II de Haro Lord of Biscay 28 Alfonso had another relationship afterwards with a noblewoman from Galicia Estefania Perez de Faiam She was the daughter of Pedro Menendez Faiam who confirmed several royal charters of King Alfonso IX and the granddaughter of Menendo Faiam who also confirmed several diplomas issued in Galicia as of 1155 by King Ferdinand II of Leon In 1211 Alfonso gave her lands in Orense where her family as can be inferred from her last will dated 1250 owned many estates as well as in the north of Portugal After the relationship ended Estefania married Rodrigo Suarez with whom she had further issue In her will she asked to be buried in the Monastery of Fiaes in northern Portugal 29 Alfonso IX and Estefania were the parents of possibly two sons but definitely of one being b Ferdinand Alfonso of Leon born in 1211 29 died young According to Spanish historian Julio Gonzalez after his relationship with Estefania the king had a lover from Salamanca of unknown origin whose name was Maura and with whom he had issue 31 Fernando Alfonso de Leon c 1214 1218 Salamanca 10 January 1278 archdeacon of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela 31 who had issue with Aldara de Ulloa Alfonso also had a relationship with a noblewoman from Portugal Aldonza Martinez de Silva daughter of Martim Gomes da Silva and his wife Urraca Rodrigues 32 which lasted from 1214 to 1218 Three children were born to them Rodrigo c 1214 c 1268 lord of Aliger and Castro del Rio and Adelantado of the March of Andalusia he married Ines Rodriguez daughter of Rodrigo Fernandez de Valduerna 33 Lord of Cabrera and alferez of King Alfonso IX Aldonza died after 1267 Married count Pedro Ponce de Cabrera 34 and had issue They are the ancestors of the Ponce de Leon family Teresa Alfonso of Leon the wife of Nuno Gonzalez de Lara el Bueno c King Alfonso s most long lasting extra marital relationship which began in 1218 and lasted until his death in 1230 38 was with Teresa Gil de Soverosa 39 A member of the Portuguese nobility Teresa was the daughter of Gil Vasques de Soverosa and his first wife Maria Aires de Fornelos They had four children all of them born between 1218 and 1230 40 Sancha d 1270 Married Simon Ruiz Lord of Los Cameros 41 She later became a nun at the convent of Santa Eufemia de Cozuelos which she had founded 41 Maria died after July 1275 d Her first marriage was with Alvaro Fernandez de Lara She was then the concubine of her nephew King Alfonso X of Castile and according to the Count of Barcelos her second husband was Suero Arias de Valladares 41 Martin died 1268 1272 married to Maria Mendes de Sousa founders of the Monastery of Sancti Spiritus Salamanca There was no issue from this marriage 42 Urraca d after 1252 First married Garcia Romeu 41 and then Pedro Nunez de Guzman 41 Although Alfonso IX is supposed to have had another son Pedro Alfonso de Leon there is no documentary proof that he was the king s son or that he was the Grand Master of the Order of Santiago e Notes Edit King Fernando s year of birth is not recorded According to the Chronica latina de los reyes de Castilla he was 16 years old when he became king of Castile in 1217 which would mean that he was born in 1201 Rodrigo Jimenez de Rada a contemporary of Fernando said that he was 18 years old in 1217 which would indicate that his birth was in 1199 two years after his parents marriage 25 26 It is possible that besides Ferdinand Alfonso they also had another son John Alfonso who appears in several documents with the children that Estefania had with her husband Rodrigo Suarez 30 There is controversy among historians and genealogists on her marriage to Nuno Gonzalez de Lara According to Pedro Afonso Count of Barcelos followed by other historians 35 Nuno s wife was this Teresa daughter of King Alfonso IX and Aldonza Martinez de