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Afrighids

The Afrighids (Khwarazmian: ʾfryḡ) were a native Khwarezmian Iranian[1][2][3] dynasty who ruled over the ancient kingdom of Khwarezm. Over time, they were under the suzerainty of the Sasanian Empire, the Hephthalite Empire, the Göktürk Khaganate, the Umayyad Caliphate, Abbasid Caliphate and the Samanid Empire.

Afrighid dynasty
305–995
Map showing the territory ruled by the Afrighid dynasty (highlighted in green), abutting the southern shore of the (former) Aral Sea
CapitalKath
Common languagesOld Khwarazmian
Religion
Zoroastrianism (until the early 9th-century)
Sunni Islam (after the early 9th-century)
GovernmentMonarchy
Khwarazmshah 
• 305–???
Afrig (first)
• 967–995
Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad (last)
Historical eraMiddle Ages
• Established
305
• Ma'munid conquest of Khwarezm.
995
Succeeded by

They were ultimately deposed by a rival family, the Ma'munids of Gurganj, who became the new rulers of Khwarazm.

Sources

Al-Biruni, the native Khwarezmian scholar, mentions twenty-two members of the Afrighid dynasty for a total span of 690 years with an average rule of 31 years for each ruler.[4] According to him, the Afrighids ruled from 305, through the Arab conquests under Qutayba ibn Muslim in 712, and up to their overthrow in 995 by the rising rival family of Ma'munids. The main source on the Afrighids prior to Islam is also Al-Biruni. Part of the reason for the gap in information about this dynasty is mentioned by Al-Biruni.

Al-Biruni states:

When Qutaibah bin Moslem under the command of Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf was sent to Khwarazmia with a military expedition and conquered it for the second time, he swiftly killed whoever wrote in the Khwarazmian native language and knew of the Khwarazmian heritage, history, and culture. He then killed all their Zoroastrian priests and burned and wasted their books, until gradually the illiterate only remained, who knew nothing of writing, and hence the region's history was mostly forgotten.

Etymology

It has been suggested that 'Afrigh' is the Arabicized of 'Abriz' in Persian (آبریز where water flows, a reference to the geography of Khwarazm and its abundant water). However, Dr. Parviz Azkai, in his annotations on Al-Biruni's Chronology of Ancient Nations, explains that this is a popular etymology. Azkai explains that Afrigh was originally Ap-Air-ig meaning from the Aryan descent: ap or af is the same in 'afrashtan' (Persian: افراشتن) to raise; air is the root meaning Aryan as seen in Iraj, and Eran/Iran (land of Aryan); and -ig is the suffix of relation in Iranian languages and cognate to '-ic' in English or '-ique' in French.

Geography

Khwarazm was a well-irrigated, rich agricultural region on the lower Oxus. Bordering steppeland and desert on all sides, Khwarazm was geographically secluded from other areas of civilization, which allowed it to preserve a separate distinctive Iranian language and culture. Khwarazm was possibly the early homeland of the Iranians.[5] In the Islamic era, the region had three main cities; Kath, Gurganj and Hazarasp.[6]

Kingdom

 
The fortress of Ayaz Kala 2 was built during the Afrighid period, in the 6th to 8th century CE

Most of Afrighid history is recorded by the Khwarazmian scholar al-Biruni (died 1050), whose reliability has been questioned. According to the latter, the Afrighids were founded by Afrig in 305, succeeding the semi-legendary line of the Siyavushids, founded by the Iranian king Kay Khosrow. However, extensive Soviet archeological findings demonstrate that al-Biruni was in reality not well-acquainted with pre-Islamic Khwarazmian history. Coin findings show that before the advent of the Afrighids, Khwarazm was part of the Parthian Empire.[7] The start of the Khwarazmian era seemingly took place in the early 1st-century, after they had freed themselves of Parthian rule, and established their own local dynasty of shahs. The dynastic name of "Afrighid" (Khwarazmian: ʾfryḡ) is not attested anywhere besides al-Biruni, which has led scholars to suggest that the name never existed. The Iranologist Clifford Edmund Bosworth adds that "If this [Afrig] era was actually in use, it must have been unofficial."[7] Likewise, many of the Khwarazmshahs recorded by al-Biruni are not supported by archeological evidence; however, this may be due to scribal errors.[8][7]

