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Academic ranks (Portugal and Brazil)

Academic ranks in Portugal and Brazil are the titles, relative importance and power of professors, researchers, and administrative personnel held in academia.

Overview edit

In Romance languages (spoken in Portugal, France, Italy, Romania and Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking Latin AmericaIbero-America), the term "professor" and "teacher" translate the same ("professor" / "professeur" / "professore" / "profesor") thus it is used for anyone teaching at a school (grade/elementary, middle, and high school), institute, technical school, vocational school, college or university, regardless of the level of the subject matter taught or the level or ages of students. However, one who teaches at a university is specifically called "professor universitário" ("university professor"), although it is also common to call university professors just "professor".

As subtypes of professors the following are distinguished:

  • Professor catedrático (Portugal) or Professor titular (Brazil): full professor; it is the highest faculty position
  • Professor associado, professor adjunto, professor auxiliar: various intermediary professorship levels, roughly equivalent to associate professor or assistant professor – not to be confounded with adjunct professors –, depending on country and if it's a state or federal university; see country-specific sections below for details
  • Professor substituto: a short-term contract for replacement of professors on maternity leave, sabbatical years or other temporary situations
  • Professor visitante: same as visiting professor; usually conducts research as an obligation from his/her contract and so is required to hold a PhD

Portugal edit

The Portuguese academic career can be taken by two ways: Teaching Career or Scientific Research Career. [1]

Teaching Career:

  • Professor catedrático: equivalent to full professor
  • Professor associado: equivalent to associate professor
  • Professor auxiliar: equivalent to assistant professor

Both professor associado and professor auxiliar may have Agregação, an extra degree mandatory to all applicants to the rank of professor catedrático which one can apply to usually years after the PhD (similar to the French Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches). Agregação is a two-day exam based on curriculum vitae evaluation and a public lecture, where the candidate is evaluated by secret vote by a large number of other full professors, in which the professors insert a white or a black sphere into a bag according to his or her decision.

The three ranks of professors may also be held by invited professors, according to the rank, this does not mean that they are from outside the university but rather they re not employed by the university full time.

Portuguese universities still have a few other teaching staff in two ranks not holding a PhD. These two ranks were extinguished in 2009 and will vanish after all the ongoing contracts terminate in the next few years.

Brazil edit

Federal level edit

Academic ranks in the federal universities have been updated slightly over the years via new legislation. Since 2013, ranks are organized in five classes, containing up to four levels each:[2][3]

  • Class E, Professor titular (single level): equivalent to full professor
  • Class D, Professor associado (levels 1, 2, 3, 4): must hold a PhD, equivalent to associate professor
  • Class C, Professor adjunto (levels 1, 2, 3, 4): must hold a PhD, equivalent to assistant professor[4][5]
  • Class B, Professor assistente (levels 1 and 2): must hold a master's degree
  • Class A (levels 1 and 2): pre-tenure faculty
    • Professor adjunto A: must hold a PhD
    • Professor assistente A: must hold a master's degree
    • Professor auxiliar: must hold an undergraduate degree or specialization title

Federal university professors are public servants and as such acquire tenure automatically after an initial three-year probationary period (Portuguese: estágio probatório; see also Brazilian Civil Service#Tenure).[6] Salary is pre-determined for each class/level combination, increasing with rank advancement,[7][8] and includes a thirteenth salary.[9][10] Federal university professors are also entitled to 45-day annual leave,[11][12] compensated one-third higher than the normal salary.[13] Hiring is done through a civil service entrance examination open to anyone eligible – though normally in Portuguese, which represents a challenge for internationals[14]– and normally leads to the bottom rank (class A, level 1).[15][16]

Career advancement is achieved through progression across levels of a given class and promotion across different classes, with each step normally requiring two years of service plus approval in a performance evaluation (internal to the university).[17][18] Faculty may expedite promotion upon tenuring (3-year probation) thus advancing to the first level of class B or class C if they are holders of the required degrees (master's or PhD, respectively).[19][20] Advancement to the top rank (class E) requires additionally either a type of Habilitation (defense of an original thesis) or approval of a written document (Portuguese: memorial) describing the applicant's professional achievements (in teaching, research, outreach, and academic administration); the evaluation process in this case is carried out by a special commission made of at least 75% of members external to the applicant's own university.[17][18]

State level edit

At São Paulo state universities, particularly at the University of São Paulo, the academic rank system is as follows:[citation needed]

  • Professor titular (MS-6): equivalent to full professor, the position normally requires years of academic experience and meaningful publications in international academic journals
  • Professor associado (MS-5): must hold the title of livre docente (similar to a German Habilitation), equivalent to associate professor
  • Professor doutor (MS-3): must hold a PhD, equivalent to assistant professor
  • Professor assistente (MS-2): must hold a master's degree and a pedagogical preparation (PAE)
  • Auxiliar de ensino (MS-1): only a bachelor's degree is required

Research-only edit

The Portuguese scientific research career is defined by the Decree-Law 124/99 of 20 April.[21]

Research Career:[22]

  1. Investigador-coordenador (Coordinator Researcher, equivalent to full professor status)
  2. Investigador principal (Principal Researcher, equivalent to associate professor status)
  3. Investigador auxiliar (Auxiliary Researcher, equivalent to assistant professor status)

