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Achaea

January 13, 2023

This article is about the modern Greek administrative subdivision. For other uses, see Achaea (disambiguation).

Achaea (/əˈkiːə/) or Achaia (/əˈkaɪə/), sometimes transliterated from Greek as Akhaia[2] (Αχαΐα, Akhaïa [axaˈia]), is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Western Greece and is situated in the northwestern part of the Peloponnese peninsula. The capital is Patras which is the third largest city in Greece.

Achaea
Περιφερειακή ενότητα
Αχαΐας
Regional unit
Municipalities of Achaea
Achaea within Greece
Coordinates: 38°05′N 21°50′E / 38.083°N 21.833°E / 38.083; 21.833Coordinates: 38°05′N 21°50′E / 38.083°N 21.833°E / 38.083; 21.833
CountryGreece
RegionWestern Greece
CapitalPatras
Area
 • Total3,272 km2 (1,263 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)
 • Total302,000[1]
Time zoneUTC+2
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal codes
25x xx, 26x xx
Area codes261, 269x
ISO 3166 codeGR-13
Car platesΑΖ, AX
Websitewww.achaia.gr

Geography

 
Mount Aroania or Chelmos.

Achaea is bordered by Elis to the west and southwest, Arcadia to the south, and Corinthia to the east and southeast. The Gulf of Corinth lies to its northeast, and the Gulf of Patras to its northwest. The mountain Panachaiko (1926 m), though not the highest of Achaea, dominates the coastal area near Patras. Higher mountains are found in the south, such as Aroania (2341 m) and Erymanthos (2224 m). Other mountain ranges in Achaea are Skollis, Omplos, Kombovouni and Movri. Its main rivers ordered from west to east are the Larissos, Tytheus, Peiros, Charadros, Selinountas and Vouraikos. Most of the forests are in the mountain ranges, though several are in the plains including the extreme west. There are grasslands around the mid-elevation areas and barren lands in the highest areas.

Climate

Achaea has hot summers and mild winters. Sunny days dominate during the summer months in areas near the coast, while the summer can be cloudy and rainy in the mountains. Snow is very common during the winter in the mountains of Erymanthos, Panachaiko and Aroania. Winter high temperatures are around the 10 °C mark throughout the low-lying areas.

Administration

 
Karst depression (=Polje) near Kato Lousi village (Άνω_Λουσοί_Αχαΐας), north of Kastria

The regional unit Achaea is subdivided into 5 municipalities. These are (number as in the map in the infobox):[3]

Prefecture

As a part of the 2011 Kallikratis government reform, the regional unit Achaea was created out of the former prefecture Achaea (Greek: Νομός Αχαΐας). The prefecture had the same territory as the present regional unit. At the same time, the municipalities were reorganised, according to the table below.[3]

New municipality Old municipalities Seat
Aigialeia Aigeira Aigio
Aigio
Akrata
Diakopto
Erineos
Sympoliteia
Erymanthos Farres Chalandritsa
Kalentzi
Leontio
Tritaia
Kalavryta Kalavryta Kalavryta
Aroania
Kleitoria
Paion
Patras (Patra) Patras Patras
Vrachnaiika
Messatida
Paralia
Rio
West Achaea
(Dytiki Achaia)		 Dymi Kato Achaia
Larissos
Movri
Olenia

Provinces

Note: Provinces no longer hold any legal status in Greece.

History

Classical Antiquity

Main article: Achaea (ancient region)
 
Map of ancient Peloponnese.

The Achaean League was a Hellenistic-era confederation of city states in Achaea, founded in 280/281 BC. It later grew until it included most of Peloponnese, much reducing the Macedonian rule in the area.[citation needed]

After Macedon's defeat by the Romans in the early 2nd century BC, the League was able to finally defeat a heavily weakened Sparta and take control of the entire Peloponnese. However, as the Roman influence in the area grew, the league erupted into an open revolt against Roman domination, in what is known as Achaean War. The Achaeans were defeated at the Battle of Corinth (146 BC), and the League was dissolved by the Romans.[citation needed]

In AD 51/52, Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus was proconsul of Achaea,[4] and is portrayed (under the name "Gallio") in the book of the Acts of the Apostles, in the Bible, as presiding over the trial of the Apostle Paul in Corinth (Acts 18:12–17).