The first four centuries of Afrighid rule are particularly obscure. According to al-Biruni, Afrig had a large fortress called Fil or Fir constructed on the fringe of the capital Kath, which by the time of al-Biruni was in ruins, due to the changes in the flow of the Oxus in the 10th-century. Coinage confirms the existence of the Afrighid shah Arsamuh, who lived during the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Reliable information about Khwarazm first starts to appear in the early 8th-century.[7] Khwarazm had initially been the subject of ineffective raids by the Arabs, who occasionally attacked from the neighbouring regions of Khurasan and Transoxiana. In 712, however, the Arab governor of Khurasan, Qutayba ibn Muslim, capilizated on the civil war between the shah Azkajwar II and his brother Khurrazad. Khwarazm was devastated, and Azkajwar II was killed. According to al-Biruni, the Arabs killed all Khwarazmian scholars who knew the ancient history of the country; however, according to Bosworth, this is exaggerated.[7]

Once the Arabs withdrew from their raid, the Shahs recovered power in Khwarezm and they continued to adhere to their ancestral faith, which according to Al-Biruni was Zoroastrianism. The local shahs continued to ally with local Iranian princes, Soghdian merchants and even Turks and Chinese in order to resist the Arabs.[1] Khwarazm was one of the few Iranian states which survived through the early Islamic period.[9]

 
Silver bowl from Khwarezm depicting a four-armed goddess seated on a lion, possibly Nana. Dated 658, British Museum.[10]
 
Ossuary Lid, Tok-Kala Necropolis, Alabaster. 7th-8th century CE

The Afrighids and the local population were most likely adherents of Zoroastrianism.[7] The first Khwarazmshah to convert to Islam was Azkajwar-Abdallah, who ruled in the early 9th-century, perhaps coinciding with the reign of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833). Regardless, the Islamization of the local population was much slower. In the early 10th-century, the Khwarazmshahs were made vassals of the Samanid dynasty,[6][7] a Persian family which ruled mainly in Transoxania and Khurasan.[11] Although the Khwarazmshahs sometimes granted sanctuary to Samanid rebels, they generally ruled a peaceful domain. During the end of the Samanids, the Khwarazmshahs extended their rule as far as the northern edges of Khurasan, ruling frontier posts such as Farawa and Nasa.[6]

An uncertain part of Khwarazmian history is the rise of Ma'munid family, who came to rule their hometown of Gurganj, one of the three main cities of the country. The city had risen to rival Kath, most likely due to its commercial success as a trading post between the steppe and the Kievan Rus'. The Ma'munids and Afrighids eventually became rivals, with conflict soon ensuing. The Ma'munid Ma'mun I deposed and killed the Afrighid shah Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad (r. 967–995), thus marking the end of the first Khwarazmshah line of the Afrighids, and the inauguration of the second Khwarazmshah line of the Ma'munids.[6]

Religion

The Khwarazmian population practiced a variant of Zoroastriansm mixed with local paganism. Contrary to Iran, Zoroastrianism was not an official religion of Khwarazm, and thus did not follow strict writings.[12] The Iran-based and Khwarazmian variants differed significantly from each other; while the remains of the deceased was buried in niches carved in rock or in arched burial chambers, while the Khwarazmians used ossuaries, which was a survival of earlier doctrines. The Khwarazmians continued to bury their dead in ossuaries until the 3rd-century, when they were replaced with stone boxes, a sign of the expanding influence of orthodox Zoroastrianism from Iran. Contrary to the orthodox Zoroastrians, the Khwarazmians, like the Sogdians, mourned the dead, as demonstrated by the paintings on the Toprak-Kala ossuaries.[13] Veneration of the dead was highly esteemed in Khwarazm, with food being placed in the burial chambers on the last five days of the last (twelfth) month and five extra days during the New Year. The local cult of Vakhsh—the tutelary spirit of the element of water—was a sign of early animism amongst the Khwarazmians. They commemorated the feast of Vakhsh on the tenth day of the last month of the year.[12]