Silva Luis de Salazar y Castro believed that her father was Pedro Alfonso de Leon supposedly an illegitimate son of Alfonso IX Spanish historian Julio Gonzalez Gonzalez argued that Nuno s wife could have been the daughter of Urraca Alfonso illegitimate daughter of King Alfonso IX and her husband Lope Diaz II de Haro 36 Szabolcs de Vajay rules out these last two filiations since her patronymic would have been Perez or Lopez rather than Alfonso and suggests that she could have been an illegitimate daughter of Alfonso of Molina Nevertheless Teresa confirms her filiation and marriage in a sale that she made in November 1254 in which she declares that she is the daughter of King Alfonso granddaughter of King Fernando II of Leon and Galicia and wife of Nuno Gonzalez de Lara 37 On 4 July 1275 Maria donated a fourth part of Lougares to the Monastery of Santa Maria de Melon document published by the Real Academia Gallega for Rades Francisco de Rades y Andrada in the space of time corresponding to the government of Fernando Perez Chacin there were really two Grand Masters Fernando Perez Chacin who died or was removed a year after his election and Pedro Alfonso elected in 1225 who died a year later For Derek William Lomax there was only one Grand Master in this short period of time Fernando Perez Chacin In fact documentation proves that this historian is right rather than the chronicler who mentioned a non existent Grand Master supposedly an illegitimate son of King Alfonso IX loose translation 43 References Edit a b c d Gerli amp Armistead 2003 p 54 Spain The rise of Castile and Aragon Britannica Retrieved 2022 09 03 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Shadis 2010 p xix Shadis 2010 p 53 Un anglosajon prueba que en Leon y no en Inglaterra nacio la democracia Diario de Leon in Spanish Londres June 19 2006 Archived from the original on 2009 06 23 Retrieved April 3 2018 a b One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Alphonso s v Alphonso IX Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 1 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 735 Lower 2014 p 605 Shadis 2010 p 61 62 Moore 2003 pp 70 71 Reilly 1993 p 133 Shadis 2010 pp 78 84 Tuy 2003 p 324 4 84 Wright 2000 Martinez Diez Gonzalo 1993 Los Templarios en la Corona de Castilla 1st ed Burgos La Olmeda D L p 103 ISBN 9788460462774 Historia October 22 2015 Apendice I Los lugares del Temple In Martinez Gemma Minguez Nines eds Templarios Del origen de las cruzadas al final de la Orden del Temple 1st ed Madrid Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial S A U p 417 ISBN 9788401015731 Shadis 2010 p 3 Echols amp Williams 1992 pp 400 401 Fernandes Marques 2008 pp 62 87 Fernandes Marques 2008 pp 89 140 Fernandes Marques 2008 p 140 Fernandes Marques 2008 p 140 y 143 a b c d e Martinez Diez 2007 p 47 a b Florez 1761 p 348 Florez 1761 p 355 Rodriguez Lopez 2004 p 30 Florez 1761 pp 347 348 Calderon Medina 2011 p 262 Calderon Medina 2011 pp 262 263 a b Calderon Medina 2011 pp 264 265 Calderon Medina 2011 p 264 n 31 a b Calderon Medina 2011 p 265 Calderon Medina 2011 pp 266 267 Calderon Medina 2011 pp 267 268 Calderon Medina 2011 pp 268 270 Calderon Medina 2011 pp 269 Sanchez de Mora 2004 p 633 and n 8 Martinez Martinez 1997 Doc 495 pp 359 360 Calderon Medina 2011 p 275 Calderon Medina 2011 p 270 Calderon Medina 2011 pp 268 270 and 275 a b c d e Calderon Medina 2011 p 276 Calderon Medina 2011 pp 275 276 Ayala Martinez 1997 p 245 n 14 Bibliography EditAlonso Isabel 2002 Desheredamiento y desafuero o la pretendida justificacion de una revuelta nobiliaria Cahiers d Etudes Hispaniques Medievales in Spanish No 25 pp 99 129 ISSN 2108 7083 Ayala Martinez Carlos de 1997 Las ordenes militares en el siglo XII castellano La consolidacion de los maestrazgos Anuario de Estudios Medievales in Spanish No 27 