Medieval and modern history

 
Byzantine Greece, ca. 900 AD
 
Map of Frankish Greece with the Principality of Achaea.

Achaea remained a province of the Byzantine Empire after the fall of the western Roman Empire. In the 6th and 7th centuries, Slavs invaded the Peloponnese, and settled in parts of Achaea as well. By the 9th century, the whole peninsula was under Byzantine control again. However, after the Fourth Crusade several new crusader states were founded in Greece. One of these was the Principality of Achaea, founded in 1205, which like the Roman province covered a much larger area than traditional Achaea. Achaea was recaptured by the Byzantine Empire by 1430, and became part of the Despotate of the Morea.

The Despotate of the Morea fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1460. As a part of the Morean War, the Republic of Venice captured Achaea in 1687 and held it until 1715, when the Ottomans recaptured the Peloponnese. Under Ottoman rule, Achaea was part of the Morea Eyalet.

In the Greek War of Independence, Aigio was one of the first cities to be liberated by the Greeks and all of Achaea was liberated by the end of 1821. Achaea produced several heroes including Kanaris, Zaimis and Roufos and prime ministers of Greece including Andreas Michalakopoulos as well as some head of states.

In the first administrative subdivision of independent Greece, Achaea was part of the Achaea and Elis Prefecture. This was divided into the prefectures of Achaea and Elis in 1899. Achaea and Elis were reunited in 1909, and split again in 1930.

Achaea saw an influx of refugees that arrived from Asia Minor during the Greco Turkish War of 1919-1922. Tens of thousands were relocated to their camps in the suburbs of Patras and a few villages mainly within the coastline. One of the camps was named Prosfygika.

Population

Achaea today has about one-third of the population of the Peloponnese. Patras, the capital of Achaea, is the third largest city in Greece, behind Athens and Thessaloniki. Two-thirds of the Achaean population live near Patras, and more than half within the city limits. The main industrial areas are around Patras.

Main towns and cities

See also: List of settlements in Achaea

The main cities and towns of Achaea are (ranked by 2011 census population):

Culture

 
Agia Lavra monastery

The monastery Agia Lavra is situated a few kilometres west of Kalavryta on the top of a hill. 12 to 20 km east, is Cave Lakes, with lakes inside. The length is around 300 to 500 m.

The mountain hosts the most modern Greek telescope, named Aristarchus (after the ancient Greek astronomer - Aristarchus of Samos) and operated by the National Observatory of Athens. A narrow gauge railway track runs for 30 km, mainly as a tourist attraction. The track begins near Kalavryta and ends off Diakopto.

Economy

Patras is one of the main industrial and commerce centers in Greece. Temeni is a place where the spring water Avra (Άυρα) is manufactured. It is owned by Tria Epsilon, a division of The Coca-Cola Company and a parent. There is a small oil refinery near Rio. Athenian brewery has the largest production facility of the company in Patra.

Transport

Roads

Intercity bus transport is provided by KTEL Achaias. The main bus terminal is in the city of Patras.

The main highways are:

Communications

Newspapers, fanzines and others

Current newspapers

Ceased and defunct newspapers

Radio

  • ERA Patras - Rio
  • Super B - Patras
  • Top FM - 93 FM
  • Ionion FM - 95.8 FM
  • Radio Gamma - 96 FM
  • MFM
  • Radio Aigio - 99.2 FM
  • You FM - 100.1 FM (launched in 2006/2007)
  • Mojo FM - 107.9 FM

Television

Companies

  • Achaiki
  • Kronos Supermarkets - Patras

Sports

There are two skiing resorts, one on the Panachaicus west of the mountain top (elevation around 1700 m) east of Patras, it will be Nafpaktos's closest because of the new bridge (mid-2004) and the other on Aroania, sometimes still called Chelmos, near Kalavrita. It is Kalavrita's closest resort.