Language

The native language of Afrighid Khwarazm was Old Khwarazmian, written an indigenous script derived from Aramaic, which had been imported by the Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC) during their rule over Khwarazm.[14] According to the 10th-century Arab traveller Ahmad ibn Fadlan, the language sounded "like the chattering of starlings."[9]

Names of rulers

Only consonants of the pre-Islamic names are known with long vowels, since in Arabic script, the short vowels are not written and diacritic signs are used to clarify when required. After the conversion of 'Abdallah, all the names except possibly 'Eraq are Arabic and their pronunciation is known. Unfortunately, the manuscripts that have also come down have also suffered some corruption due to scribal errors,[1] since the Khwarezmian names were incomprehensible for most non-natives. Al-Biruni himself utilizes the extra letters of Khwarezmian which were not used in Arabic writings.

More is known about the dynasty in the Islamic era after the beginning of the 8th century and their conversion to Islam.

Name of the rulers given by the native Khwarezmian speaker Al-Biruni, and modern scholars.[1][15]

 
Coin of Coin of Bravik, also named Fravik, 7th century, Khwarazm
 
Coin of Sawashfan.
  1. Afrig (died 4th century)
  2. Baghra
  3. Biwarsar I (r. 3rd quarter of the 4th century)
  4. Kawi
  5. Biwarsar II
  6. Sahhasak
  7. Askajamuk I
  8. Azkajwar I
  9. Sahr I
  10. Shaush
  11. Hamgari
  12. Buzgar
  13. Arsamuh (r. during the time of the prophet Muhammad, around 600)
  14. Sahr II
  15. Sabri
  16. Azkajwar II (r. late 7th century — 712)
  17. Khusrau (r. 712)
  18. Askajamuk II (r. 712–?)
  19. Sawashfan (8th century)
  20. Torkasbatha
  21. Azkajwar-Abdallah (r. after 762/before 787 – 820s)
  22. Mansur ibn Abdallah
  23. Eraq ibn Mansur
  24. Muhammad ibn Eraq (died 10th century)
  25. Abu Sa'id Ahmad
  26. Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad (r. 967–995, the year he was killed)

References

  1. ^ a b c d Bosworth, C. E. "ĀL-E AFRĪḠ". Encyclopædia Iranica. Columbia University. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  2. ^ C.E. Bosworth, "The Ghaznavids" in History of Civilization: Central Asia in History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume IV: The Age of Achievement : A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century : Part One : The Historical Social and Economic Setting/edited by M.S. Asimov and C.E. Bosworth. Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1999, 485 pages. (Vol. IV, Pt. I). ISBN 81-208-1595-5. Excerpt from page 101: "The ancient Iranian kingdom of Khwarazm had been ruled until 995 by the old established line of Afrighids of Kath, but control subsequently passed to the new line of Khwarazm Shahs, the Ma'munids of Gurganj"
  3. ^ Clifford Edmund Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, Columbia University, 1996.
  4. ^ Encyclopedia Iranica, "ĀL-E AFRĪḠ (Afrighid dynasty)" by C. E. Bosworth
  5. ^ Bosworth 1996, pp. 89–90.
  6. ^ a b c d Bosworth 1978, p. 1066.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Bosworth 1984a, pp. 743–745.
  8. ^ Bosworth 1978, p. 1065.
  9. ^ a b Curtis & Stewart 2009, p. 16.
  10. ^ British Museum Collection
  11. ^ Bosworth & Crowe 1965, pp. 1025–1027.
  12. ^ a b Nerazik & Bulgakov 1996, p. 231.
  13. ^ Nerazik & Bulgakov 1996, pp. 223, 232.
  14. ^ MacKenzie 1992, pp. 517–520.
  15. ^ L. Massignon, "Al-Biruni et la valeur internationale de la science arabe" in Al-Biruni Commemoration Volume, (Calcutta, 1951). pp 217-219. excerpt: In a celebrated preface to the book of Drugs, Biruni says: It is through the Arabic language that the sciences have been transmitted by means of translations from all parts of the world. They have been enhanced by the translation into the Arabic language and have as a result insinuated themselves into men's hearts, and the beauty of this language has commingled with these sciences in our veins and arteries. And if it is true that in all nations one likes to adorn oneself by using the language to which one has remained loyal, having become accustomed to using it with friends and companions according to need, I must judge for myself that in my native Khwarezmian, science has as much as chance of becoming perpetuated as a camel has of facing Kaaba.

