Ahmed el-Tayeb
Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed El-Tayeb (Arabic: أحمد محمد أحمد الطيب) (born 6 January 1946) is an Egyptian Islamic scholar and the current Grand Imam of al-Azhar, Al-Azhar Al Sharif and former president of al-Azhar University. He was appointed by the Egyptian President, Hosni Mubarak, following the death of Mohamed Sayed Tantawy in 2010.[1] He is from Kurna, Luxor Governorate in Upper Egypt, and he belongs to a Sunni Muslim family.[2]
Ahmed El-Tayeb أحمد الطيب | |
|---|---|
Ahmed El-Tayeb in 2015 | |
| Grand Imam of al-Azhar & Al-Azhar Al Sharif | |
| Assumed office 10 March 2010 | |
| President | Hosni Mubarak Mohamed Hussein Tantawy (Acting) Mohamed Morsi Abdel Fattah el-Sisi |
| Preceded by | Mohamed Sayed Tantawy |
| Grand Mufti of Egypt | |
| In office 10 March 2002 – 27 September 2003 | |
| President | Hosni Mubarak |
| Preceded by | Nasr Farid Wasil |
| Succeeded by | Ali Gomaa |
| President of Al-Azhar University | |
| In office 2003–2010 | |
| President | Hosni Mubarak |
| Preceded by | Ahmad Omar Hashem |
| Succeeded by | Abdallah al-Husseini |
Ahmed el-Tayeb | |
|---|---|
| Personal | |
| Born | Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed El-Tayeb 6 January 1946 |
| Religion | Islam |
| Nationality | Egyptian |
| Denomination | Sunni |
| Jurisprudence | Maliki |
| Creed | Ash'ari |
| Movement | Sufi |
| Alma mater | Al-Azhar University Paris-Sorbonne University |
Education
Al-Tayeb studied Doctrine and Philosophy at Al-Azhar University, where he graduated in 1969, after that he had a master's degree and Ph.D. in Islamic philosophy in 1971 and 1977 respectively. Later on, he went to study at the University of Paris for six months, from December 1977 to 1978. Afterwards, he held academic posts at Al-Azhar University, then administrative roles in Qena and Aswan, and worked at the International Islamic University, Islamabad in Pakistan in 1999–2000.[3]
Between 2002 and 2003, al-Tayeb served as Grand Mufti of Egypt.[4] Al-Tayeb is a hereditary Sufi shaykh from Upper Egypt and has expressed support for a global Sufi league.[5][6] He has been president of Al-Azhar University from 2003 until 2010.[7][8]
Political party (past)
Prior to his appointment as the Grand Imam of Al-Azhar and president of al-Azhar University, he was a member of Mubarak's National Democratic Party's Policies Committee.[1] He initially refused to resign from his position in the National Democratic Party (NDP) by saying that there was no conflict between his role at Al-Azhar and membership in the party.[9]
In April 2010, he resigned from his post in the party.[10]
Views
Muslim Brotherhood
In an article published shortly after his appointment as president of Al-Azhar University, he was described as "a regime loyalist and member of Mr Mubarak's ruling National Democratic Party [who] takes a firm stance against the Muslim Brotherhood".
Tayeb was quoted as saying that Al-Azhar University would "never be an open field for the Brotherhood".[1]
The same article reported that the Muslim Brotherhood's leader, Mohammed Badie, had congratulated Tayeb on his appointment. At the same time, the Brotherhood senior member, Sheikh Sayed Askar, also an Azharite, accused the government of "promoting one of its own at the expense of people better suited to the post".[1]
Criticism intensified after the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. Some Muslim Brotherhood members accused him of being "a remnant of the ousted Mubarak regime and National Democratic Party".[11]
In 2011, following the Egyptian revolution, the Muslim Brotherhood held a rally at the Al-Azhar mosque to oppose what it described as the Judaization of Jerusalem. He said at the rally that "the al-Aqsa Mosque is currently under an offensive by the Jews" and "we shall not allow the Zionists to Judaize al-Quds [Jerusalem]". He also alleged that Jews around the world were trying to prevent Islamic and Egyptian unity.[12][13]
He backed the military coup against Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi.[14]
Opposition to sectarianism
He has strongly rebuked the Sunni anti-Alawite preaching, which has increased since the Syrian Bashar Al Assad regime, cracked down on the Sunni Muslim rebels in the Syrian Civil War.[15]
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
He has strongly condemned the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and stated that it is acting "under the guise of this holy religion and have given themselves the name 'Islamic State' in an attempt to export their false Islam"[16][17] and (citing the Quran).
"The punishment for those who wage war against God and his Prophet and who strive to sow corruption on earth is death, crucifixion, the severing of hands and feet on opposite sides or banishment from the land. This is the disgrace for them in this world and in the hereafter they will receive grievous torment".