Sporting teams

Division rankings were as of the 2005-06 season for most teams, for football (soccer), they are run by the Achaea Football Clubs Association:

Teams with multiple sporting clubs
  • Panegialios F.C. - Aigio - second division
  • Achaios Saravali Patras - Saravali - fourth division
  • Anagennisi/Aias Sympoliteia - Rododafni
  • Apollon Patras, A1 Basketleague
  • Atromitos Patras - fourth division
  • Diakopto AC - Diakopto - fourth division
  • Fostiras Ovrias FC - Ovrya, fourth division
  • Iraklis Patras - Patras, fourth division
  • NO Patras - Patras, A2 League/Water polo
  • NE Patras - Patras, A2 League/Water polo
  • Olympiakos Aigio - Aigio, fourth division
  • Olympiakos Kamares - Kamares - fourth division
  • Olympiakos Patras - Patras - fourth division
  • Ormi Patras - Patras, A1 League/ Women's Handball
  • Panachaiki - Patras, third division
  • E.A. Patras - Patras, third division/Volleyball
  • Spartakos Ovrya - Ovrya - third division (as of 2007)
  • Thyella Patras F.C. - Patras, third division
  • A.P.S. Zavlani - fourth division
Basketball only
Defunct and historic teams

Notable people

See also

References

 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Achaea.
 
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Achaea".
  1. ^ Populations at 1 January 2020, ELSTAT, 30 December 2020.
  2. ^ The spelling Achaea is the most common in English (as shown by the entries in the Britannica and Columbia encyclopedias and most dictionaries and other reference works) although this is based on an erroneous but well-established transliteration of the Greek original (which does not have a diphthong) and in disregard of the Latin spelling (Achaia) of the Roman province Achaea. The spelling Achaia is used in English by the Greek authorities and the European Union. The transliteration Akhaia of the (Ancient and Modern) Greek is sometimes used in English, for example by the Encyclopædia Britannica and the Collins English Dictionary.
  3. ^ a b "ΦΕΚ A 87/2010, Kallikratis reform law text" (in Greek). Government Gazette.
  4. ^ Holloway, Paul (October 26, 2021). "Religious 'Slogans' in 1 Corinthians: Wit, Wisdom, and the Quest for Status in a Roman Colony". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  5. ^ "Home". imeranews.gr.
  • Bunson, Matthew (1994). Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire. New York: Facts on File Inc.