Sources

  • Bosworth, C.E. & Crowe, Yolande (1965). "Sāmānids". In Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume II: C–G. Leiden: E. J. Brill. OCLC 495469475.
  • Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1968). "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–202. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
  • Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1978). "K̲h̲wārazm-S̲h̲āhs". In van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume IV: Iran–Kha. Leiden: E. J. Brill. OCLC 758278456.
  • Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1984a). "Āl-e Afrīḡ". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 7. pp. 743–745.
  • Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1984b). "Āl-e Maʾmūn". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 7. pp. 762–764.
  • Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1986). "Anuštigin Ĝarčāī". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  • Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1989). "Altuntaš". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume III: Ātaš–Bayhaqī, Ẓahīr-al-Dīn. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 915. ISBN 978-0-71009-121-5.
  • Bosworth, C.E. (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. New York City: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-10714-5.
  • Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah (2009). The Rise of Islam: The Idea of Iran Vol 4. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1845116910.
  • MacKenzie, D. N. (1992). "Chorasmia iii. The Chorasmian Language". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume V: Carpets–Coffee. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 517–520. ISBN 978-0-939214-79-2.
  • Nerazik, E. E.; Bulgakov, P. G. (1996). "Khwarizm". In Litvinsky, B. A. (ed.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III: The Crossroads of Civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. pp. 207–236. ISBN 92-3-103211-9.