He has been criticized for not expressly stating that Islamic State was heretical.[18][19] The Ash'ari school of Islamic theology – to which El-Tayeb belongs – does not allow calling a person who follows the shahada an apostate.[18]
Al-Tayeb has strongly come out against the practice of takfirism, declaring a Muslim an apostate, which is used by Islamic State to "judge and accuse anyone who doesn't toe their line with apostasy and outside the realm of the faith" and declares "jihad on peaceful Muslims" by using "flawed interpretations of some Qur'anic texts, the prophet's Sunna, and the Imams' views, believing incorrectly that they are leaders of Muslim armies fighting infidel peoples in unbelieving lands".[20]
Wahhabism and Salafism
In late 2016, at a conference of over a hundred Sunni scholars in Chechnya, al-Tayeb defined orthodox Sunnism as "the Ash'arites and Maturidites (adherents of the theological systems of Imam Abu Mansur al-Maturidi and Imam Abul Hasan al-Ash'ari) ... followers of any of the four schools of thought (Hanafi, Shafi'i, Maliki or Hanbali) and ... also the followers of the Sufism of Imam Junaid al-Baghdadi in doctrines, manners and [spiritual] purification."[21] Having said that, Sheikh Ahmad al-Tayeb excluded the “Salafis” from the term of Ahluls Sunna (Sunnis) stating that Salafis – also known as Wahhabis – are not from among the Sunnis.[22] The conference was believed to have been designed to take an "uncompromising stand against the growing Takfiri terrorism that is playing havoc across the world."[23]
Shia Islam
In 2016, he reissued the fatwa on Shia Muslims, calling Shia the fifth school of Islam and seeing no problem with conversions from Sunni to Shia Islam.[24]
Christians
In February 2017, he commented on the issue of building a church for 500 Christian Copts in Kom Al Lofi, Minya Governorate, by saying: "their numbers do not allow for the construction of a church.", then he added, "We are a Muslim state and if there was a pre-existing church we would not object to prayers taking place, but why call for having a church now when we need to unite, not cause the occurrence of strife and this is strife caused by the media!"[25]
On 7 November 2017, he met Pope Francis in the Vatican, to discuss spreading the culture of peace and coexistence and renouncing extremism and Islamophobia.[26] In February 2019, they met again in Abu Dhabi during the Pope's visit to the United Arab Emirates,[27] where he also signed the Document on Human Fraternity. On 15 November 2019, they met again in the Vatican, to achieve the goals of the signed document.[28] This text later inspired the UN resolution that designated February 4 as the International Day of Human Fraternity.[29][30]
Women
He wrote that Islam forbids Muslim women from marrying non-Muslims, because the latter do not believe in the Prophet Muhammad and his religion, meanwhile Muslim men would allow their non-Muslim women to practice their religion freely.[31]
In May 2021, he wrote on Twitter: "A woman is permitted to assume senior positions such as in the judiciary or the issuing of fatwas and is also allowed to travel without a guardian", then he added, "there is “no such as thing" as 'Bait Al-Ta’a' (House of Obedience) in Islam, and that guardians have "no right" to prevent women from marrying without adequate reasons."[32]
Awards
- In 2005, he received the Order of Independence by King of Jordan, Abdullah II of Jordan, during his participation in the International Islamic Conference which was held in Jordan that year.[3]
- In 2013, Sheikh Zayed Book Award, Cultural Personality of the Year.[33]
- The Muslim 500 Mention
- In March 2020 at the initiative of the President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev, Imam Ahmad el-Tayyeb has been awarded the title of Honorary Citizen of Samarkand at the International Conference "Imam Abu Mansur Maturidi and the Teachings of Maturidiyya: The Past and the Present" in Samarkand. The Governor of Samarkand, Babur Applakulov, granted Ahmad el-Tayyeb, the status of honorary citizen of the city of Samarkand, after the decision was ratified by the House of Representatives and the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The honor comes in recognition of el-Tayyeb's efforts to propagate moderate thoughts of Islam worldwide and strengthen the Egyptian-Uzbek ties.[34][35][36]
Books
- al-Jānib al-naqdī fī falsafat Abī al-Barakāt al-Baghdādi. Cairo: Dār al-Shurūq. 2004. ISBN 9770910783.
See also
References
Constructs such as ibid., loc. cit. and idem are discouraged by Wikipedia's style guide for footnotes, as they are easily broken. Please improve this article by replacing them with named references (quick guide), or an abbreviated title. (June 2020) |
- ^ a b c d Abou el Magd, Nadia (21 March 2010). "Mubarak appoints a new chief of Al Azhar". The National.
- ^ "أحمد الطيب شيخ الأزهر الجديد". www.aljazeera.net (in Arabic). Retrieved 22 February 2019.
- ^ a b . Azhar (in Arabic). 16 May 2016. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
- ^ Shahine, Gihan (25–31 March 2010). . Al-Ahram Weekly. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012.
- ^ Carnegie Endowment: "Salafis and Sufis in Egypt" by Jonathan Brown December 2011 | p 12 | "Ahmad al-Tayyeb, is a hereditary Sufi shaykh from Upper Egypt who has recently expressed his support for the formation of a world Sufi league."
- ^ The New Arab: "IS threatens Egypt's Sufis after cleric murders" 9 December 2016 | The head of al-Azhar, Ahmed al-Tayeb, practises Sufism, as have many leading Sunni Muslim clerics over the centuries.