January 13, 2023
achaea, this, article, about, modern, greek, administrative, subdivision, other, uses, disambiguation, achaia, sometimes, transliterated, from, greek, akhaia, Αχαΐα, akhaïa, axaˈia, regional, units, greece, part, region, western, greece, situated, northwestern. This article is about the modern Greek administrative subdivision For other uses see Achaea disambiguation Achaea e ˈ k iː e or Achaia e ˈ k aɪ e sometimes transliterated from Greek as Akhaia 2 Axaia Akhaia axaˈia is one of the regional units of Greece It is part of the region of Western Greece and is situated in the northwestern part of the Peloponnese peninsula The capital is Patras which is the third largest city in Greece Achaea Perifereiakh enothta AxaiasRegional unitMunicipalities of AchaeaAchaea within GreeceCoordinates 38 05 N 21 50 E 38 083 N 21 833 E 38 083 21 833 Coordinates 38 05 N 21 50 E 38 083 N 21 833 E 38 083 21 833CountryGreeceRegionWestern GreeceCapitalPatrasArea Total3 272 km2 1 263 sq mi Population 2021 Total302 000 1 Time zoneUTC 2 Summer DST UTC 3 EEST Postal codes25x xx 26x xxArea codes261 269xISO 3166 codeGR 13Car platesAZ AXWebsitewww wbr achaia wbr gr Contents 1 Geography 2 Climate 3 Administration 3 1 Prefecture 3 2 Provinces 4 History 4 1 Classical Antiquity 4 2 Medieval and modern history 5 Population 5 1 Main towns and cities 6 Culture 7 Economy 8 Transport 8 1 Roads 9 Communications 9 1 Newspapers fanzines and others 9 1 1 Current newspapers 9 1 2 Ceased and defunct newspapers 9 2 Radio 9 3 Television 10 Companies 11 Sports 11 1 Sporting teams 12 Notable people 13 See also 14 ReferencesGeography Edit Gulf of Patras Mount Aroania or Chelmos Mount Erymanthos River Ladon Achaea is bordered by Elis to the west and southwest Arcadia to the south and Corinthia to the east and southeast The Gulf of Corinth lies to its northeast and the Gulf of Patras to its northwest The mountain Panachaiko 1926 m though not the highest of Achaea dominates the coastal area near Patras Higher mountains are found in the south such as Aroania 2341 m and Erymanthos 2224 m Other mountain ranges in Achaea are Skollis Omplos Kombovouni and Movri Its main rivers ordered from west to east are the Larissos Tytheus Peiros Charadros Selinountas and Vouraikos Most of the forests are in the mountain ranges though several are in the plains including the extreme west There are grasslands around the mid elevation areas and barren lands in the highest areas Climate EditAchaea has hot summers and mild winters Sunny days dominate during the summer months in areas near the coast while the summer can be cloudy and rainy in the mountains Snow is very common during the winter in the mountains of Erymanthos Panachaiko and Aroania Winter high temperatures are around the 10 C mark throughout the low lying areas Administration Edit Karst depression Polje near Kato Lousi village Anw Loysoi Axaias north of Kastria Kalavryta The regional unit Achaea is subdivided into 5 municipalities These are number as in the map in the infobox 3 Aigialeia 2 Erymanthos 4 Kalavryta 5 Patras Patra 1 West Achaea Dytiki Achaia 3 Prefecture Edit As a part of the 2011 Kallikratis government reform the regional unit Achaea was created out of the former prefecture Achaea Greek Nomos Axaias The prefecture had the same territory as the present regional unit At the same time the municipalities were reorganised according to the table below 3 New municipality Old municipalities SeatAigialeia Aigeira AigioAigioAkrataDiakoptoErineosSympoliteiaErymanthos Farres ChalandritsaKalentziLeontioTritaiaKalavryta Kalavryta KalavrytaAroaniaKleitoriaPaionPatras Patra Patras PatrasVrachnaiikaMessatidaParaliaRioWest Achaea Dytiki Achaia Dymi Kato AchaiaLarissosMovriOleniaProvinces Edit Province of Aigialeia Aigio Province of Kalavryta Kalavryta Province of Patras PatrasNote Provinces no longer hold any legal status in Greece History EditClassical Antiquity Edit Main article Achaea ancient region Map of ancient Peloponnese The Achaean League was a Hellenistic era confederation of city states in Achaea founded in 280 281 BC It later grew until it included most of Peloponnese much reducing the Macedonian rule in the area citation needed After Macedon s defeat by the Romans in the early 2nd century BC the League was able to finally defeat a heavily weakened Sparta and take control of the entire Peloponnese However as the Roman influence in the area grew the league erupted into an open revolt against Roman domination in what is known as Achaean War The Achaeans were defeated at the Battle of Corinth 146 BC and the League was dissolved by the Romans citation needed In AD 51 52 Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus was proconsul of Achaea 4 and is portrayed under the name Gallio in the book of the Acts of the Apostles in the Bible as presiding over the trial of the Apostle Paul in Corinth Acts 18 12 17 Medieval and modern history Edit Byzantine Greece ca 900 AD Map of Frankish Greece with the