Further reading

afrighids, khwarazmian, ʾfryḡ, were, native, khwarezmian, iranian, dynasty, ruled, over, ancient, kingdom, khwarezm, over, time, they, were, under, suzerainty, sasanian, empire, hephthalite, empire, göktürk, khaganate, umayyad, caliphate, abbasid, caliphate, s. The Afrighids Khwarazmian ʾfryḡ were a native Khwarezmian Iranian 1 2 3 dynasty who ruled over the ancient kingdom of Khwarezm Over time they were under the suzerainty of the Sasanian Empire the Hephthalite Empire the Gokturk Khaganate the Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate and the Samanid Empire Afrighid dynasty305 995Map showing the territory ruled by the Afrighid dynasty highlighted in green abutting the southern shore of the former Aral SeaCapitalKathCommon languagesOld KhwarazmianReligionZoroastrianism until the early 9th century Sunni Islam after the early 9th century GovernmentMonarchyKhwarazmshah 305 Afrig first 967 995Abu Abdallah Muhammad last Historical eraMiddle Ages Established305 Ma munid conquest of Khwarezm 995Succeeded byMa munidsThey were ultimately deposed by a rival family the Ma munids of Gurganj who became the new rulers of Khwarazm Contents 1 Sources 2 Etymology 3 Geography 4 Kingdom 5 Religion 6 Language 7 Names of rulers 8 References 9 Sources 10 Further readingSources EditAl Biruni the native Khwarezmian scholar mentions twenty two members of the Afrighid dynasty for a total span of 690 years with an average rule of 31 years for each ruler 4 According to him the Afrighids ruled from 305 through the Arab conquests under Qutayba ibn Muslim in 712 and up to their overthrow in 995 by the rising rival family of Ma munids The main source on the Afrighids prior to Islam is also Al Biruni Part of the reason for the gap in information about this dynasty is mentioned by Al Biruni Al Biruni states When Qutaibah bin Moslem under the command of Al Ḥajjaj ibn Yusuf was sent to Khwarazmia with a military expedition and conquered it for the second time he swiftly killed whoever wrote in the Khwarazmian native language and knew of the Khwarazmian heritage history and culture He then killed all their Zoroastrian priests and burned and wasted their books until gradually the illiterate only remained who knew nothing of writing and hence the region s history was mostly forgotten Etymology EditIt has been suggested that Afrigh is the Arabicized of Abriz in Persian آبریز where water flows a reference to the geography of Khwarazm and its abundant water However Dr Parviz Azkai in his annotations on Al Biruni s Chronology of Ancient Nations explains that this is a popular etymology Azkai explains that Afrigh was originally Ap Air ig meaning from the Aryan descent ap or af is the same in afrashtan Persian افراشتن to raise air is the root meaning Aryan as seen in Iraj and Eran Iran land of Aryan and ig is the suffix of relation in Iranian languages and cognate to ic in English or ique in French Geography EditKhwarazm was a well irrigated rich agricultural region on the lower Oxus Bordering steppeland and desert on all sides Khwarazm was geographically secluded from other areas of civilization which allowed it to preserve a separate distinctive Iranian language and culture Khwarazm was possibly the early homeland of the Iranians 5 In the Islamic era the region had three main cities Kath Gurganj and Hazarasp 6 Kingdom Edit The fortress of Ayaz Kala 2 was built during the Afrighid period in the 6th to 8th century CE Most of Afrighid history is recorded by the Khwarazmian scholar al Biruni died 1050 whose reliability has been questioned According to the latter the Afrighids were founded by Afrig in 305 succeeding the semi legendary line of the Siyavushids founded by the Iranian king Kay Khosrow However extensive Soviet archeological findings demonstrate that al Biruni was in reality not well acquainted with pre Islamic Khwarazmian history Coin findings show that before the advent of the Afrighids Khwarazm was part of the Parthian Empire 7 The start of the Khwarazmian era seemingly took place in the early 1st century after they had freed themselves of Parthian rule and established their own local dynasty of shahs The dynastic name of Afrighid Khwarazmian ʾfryḡ is not attested anywhere besides al Biruni which has led scholars to suggest that the name never existed The Iranologist Clifford Edmund Bosworth adds that If this Afrig era was actually in use it must have been unofficial 7 Likewise many of the Khwarazmshahs recorded by al Biruni are not supported by archeological evidence however this may be due to scribal errors 8 7 The first four centuries of Afrighid rule are particularly obscure According to al Biruni Afrig had a large fortress called Fil or Fir constructed on the fringe of the capital Kath which by the time of al Biruni was in ruins due to the changes in the flow of the Oxus in the 10th century Coinage confirms the existence of the Afrighid shah