Acid-citrate-dextrose or acid-citrate-dextrose solution, also known as anticoagulant-citrate-dextrose or anticoagulant-citrate-dextrose solution (and often styled without the hyphens between the coordinate terms, thus acid citrate dextrose or ACD) is any solution of citric acid, sodium citrate, and dextrose in water. It is mainly used as an anticoagulant (in yellow top tubes)[1] to preserve blood specimens required for tissue typing. It is also used during procedures such as plasmapheresis instead of heparin.
Dissolve the ingredients and mix. Filter until clear.
Historyedit
Blood storageedit
ACD was invented by Loutit et al. in 1943 for preserving whole blood. They found that the mixture offers better red blood cell survival than the then state-of-the-art, MRC 1940 (trisodium citrate plus glucose). The old solution also caramelize when autoclaved, while the new one does not due to higher acidity.[3] As a result, blood can now be stored for much longer, up to 21 days.[4]
ACD was developed into CPD (citrate-phosphate-dextrose) in 1957,[5] a version with phosphate added intended to reduce phosphate leakage from red blood cells. It does not improve shelf life appreciably, but patient recovery is improved. A later improvement was CPD with adenine (CPDA-1), which boosted RBC survival to five weeks when combined with plastic bags. CPD, in combination with adenine-mannitol additives such as SAGM, is the current blood bank preservative as of 2012.[4]
Although human blood is generally stored using newer formulations, the uptake of such technology is slower in veterinary medicine. From experimentation on horse and donkey blood, it does seem that the newer human-blood storage technogies also translate to improvements in animal blood storage.[6][7]
Apheresisedit
ACD is first described for use in apheresis in 1977.[8] Citrate, typically in the form of ACD solutions, is now preferred over heparin because it is cheap, safe, and cleared out of the system faster. Use of ACD is universal for centrifuge-based systems, while membrane systems may use either. Heparin is still used for high-volume procedures, as infusing too much citrate with the returned blood can cause toxicity from the chelating action, mainly hypocalcemia.[9]
Referencesedit
^(PDF). Michigan Medicine Laboratories. 2019-09-15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-11-26. Retrieved 2020-03-27.
^Loutit, J. F.; Mollison, P. L.; Young, I. Maureen; Lucas, E. J. (16 December 1943). "Citric Acid-Sodium Citrate-Glucose Mixtures for Blood Storage". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology and Cognate Medical Sciences. 32 (3): 183–202. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.1943.sp000882.
^ abD'Amici, Gian Maria; Mirasole, Cristiana (2012). "Red blood cell storage in SAGM and AS3: a comparison through the membrane two-dimensional electrophoresis proteome". Blood Transfusion. 10 (Suppl 2): s46-54. doi:10.2450/2012.008S. PMC3418620. PMID 22890268.
^Gibson, J. G.; Kevy, S.; Pennell, R. (28 November 1968). "Citrate-Phosphate-Dextrose: An Improved Anticoagulant Preservative Solution for Human Blood". International Society of Blood Transfusion. 29: 758–763. doi:10.1159/000384704. ISBN978-3-8055-0131-6. PMID 5728120.
^Mudge, MC; Macdonald, MH; Owens, SD; Tablin, F (September 2004). "Comparison of 4 blood storage methods in a protocol for equine pre-operative autologous donation". Veterinary Surgery. 33 (5): 475–86. doi:10.1111/j.1532-950X.2004.04070.x. PMID 15362986.
^Barros, IO; Sousa, RS; Tavares, MD; Rêgo, RO; Firmino, PR; Souza, FJA; Abrantes, MR; Minervino, AHH; Araújo, CASC; Ortolani, EL; Barrêto Júnior, RA (8 February 2021). "Assessment of Donkey (Equus asinus africanus) Whole Blood Stored in CPDA-1 and CPD/SAG-M Blood Bags". Biology. 10 (2): 133. doi:10.3390/biology10020133. PMC7915378. PMID 33567685.
^Olson, PR; Cox, C; McCullough, J (August 1977). "Laboratory and clinical effects of the infusion of ACD solution during plateletpheresis". Vox Sanguinis. 33 (2): 79–87. doi:10.1111/j.1423-0410.1977.tb02237.x. PMID 883248. S2CID 24966385.
^Lee, G; Arepally, GM (2012). "Anticoagulation techniques in apheresis: from heparin to citrate and beyond". Journal of Clinical Apheresis. 27 (3): 117–25. doi:10.1002/jca.21222. PMC3366026. PMID 22532037.