Principality of Achaea Achaea remained a province of the Byzantine Empire after the fall of the western Roman Empire In the 6th and 7th centuries Slavs invaded the Peloponnese and settled in parts of Achaea as well By the 9th century the whole peninsula was under Byzantine control again However after the Fourth Crusade several new crusader states were founded in Greece One of these was the Principality of Achaea founded in 1205 which like the Roman province covered a much larger area than traditional Achaea Achaea was recaptured by the Byzantine Empire by 1430 and became part of the Despotate of the Morea The Despotate of the Morea fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1460 As a part of the Morean War the Republic of Venice captured Achaea in 1687 and held it until 1715 when the Ottomans recaptured the Peloponnese Under Ottoman rule Achaea was part of the Morea Eyalet In the Greek War of Independence Aigio was one of the first cities to be liberated by the Greeks and all of Achaea was liberated by the end of 1821 Achaea produced several heroes including Kanaris Zaimis and Roufos and prime ministers of Greece including Andreas Michalakopoulos as well as some head of states In the first administrative subdivision of independent Greece Achaea was part of the Achaea and Elis Prefecture This was divided into the prefectures of Achaea and Elis in 1899 Achaea and Elis were reunited in 1909 and split again in 1930 Achaea saw an influx of refugees that arrived from Asia Minor during the Greco Turkish War of 1919 1922 Tens of thousands were relocated to their camps in the suburbs of Patras and a few villages mainly within the coastline One of the camps was named Prosfygika Population Edit Patras Achaea today has about one third of the population of the Peloponnese Patras the capital of Achaea is the third largest city in Greece behind Athens and Thessaloniki Two thirds of the Achaean population live near Patras and more than half within the city limits The main industrial areas are around Patras Main towns and cities Edit See also List of settlements in Achaea The main cities and towns of Achaea are ranked by 2011 census population Patras 269 034 Aigio 40 664 Kato Achaia 11 880Culture Edit Agia Lavra monastery The monastery Agia Lavra is situated a few kilometres west of Kalavryta on the top of a hill 12 to 20 km east is Cave Lakes with lakes inside The length is around 300 to 500 m The mountain hosts the most modern Greek telescope named Aristarchus after the ancient Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos and operated by the National Observatory of Athens A narrow gauge railway track runs for 30 km mainly as a tourist attraction The track begins near Kalavryta and ends off Diakopto Economy EditPatras is one of the main industrial and commerce centers in Greece Temeni is a place where the spring water Avra Ayra is manufactured It is owned by Tria Epsilon a division of The Coca Cola Company and a parent There is a small oil refinery near Rio Athenian brewery has the largest production facility of the company in Patra Transport EditRoads Edit Intercity bus transport is provided by KTEL Achaias The main bus terminal is in the city of Patras The main highways are Ionia Odos A5 part of E55 Rio Antirrio Arta Ioannina Greek National Road 8 old road Athens Corinth Rio Patras Greek National Road 8A part of E55 and E65 Athens Corinth Rio Patras Greek National Road 9 part of E55 Patras Pyrgos Kyparissia Pylos Greek National Road 31 Aigio Kalavryta Greek National Road 33 Patras Tritaia Lampeia VlachernaCommunications EditNewspapers fanzines and others Edit Current newspapers Edit Achagiotika Nea Kato Achaia Allagi Patras Elliniki Dimokratia Patras Epi ta proso Patras Evdomada Patras Filodimos Aigio Frouros tis Anatolikis Aigialeias Akrata and eastern Aigaleia Ta Gegonota tis Achaias Achaea I Gnomi Patras Imera Patras 5 Imerisios Kyrix Patras Kosmos tis Patras Patras Paraliaki Patras Patraiki Evdomada Patras Politis ton Patron Patras political Proodos Patras Proti tis Aigaleias Aigio and Aigaleia Simerini Patras Splats a fanzine based in Patras Sport Week Patras sports Sportivo west Patras sports Styx Akrata Symvoulos Epocheiriseon PatrasCeased and defunct newspapers Edit Achaikos Kyrix an older newspaper of Patras Tachydromos tis Anatolis Patras one of the few newspapers that were only published in FrenchRadio Edit ERA Patras Rio Super B Patras Top FM 93 FM Ionion FM 95 8 FM Radio Gamma 96 FM MFM Radio Aigio 99 2 FM You FM 100 1 FM launched in 2006 2007 Mojo FM 107 9 FMTelevision Edit Achaia Channel Patrast Patra TV Patras Super B Patras Tele Con extinct Tele Time regional AXION AigioCompanies EditAchaiki Kronos Supermarkets PatrasSports Edit Pampeloponnisiako Stadium There are two skiing resorts one on the Panachaicus west of the mountain top elevation around 1700 m east of Patras it will be Nafpaktos s closest because of the new bridge mid 2004 and the other on Aroania sometimes still called Chelmos near