Arsamuh who lived during the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad Reliable information about Khwarazm first starts to appear in the early 8th century 7 Khwarazm had initially been the subject of ineffective raids by the Arabs who occasionally attacked from the neighbouring regions of Khurasan and Transoxiana In 712 however the Arab governor of Khurasan Qutayba ibn Muslim capilizated on the civil war between the shah Azkajwar II and his brother Khurrazad Khwarazm was devastated and Azkajwar II was killed According to al Biruni the Arabs killed all Khwarazmian scholars who knew the ancient history of the country however according to Bosworth this is exaggerated 7 Once the Arabs withdrew from their raid the Shahs recovered power in Khwarezm and they continued to adhere to their ancestral faith which according to Al Biruni was Zoroastrianism The local shahs continued to ally with local Iranian princes Soghdian merchants and even Turks and Chinese in order to resist the Arabs 1 Khwarazm was one of the few Iranian states which survived through the early Islamic period 9 Silver bowl from Khwarezm depicting a four armed goddess seated on a lion possibly Nana Dated 658 British Museum 10 Ossuary Lid Tok Kala Necropolis Alabaster 7th 8th century CE The Afrighids and the local population were most likely adherents of Zoroastrianism 7 The first Khwarazmshah to convert to Islam was Azkajwar Abdallah who ruled in the early 9th century perhaps coinciding with the reign of the Abbasid caliph al Ma mun r 813 833 Regardless the Islamization of the local population was much slower In the early 10th century the Khwarazmshahs were made vassals of the Samanid dynasty 6 7 a Persian family which ruled mainly in Transoxania and Khurasan 11 Although the Khwarazmshahs sometimes granted sanctuary to Samanid rebels they generally ruled a peaceful domain During the end of the Samanids the Khwarazmshahs extended their rule as far as the northern edges of Khurasan ruling frontier posts such as Farawa and Nasa 6 An uncertain part of Khwarazmian history is the rise of Ma munid family who came to rule their hometown of Gurganj one of the three main cities of the country The city had risen to rival Kath most likely due to its commercial success as a trading post between the steppe and the Kievan Rus The Ma munids and Afrighids eventually became rivals with conflict soon ensuing The Ma munid Ma mun I deposed and killed the Afrighid shah Abu Abdallah Muhammad r 967 995 thus marking the end of the first Khwarazmshah line of the Afrighids and the inauguration of the second Khwarazmshah line of the Ma munids 6 Religion EditThe Khwarazmian population practiced a variant of Zoroastriansm mixed with local paganism Contrary to Iran Zoroastrianism was not an official religion of Khwarazm and thus did not follow strict writings 12 The Iran based and Khwarazmian variants differed significantly from each other while the remains of the deceased was buried in niches carved in rock or in arched burial chambers while the Khwarazmians used ossuaries which was a survival of earlier doctrines The Khwarazmians continued to bury their dead in ossuaries until the 3rd century when they were replaced with stone boxes a sign of the expanding influence of orthodox Zoroastrianism from Iran Contrary to the orthodox Zoroastrians the Khwarazmians like the Sogdians mourned the dead as demonstrated by the paintings on the Toprak Kala ossuaries 13 Veneration of the dead was highly esteemed in Khwarazm with food being placed in the burial chambers on the last five days of the last twelfth month and five extra days during the New Year The local cult of Vakhsh the tutelary spirit of the element of water was a sign of early animism amongst the Khwarazmians They commemorated the feast of Vakhsh on the tenth day of the last month of the year 12 Language EditThe native language of Afrighid Khwarazm was Old Khwarazmian written an indigenous script derived from Aramaic which had been imported by the Achaemenid Empire 550 330 BC during their rule over Khwarazm 14 According to the 10th century Arab traveller Ahmad ibn Fadlan the language sounded like the chattering of starlings 9 Names of rulers EditOnly consonants of the pre Islamic names are known with long vowels since in Arabic script the short vowels are not written and diacritic signs are used to clarify when required After the conversion of Abdallah all the names except possibly Eraq are Arabic and their pronunciation is known Unfortunately the manuscripts that have also come down have also suffered some corruption due to scribal errors 1 since the Khwarezmian names were incomprehensible for most non natives Al Biruni himself utilizes the extra letters of Khwarezmian which were not used in Arabic writings More is known about the dynasty in the Islamic era after the beginning of the 8th century and their conversion to Islam Name of the rulers given by the