External linksedit
US Pharmacopeia
January 01, 1970
acid, citrate, dextrose, acid, citrate, dextrose, solution, also, known, anticoagulant, citrate, dextrose, anticoagulant, citrate, dextrose, solution, often, styled, without, hyphens, between, coordinate, terms, thus, acid, citrate, dextrose, solution, citric,. Acid citrate dextrose or acid citrate dextrose solution also known as anticoagulant citrate dextrose or anticoagulant citrate dextrose solution and often styled without the hyphens between the coordinate terms thus acid citrate dextrose or ACD is any solution of citric acid sodium citrate and dextrose in water It is mainly used as an anticoagulant in yellow top tubes 1 to preserve blood specimens required for tissue typing It is also used during procedures such as plasmapheresis instead of heparin Contents 1 Formulation 2 History 2 1 Blood storage 2 2 Apheresis 3 References 4 External linksFormulation editTwo solutions A and B are defined by the United States Pharmacopeia They have the following properties 2 Content of USP ACD solutions per 1000 mL Substance ACD A amount g ACD B amount g Total Citrate as citric acid anhydrous C6H8O7 20 59 to 22 75g 12 37 to 13 67g Dextrose C6H12O6 H2O 23 28g to 25 73g 13 96 to 15 44g Sodium Na 4 90g to 5 42g 2 94 to 3 25g To make use Substance Amount for ACD A Amount for ACD B Citric acid anhydrous C6H8O7 7 3 g 4 4 g Sodium citrate dihydrate 22 0 g 13 2 g Dextrose monohydrate C6H12O6 H2O 24 5 g 14 7 g Water for injection to make 1000 mL 1000 mL Dissolve the ingredients and mix Filter until clear History editBlood storage edit ACD was invented by Loutit et al in 1943 for preserving whole blood They found that the mixture offers better red blood cell survival than the then state of the art MRC 1940 trisodium citrate plus glucose The old solution also caramelize when autoclaved while the new one does not due to higher acidity 3 As a result blood can now be stored for much longer up to 21 days 4 ACD was developed into CPD citrate phosphate dextrose in 1957 5 a version with phosphate added intended to reduce phosphate leakage from red blood cells It does not improve shelf life appreciably but patient recovery is improved A later improvement was CPD with adenine CPDA 1 which boosted RBC survival to five weeks when combined with plastic bags CPD in combination with adenine mannitol additives such as SAGM is the current blood bank preservative as of 2012 4 Although human blood is generally stored using newer formulations the uptake of such technology is slower in veterinary medicine From experimentation on horse and donkey blood it does seem that the newer human blood storage technogies also translate to improvements in animal blood storage 6 7 Apheresis edit ACD is first described for use in apheresis in 1977 8 Citrate typically in the form of ACD solutions is now preferred over heparin because it is cheap safe and cleared out of the system faster Use of ACD is universal for centrifuge based systems while membrane systems may use either Heparin is still used for high volume procedures as infusing too much citrate with the returned blood can cause toxicity from the chelating action mainly hypocalcemia 9 References edit ORDER OF DRAW FOR MULTIPLE TUBE COLLECTIONS PDF Michigan Medicine Laboratories 2019 09 15 Archived from the original PDF on 2019 11 26 Retrieved 2020 03 27 United States Pharmacopeia 26 2002 pp 158 Loutit J F Mollison P L Young I Maureen Lucas E J 16 December 1943 Citric Acid Sodium Citrate Glucose Mixtures for Blood Storage Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology and Cognate Medical Sciences 32 3 183 202 doi 10 1113 expphysiol 1943 sp000882 a b D Amici Gian Maria Mirasole Cristiana 2012 Red blood cell storage in SAGM and AS3 a comparison through the membrane two dimensional electrophoresis proteome Blood Transfusion 10 Suppl 2 s46 54 doi 10 2450 2012 008S PMC 3418620 PMID 22890268 Gibson J G Kevy S Pennell R 28 November 1968 Citrate Phosphate Dextrose An Improved Anticoagulant Preservative Solution for Human Blood International Society of Blood Transfusion 29 758 763 doi 10 1159 000384704 ISBN 978 3 8055 0131 6 PMID 5728120 Mudge MC Macdonald MH Owens SD Tablin F September 2004 Comparison of 4 blood storage methods in a protocol for equine pre operative autologous donation Veterinary Surgery 33 5 475 86 doi 10 1111 j 1532 950X 2004 04070 x PMID 15362986 Barros IO Sousa RS Tavares MD Rego RO Firmino PR Souza FJA Abrantes MR Minervino AHH Araujo CASC Ortolani EL Barreto Junior RA 8 February 2021 Assessment of Donkey Equus asinus africanus Whole Blood Stored in CPDA 1 and CPD SAG M Blood Bags Biology 10 2 133 doi 10 3390 biology10020133 PMC 7915378 PMID 33567685 Olson PR Cox C McCullough J August 1977 Laboratory and clinical effects of the infusion of ACD solution during plateletpheresis Vox Sanguinis 33 2 79 87 doi 10 1111 j 1423 0410 1977 tb02237 x PMID 883248 S2CID 24966385 Lee G Arepally GM 2012 Anticoagulation techniques in apheresis from heparin to citrate and beyond Journal of Clinical Apheresis 27 3 117 25 doi 10 1002 jca 21222 PMC 3366026 PMID 22532037 External links editUS Pharmacopeia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Acid citrate dextrose amp oldid 1221321081, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