Kalavrita It is Kalavrita s closest resort Sporting teams Edit Division rankings were as of the 2005 06 season for most teams for football soccer they are run by the Achaea Football Clubs Association Teams with multiple sporting clubsPanegialios F C Aigio second division Achaios Saravali Patras Saravali fourth division Anagennisi Aias Sympoliteia Rododafni Apollon Patras A1 Basketleague Atromitos Patras fourth division Diakopto AC Diakopto fourth division Fostiras Ovrias FC Ovrya fourth division Iraklis Patras Patras fourth division NO Patras Patras A2 League Water polo NE Patras Patras A2 League Water polo Olympiakos Aigio Aigio fourth division Olympiakos Kamares Kamares fourth division Olympiakos Patras Patras fourth division Ormi Patras Patras A1 League Women s Handball Panachaiki Patras third division E A Patras Patras third division Volleyball Spartakos Ovrya Ovrya third division as of 2007 Thyella Patras F C Patras third division A P S Zavlani fourth divisionBasketball onlyPromitheas Patras B C A O SkagiopouleioDefunct and historic teamsLefkos Asteras Patras Thriamvos Patras Patras now part of NE PatrasNotable people EditActor mythological legend Alexon ancient figure Timoleon Ambelas a writer Anchialus mythological legend Dimitrios Andrikopoulos Boukaouris Mayor of Patras Antheia mythological legend Argyra mythological legend Autonous ancient figure Bolina ancient figure Bryson of Achaea ancient figure Anastasios Charalambis General and Prime Minister for one day in 1922 Vasileios Christopoulos an artist Danielis ancient figure Kostas Davourlis Footballer of Panachaiki Theodoros Deligiannis a Prime Minister of Greece Ioannis Diakidis Rena Dor actress Dymas ancient figure Eperatus ancient figure Eurypylus Spyros Fokas an actor Asimakis Fotilas a revolutionary leader Panagiotakis Fotilas a revolutionary leader Giorgos Giannias a revolutionary leader Dimitrios Gounaris a Prime Minister of Greece Helike ancient queen Ion mythological legend Antonios Kalamogdartis a revolutionary leader Athanasios Kanakaris Roufos a revolutionary leader Panagiotis Karatzas a revolutionary leader Kostas Katsouranis Footballer European Champion Euro 2004 Konstantinos Konstantopoulos a Mayor of Patras and Prime Minister of Greece Andreas Kontogouris a revolutionary leader Nikolaos Kontopoulos Christos Laskaris Afroditi Laoutari an actress Dimitrios Maximos Vassilis Makris an artist Memos Makris an artist Dimitrios Maximos a Prime Minister of Greece Andreas Michalakopoulos a Prime Minister of Greece Andreas Mikroutsikos Betty Moschona an actress Molurus ancient figure Thanos Mikroutsikos composer former Minister of Culture Myscellus Kostis Palamas national Greek poet George Papandreou senior a Prime Minister of Greece Georgios Papadopoulos Leader of the military junta Georgios Papandreou historian an unrelated historian and linguist Anagnostis Petimezas a revolutionary leader Konstantinos Petimezas a revolutionary leader Konstantis Petimezas a revolutionary leader Nikolaos Petimezas elder Angelos Roufos Benizelos Roufos a Prime Minister of Greece Ioannis Roufos Selemnus mythological legend Panagiotis Skagiopoulos Sokratis Skartsis poet Konstantinos Skourletis mayor of Patras Markos Sklivaniotis Socrates of Achaea ancient figure Sostratus of Dyme an ancient figure Sostratus of Pellene an ancient Greek Olympian Konstantinos Stefanopoulos President of Greece Epameinondas Thomopoulos an artist Dimitrios Tofalos Olympic Champion Spyridon Vassiliadis poet Xenofon Verykios Dimitrios Votsis mayor of Patras Spyros Vrettos poet Alexandros Zaimis a Prime Minister and President of GreeceSee also EditAchaea constituency References Edit Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Achaea Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Achaea Populations at 1 January 2020 ELSTAT 30 December 2020 The spelling Achaea is the most common in English as shown by the entries in the Britannica and Columbia encyclopedias and most dictionaries and other reference works although this is based on an erroneous but well established transliteration of the Greek original which does not have a diphthong and in disregard of the Latin spelling Achaia of the Roman province Achaea The spelling Achaia is used in English by the Greek authorities and the European Union The transliteration Akhaia of the Ancient and Modern Greek is sometimes used in English for example by the Encyclopaedia Britannica and the Collins English Dictionary a b FEK A 87 2010 Kallikratis reform law text in Greek Government Gazette Holloway Paul October 26 2021 Religious Slogans in 1 Corinthians Wit Wisdom and the Quest for Status in a Roman Colony academic oup com Retrieved 2022 12 18 Home imeranews gr Bunson Matthew 1994 Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire New York Facts on File Inc Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Achaea amp oldid 1131521829, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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