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas CSIC Institucion Mila y Fontanals ISSN 0066 5061 Calderon Medina Ines 2011 Las otras mujeres del rey El concubinato regio en el reino de Leon 1157 1230 PDF Seminario Medieval 2009 2011 in Spanish Coordinators Ferreira Maria do Rosario Laranjinha Ana Sofia Ribeiro Miranda Jose Carlos Oporto Instituto de Filosofia da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto pp 255 289 ISBN 9789898459145 Doubleday Simon R 2001 The Lara family crown and nobility in medieval Spain Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 03429 7 Echols Anne Williams Marty 1992 An Annotated index of Medieval Women Markus Weiner Publishing Inc ISBN 978 0 910129 27 5 Fernandes Marques Maria Alegria 2008 Estudos sobre a Ordem de Cister em Portugal in Portuguese Coimbra Estudos da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra ISBN 978 972 772 019 4 Florez Enrique 1761 Antonio Marin ed Memorias de las Reynas Catholicas historia genealogica de la Casa Real de Castilla y de Leon todos los infantes Trages de las Reynas en estampas y nuevo aspecto de la historia de Espana Vol I Madrid OCLC 220697158 Gerli E Michael Armistead Samuel G eds 2003 Medieval Iberia an encyclopedia Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 93918 8 Lower Michael 2014 The Papacy and Christian Mercenaries of Thirteenth Century North Africa Speculum The University of Chicago Press 89 3 JULY 601 631 doi 10 1017 S0038713414000761 S2CID 154773840 Martinez Diez Gonzalo 2007 Alfonso VIII rey de Castilla y Toledo 1158 1214 in Spanish Gijon Ediciones Trea S L ISBN 978 84 9704 327 4 Martinez Martinez Martin 1997 Cartulario de Santa Maria de Carracedo 992 1500 in Spanish Vol I 992 974 Ponferrada Instituto de Estudios Bercianos ISBN 84 88635 07 9 Moore John Clare 2003 Pope Innocent III 1160 61 1216 To root up and to plant Brill ISBN 978 1 4237 1213 8 Reilly Bernard F 1993 The Medieval Spains Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 39436 9 Rodriguez Lopez Ana 2004 Sucesion regia y legitimidad politica en Castilla en los siglos XII y XIII Algunas consideraciones sobre el relato de las cronicas latinas castellano leonesas Annexes des Cahiers de linguistique et de civilisation hispaniques medievales in Spanish 16 1 21 41 doi 10 3406 cehm 2004 1312 Sanchez de Mora Antonio 2004 Nuno Gonzalez de Lara El mas poderoso omne que sennor ouiese e mas honrado de Espanna Historia instituciones documentos in Spanish No 31 Seville University of Seville ISSN 0210 7716 permanent dead link Shadis Miriam 2010 Berenguela of Castile 1180 1246 and Political Women in the High Middle Ages Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 0 312 23473 7 Tuy Lucas 2003 Rey Emma Falque ed Chronicon mundi Turnhout Brepols ISBN 9782503037417 Wright Roger 2000 El tratado de Cabreros 1206 estudio sociofilologico de una reforma ortografica London Queen Mary and Westfield College ISBN 978 0 904188 59 2 Further reading EditSanchez Rivera Jesus Angel Configuracion de una iconografia singular la venerable dona Sancha Alfonso comendadora de Santiago Anales de Historia del Arte nº 18 2008 Madrid Universidad Complutense de Madrid pp 167 209 Szabolcs de Vajay From Alfonso VIII to Alfonso X in Studies in Genealogy and Family History in Tribute to Charles Evans on the Occasion of his Eightieth Birthday 1989 pp 366 417 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alfonso IX of Leon Alfonso IX of LeonCastilian House of IvreaCadet branch of the House of IvreaBorn 15 August 1171 Died 23 24 September 1230Regnal titlesPreceded byFerdinand II King of Leon and Galicia1188 1230 Succeeded byFerdinand III Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Alfonso IX of Leon amp oldid 1129772117, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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