native Khwarezmian speaker Al Biruni and modern scholars 1 15 Coin of Coin of Bravik also named Fravik 7th century Khwarazm Coin of Sawashfan Coin of Azkajwar Abdallah Afrig died 4th century Baghra Biwarsar I r 3rd quarter of the 4th century Kawi Biwarsar II Sahhasak Askajamuk I Azkajwar I Sahr I Shaush Hamgari Buzgar Arsamuh r during the time of the prophet Muhammad around 600 Sahr II Sabri Azkajwar II r late 7th century 712 Khusrau r 712 Askajamuk II r 712 Sawashfan 8th century Torkasbatha Azkajwar Abdallah r after 762 before 787 820s Mansur ibn Abdallah Eraq ibn Mansur Muhammad ibn Eraq died 10th century Abu Sa id Ahmad Abu Abdallah Muhammad r 967 995 the year he was killed References Edit a b c d Bosworth C E AL E AFRiḠ Encyclopaedia Iranica Columbia University Retrieved 17 January 2013 C E Bosworth The Ghaznavids in History of Civilization Central Asia in History of Civilizations of Central Asia Volume IV The Age of Achievement A D 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century Part One The Historical Social and Economic Setting edited by M S Asimov and C E Bosworth Delhi Motilal Banarsidass 1999 485 pages Vol IV Pt I ISBN 81 208 1595 5 Excerpt from page 101 The ancient Iranian kingdom of Khwarazm had been ruled until 995 by the old established line of Afrighids of Kath but control subsequently passed to the new line of Khwarazm Shahs the Ma munids of Gurganj Clifford Edmund Bosworth The New Islamic Dynasties A Chronological and Genealogical Manual Columbia University 1996 Encyclopedia Iranica AL E AFRiḠ Afrighid dynasty by C E Bosworth Bosworth 1996 pp 89 90 a b c d Bosworth 1978 p 1066 a b c d e f g Bosworth 1984a pp 743 745 Bosworth 1978 p 1065 a b Curtis amp Stewart 2009 p 16 British Museum Collection Bosworth amp Crowe 1965 pp 1025 1027 a b Nerazik amp Bulgakov 1996 p 231 Nerazik amp Bulgakov 1996 pp 223 232 MacKenzie 1992 pp 517 520 L Massignon Al Biruni et la valeur internationale de la science arabe in Al Biruni Commemoration Volume Calcutta 1951 pp 217 219 excerpt In a celebrated preface to the book of Drugs Biruni says It is through the Arabic language that the sciences have been transmitted by means of translations from all parts of the world They have been enhanced by the translation into the Arabic language and have as a result insinuated themselves into men s hearts and the beauty of this language has commingled with these sciences in our veins and arteries And if it is true that in all nations one likes to adorn oneself by using the language to which one has remained loyal having become accustomed to using it with friends and companions according to need I must judge for myself that in my native Khwarezmian science has as much as chance of becoming perpetuated as a camel has of facing Kaaba Sources EditBosworth C E amp Crowe Yolande 1965 Samanids In Lewis B Pellat Ch amp Schacht J eds The Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Volume II C G Leiden E J Brill OCLC 495469475 Bosworth Clifford Edmund 1968 The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World A D 1000 1217 In Boyle John Andrew ed The Cambridge History of Iran Volume 5 The Saljuq and Mongol Periods Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 1 202 ISBN 0 521 06936 X Bosworth Clifford Edmund 1978 K h warazm S h ahs In van Donzel E Lewis B Pellat Ch amp Bosworth C E eds The Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Volume IV Iran Kha Leiden E J Brill OCLC 758278456 Bosworth Clifford Edmund 1984a Al e Afriḡ Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol I Fasc 7 pp 743 745 Bosworth Clifford Edmund 1984b Al e Maʾmun Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol I Fasc 7 pp 762 764 Bosworth Clifford Edmund 1986 Anustigin Ĝarcai Encyclopaedia Iranica Bosworth Clifford Edmund 1989 Altuntas In Yarshater Ehsan ed Encyclopaedia Iranica Volume III Atas Bayhaqi Ẓahir al Din London and New York Routledge amp Kegan Paul p 915 ISBN 978 0 71009 121 5 Bosworth C E 1996 The New Islamic Dynasties A Chronological and Genealogical Manual New York City Columbia University Press ISBN 0 231 10714 5 Curtis Vesta Sarkhosh Stewart Sarah 2009 The Rise of Islam The Idea of Iran Vol 4 I B Tauris ISBN 978 1845116910 MacKenzie D N 1992 Chorasmia iii The Chorasmian Language In Yarshater Ehsan ed Encyclopaedia Iranica Volume V Carpets Coffee London and New York Routledge amp Kegan Paul pp 517 520 ISBN 978 0 939214 79 2 Nerazik E E Bulgakov P G 1996 Khwarizm In Litvinsky B A ed History of Civilizations of Central Asia Volume III The Crossroads of Civilizations A D 250 to 750 Paris UNESCO Publishing pp 207 236 ISBN 92 3 103211 9 Further reading EditGibb H A R 1923 The Arab Conquests in Central Asia London The Royal Asiatic Society OCLC 499987512 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Afrighids amp oldid 1114764955, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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