The albumen print, also called albumen silver print, was published in January 1847[1] by Louis Désiré Blanquart-Evrard, and was the first commercially exploitable method of producing a photographic print on a paper base from a negative.[2] It used the albumen found in egg whites to bind the photographic chemicals to the paper and became the dominant form of photographic positives from 1855 to the start of the 20th century, with a peak in the 1860–90 period. During the mid-19th century, the carte de visite became one of the more popular uses of the albumen method. In the 19th century, E. & H. T. Anthony & Company were the largest makers and distributors of albumen photographic prints and paper in the United States.[3]
Louis Désiré Blanquart-Evrard in 1869, albumen print, by himself
John Moran's albumen print of Limon Bay, High Tide., 1871, albumen silver print, original size 7 15/16 × 10 5/8 in. (20.2 × 27 cm), J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, California
A piece of paper, usually 100% cotton, is coated with an emulsion of egg white (albumen) and salt (sodium chloride or ammonium chloride), then dried. The albumen seals the paper and creates a slightly glossy surface for the sensitizer to rest on.
The paper is then dipped in a solution of silver nitrate and water which renders the surface sensitive to UV light.
The paper is then dried in the absence of UV light.
The dried, prepared paper is placed in a frame in direct contact under a negative. The negative is traditionally a glass negative with collodion emulsion, but this step can be performed with a modern silver halide negative, too. The paper with negative is then exposed to light until the image achieves the desired level of darkness, which is typically a little lighter than the end product. The progress of the print can be checked during the exposure as it is a printing-out process and the image can be seen taking form as it is being exposed to light. Though direct sunlight was used long ago, a UV exposure unit is often used contemporarily because it is more predictable, as the paper is most sensitive to ultraviolet light.
A bath of sodium thiosulfate fixes the print’s exposure, preventing further darkening.
Optional gold or seleniumtoning improves the photograph’s tone and stabilizes against fading. Depending on the toner, toning may be performed before or after fixing the print.
Because the image emerges as a direct result of exposure to light, without the aid of a developing solution, an albumen print may be said to be a printed rather than a developed photograph.
The table salt (sodium chloride) in the albumen emulsion forms silver chloride when in contact with silver nitrate. Silver chloride is unstable when exposed to light, which makes it decompose into silver and chlorine. The silver ion (Ag+) is reduced to silver (Ag) by addition of an electron during the development/printing process, and the remaining silver chloride is washed out during fixing. The black parts of the image are formed by metallic silver (Ag).
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Albumen prints.
^Blanquart-Evrard, Louis-Désiré (1869). La photographie, ses origines, ses progrès, ses transformations (in French). Lille, France: L. Danel.
^Newhall, Beaumont (April 1955). (PDF). Image, Journal of Photography of George Eastman House. Rochester, N.Y.: International Museum of Photography at George Eastman House Inc. IV (4): 25–26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
^Welling, William. Photography in America (1978 & 1987)
Marshall, F.A.S. Photography: the importance of its applications in preserving pictorial records. Containing a practical description of the Talbotype process (London: Hering & Remington; Peterborough, T Chadwell & J Clarke, 1855).
External links
(archived 27 October 2016)
Old Photos of Japan — Samples of hand-tinted albumen photographs
(archived 7 November 2012)
Albumen Photographs: history, science and preservation
Jarvis, Chad. . Alternativephotography.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009.
Photos of Japan — A collection of hand-painted Japanese albumen prints
albumen, print, albumen, print, also, called, albumen, silver, print, published, january, 1847, louis, désiré, blanquart, evrard, first, commercially, exploitable, method, producing, photographic, print, paper, base, from, negative, used, albumen, found, white. The albumen print also called albumen silver print was published in January 1847 1 by Louis Desire Blanquart Evrard and was the first commercially exploitable method of producing a photographic print on a paper base from a negative 2 It used the albumen found in egg whites to bind the photographic chemicals to the paper and became the dominant form of photographic positives from 1855 to the start of the 20th century with a peak in the 1860 90 period During the mid 19th century the carte de visite became one of the more popular uses of the albumen method In the 19th century E amp H T Anthony amp Company were the largest makers and distributors of albumen photographic prints and paper in the United States 3 Louis Desire Blanquart Evrard in 1869 albumen print by himself The Hypaethral Temple Philae by Francis Frith 1857 medium albumen print original size 38 2 49 0 cm from the collection of the National Galleries of Scotland John Moran s albumen print of Limon Bay High Tide 1871 albumen silver print original size 7 15 16 10 5 8 in 20 2 27 cm J Paul Getty Museum Los Angeles California Camille Silvy s albumen print of Viscountess Amberley original size 3 3 8 in 2 1 8 in 85 mm 55 mm Creation process EditA piece of paper usually 100 cotton is coated with an emulsion of egg white albumen and salt sodium chloride or ammonium chloride then dried The albumen seals the paper and creates a slightly glossy surface for the sensitizer to rest on The paper is then dipped in a solution of silver nitrate and water which renders the surface sensitive to UV light The paper is then dried in the absence of UV light The dried prepared paper is placed in a frame in direct contact under a negative The negative is traditionally a glass negative with collodion emulsion but this step can be performed with a modern silver halide negative too The paper with negative is then exposed to light until the image achieves the desired level of darkness which is typically a little lighter than the end product The progress of the print can be checked during the exposure as it is a printing out process and the image can be seen taking form as it is being exposed to light Though direct sunlight was used long ago a UV exposure unit is often used contemporarily because it is more predictable as the paper is most sensitive to ultraviolet light A bath of sodium thiosulfate fixes the print s exposure preventing further darkening Optional gold or selenium toning improves the photograph s tone and stabilizes against fading Depending on the toner toning may be performed before or after fixing the print Because the image emerges as a direct result of exposure to light without the aid of a developing solution an albumen print may be said to be a printed rather than a developed photograph The table salt sodium chloride in the albumen emulsion forms silver chloride when in contact with silver nitrate Silver chloride is unstable when exposed to light which makes it decompose into silver and chlorine The silver ion Ag is reduced to silver Ag by addition of an electron during the development printing process and the remaining silver chloride is washed out during fixing The black parts of the image are formed by metallic silver Ag References Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Albumen prints Blanquart Evrard Louis Desire 1869 La photographie ses origines ses progres ses transformations in French Lille France L Danel Newhall Beaumont April 1955 60 000 Eggs A Day PDF Image Journal of Photography of George Eastman House Rochester N Y International Museum of Photography at George Eastman House Inc IV 4 25 26 Archived from the original PDF on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 20 July 2014 Welling William Photography in America 1978 amp 1987 Marshall F A S Photography the importance of its applications in preserving pictorial records Containing a practical description of the Talbotype process London Hering amp Remington Peterborough T Chadwell amp J Clarke 1855 External links EditGeorge Eastman House Photographic Process 3 0 The Albumen Process archived 27 October 2016 Old Photos of Japan Samples of hand tinted albumen photographs Albumen prints from the American University in Cairo Rare Books and Special Collections Digital Library archived 7 November 2012 Albumen Photographs history science and preservation Jarvis Chad Albumen printing Creating and processing albumen paper Alternativephotography com Archived from the original on 14 July 2012 Retrieved 8 July 2012 Kiwi Sun Photography Albumen Printing Archived from the original on 7 January 2009 Photos of Japan A collection of hand painted Japanese albumen prints Albumen prints from the University of Michigan Museum of Art Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Albumen print amp oldid 1130540991, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