- ^ "EGYPT: Moderate cleric the front-runner in race to take over powerful Sunni Muslim post". LA Times. 13 March 2010.
- ^ Topol, Sarah (22 March 2010). "Egypt names Ahmed el-Tayeb sheikh of Al-Azhar University". Christian Science Monitor.
- ^ El-Beheri, Ahmed (21 March 2010): New sheikh of Al-Azhar: 'I won't resign from NDP', Egypt Independent
- ^ Maher Ghali Katharina Natter, Diana (4 April 2010): "Mubarak accepts Azhar Sheikh's resignation from NDP", Masress
- ^ Essam El-Din, Gamal (30 November 2012): "Constituent Assembly okays draft Egypt charter in night-time session", AhramOnLine
- ^ Beck, Eldad (25 November 2011). "Cairo rally: One day we'll kill all Jews". Ynetnews. Ynet. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
- ^ Muslim Brotherhood rally vows to 'kill all Jews' By Oren Kessler, The Jerusalem Post, 27 November 2011. (accessed on 17 August 2012).
- ^ BBC News (4 July 2013): "Q&A: Egypt military ousts Morsi" BBC News Service
- ^ "Islam's old schism: Sunnis v Shias, here and there". The Economist. 29 June 2013.
- ^ Al Arabiya: "Head of Egypt’s al-Azhar condemns ISIS ‘barbarity’" 6 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine 3 December 2014
- ^ Asharq Al-Awsat: "Egypt’s Al-Azhar stops short of declaring ISIS apostates - Azhar statement rejects practice of takfirism" 6 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine 13 December 2014
- ^ a b Al Ahram: "In search of ‘renewal’ - Al-Azhar is at the centre of an escalating controversy" by Amany Maged 15 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine 15 January 2015
- ^ Al Monitor: "Al-Azhar refuses to consider the Islamic State an apostate" 6 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine by Ahmed Fouad |"The sheikh of Al-Azhar, Ahmed al-Tayeb, repeated his rejection of declaring IS apostates on 1 Jan, during a meeting with editors-in-chief of Egyptian newspapers. This sparked criticism from a number of religious, political and media parties, especially since Al-Azhar could have renounced the Nigerian mufti’s statement on IS without addressing the issue of whether or not Al-Azhar considers the group apostates"
- ^ Muslim World League: "Sheikh Al-Azhar Speech in opening of conference" 19 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine 22 February 2015
- ^ "Islamic conference in Chechnya: Why Sunnis are disassociating themselves from Salafists" Sep, 09 2016 | He stated: “Ahluls Sunna wal Jama’ah are the Ash’arites or Muturidis (adherents of Abu Mansur al-Maturidi's systematic theology which is also identical to Imam Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari’s school of logical thought). In matters of belief, they are followers of any of the four schools of thought (Hanafi, Shaf’ai, Maliki or Hanbali) and are also the followers of pure Sufism in doctrines, manners and [spiritual] purification.
- ^ Ibid., "Islamic conference in Chechnya: Why Sunnis are disassociating themselves from Salafis"
- ^ "Islamic conference in Chechnya: Why Sunnis are disassociating themselves from Salafists" Sep, 09 2016
- ^ Teymoori, Ali (19 October 2016). "Fatwa of Al-Azhar's Grand Imam on Shia". Ijtihad Network.
- ^ "Copts of Egypt: Pope Francis, Al-Azhar, and the reality of sectarianism on the ground". Open Democracy. 26 April 2017.
- ^ "Azhar Sheikh, Vatican Pope discuss support to world peace". Egypt Today. 7 November 2017.
- ^ "Azhar Grand Sheikh meets Pope Francis in Abu Dhabi on Sunday". Egypt Independent. 2 February 2019.
- ^ "Holy See Press Office Communiqué: Audience with the Grand Imam Ahmed Al-Tayeb, Sheikh of Al-Azhar, and entourage, 15.11.2019". press.vatican.va. 15 November 2019.
- ^ Nations, United (4 February 2021). "First-ever International Day of Human Fraternity focuses on tolerance | United Nations". United Nations. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
- ^ Nations, United. "Secretary-General's message for 2022 | International Day of Human Fraternity". United Nations. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
- ^ "Azhar Grand Sheikh: Islam bans marriage of Muslim women to non-Muslims". Egypt Independent. 18 November 2020.
- ^ "Guardians have no right to prevent women from marrying: Grand Imam". Khaleej Times. 8 May 2021.
- ^ . zayedaward.ae. 3 April 2013. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
- ^ "Sheikh Ahmed el-Tayeb becomes Honorary Citizen of Samarkand". Uzbekistan National News Agency (UzA). 3 March 2020.
- ^ "Samarkand celebrates and honors Sheikh Al-Tayyib". Teller Report.
- ^ "Samarkand awards Tayyeb title of honorary citizen". State Information Service (SIS).
External links
Media related to Ahmed el-Tayeb at Wikimedia Commons
- Official website at Al-Azhar Mosque and University