This career statute also provides for the possibility of specially hired staff:

  • Invited Researcher
  • Assistant Researcher (minimum requirement: Master's degree)
  • Research Intern (minimum requirement: Bachelor's degree)

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Maintenance". European University Institute. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
  2. ^ Lei 12863, Anexo I.a (in Portuguese). Presidência da República, Casa Civil, Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos. 24 September 2013.
  3. ^ Lei 12772, Anexo I.a (in Portuguese). Presidência da República, Casa Civil, Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos. 28 December 2012.
  4. ^ "Significado de "adjunto"". Michaelis Dicionário de Inglês Online (in Portuguese). Editora Melhoramentos. 2009.
  5. ^ Rubens Ramos (25 July 2012). "Análise da Proposta do Governo, Parte 2: Os Salários" (in Portuguese).
  6. ^ (41). 1988. Archived from the original on 2017-07-15. Retrieved 2016-04-10.
  7. ^ Lei 12863, 16 (in Portuguese). Presidência da República, Casa Civil, Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos. 24 September 2013.
  8. ^ Lei 12772, 16 (in Portuguese). Presidência da República, Casa Civil, Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos. 28 December 2012.
  9. ^ Lei 4090 (in Portuguese). Presidência da República, Casa Civil, Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos. 13 July 1962.
  10. ^ Lei 4749 (in Portuguese). Presidência da República, Casa Civil, Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos. 12 August 1965.
  11. ^ Lei 12863, 36 (in Portuguese). Presidência da República, Casa Civil, Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos. 24 September 2013.
  12. ^ Lei 12772, 36 (in Portuguese). Presidência da República, Casa Civil, Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos. 28 December 2012.
  13. ^ (7). 1988. Archived from the original on 2017-07-15. Retrieved 2016-04-10.
  14. ^ Andrew Downie (4 September 2010). "Brazilian Universities Find Challenges in Internationalization". The Chronicle of Higher Education.
  15. ^ Lei 12863, 8 (in Portuguese). Presidência da República, Casa Civil, Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos. 24 September 2013.
  16. ^ Lei 12772, 8 (in Portuguese). Presidência da República, Casa Civil, Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos. 28 December 2012.
  17. ^ a b Lei 12863, 12 (in Portuguese). Presidência da República, Casa Civil, Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos. 24 September 2013.
  18. ^ a b Lei 12772, 12 (in Portuguese). Presidência da República, Casa Civil, Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos. 28 December 2012.
  19. ^ Lei 12863, 13 (in Portuguese). Presidência da República, Casa Civil, Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos. 24 September 2013.
  20. ^ Lei 12772, 13 (in Portuguese). Presidência da República, Casa Civil, Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos. 28 December 2012.
  21. ^ "Diário da República Eletrónico". Diário da República Eletrónico. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
  22. ^ "FCT — Unidades de I&D — Estatuto da Carreira de Investigação". www.fct.pt. Retrieved 2022-03-25.

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Academic ranks in Portugal and Brazil are the titles relative importance and power of professors researchers and administrative personnel held in academia Contents 1 Overview 2 Portugal 3 Brazil 3 1 Federal level 3 2 State level 4 Research only 5 See also 6 ReferencesOverview editIn Romance languages spoken in Portugal France Italy Romania and Spanish and Portuguese speaking Latin America Ibero America the term professor and teacher translate the same professor professeur professore profesor thus it is used for anyone teaching at a school grade elementary middle and high school institute technical school vocational school college or university regardless of the level of the subject matter taught or the level or ages of students However one who teaches at a university is specifically called professor universitario university professor although it is also common to call university professors just professor As subtypes of professors the following are distinguished Professor catedratico Portugal or Professor titular Brazil full professor it is the highest faculty position Professor associado professor adjunto professor auxiliar various intermediary professorship levels roughly equivalent to associate professor or assistant professor not to be confounded with adjunct professors depending on country and if it s a state or federal university see country specific sections below for details Professor substituto a short term contract for replacement of professors on maternity leave sabbatical years or other temporary situations Professor visitante same as visiting professor usually conducts research as an obligation from his her contract and so is required to hold a PhDPortugal editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Academic ranks Portugal and Brazil news newspapers books scholar JSTOR June 2015 Learn how and when to remove this message The Portuguese academic career can be taken by two ways Teaching Career or Scientific Research Career 1 Teaching Career Professor catedratico equivalent to full professor Professor associado equivalent to associate professor Professor auxiliar equivalent to assistant professor Both professor associado and professor auxiliar may have Agregacao an extra degree mandatory to all applicants to the rank of professor catedratico which one can apply to usually years after the PhD similar to the French Habilitation a Diriger des Recherches Agregacao is a two day exam based on curriculum vitae evaluation and a public lecture where the candidate is evaluated by secret vote by a large number of other full professors in which the professors insert a white or a black sphere into a bag according to his or her decision The three ranks of professors may also be held by invited professors according to the rank this does not mean that they are from outside the university but rather they re not employed by the university full time Portuguese universities still have a few other teaching staff in two ranks not holding a PhD These two ranks were extinguished in 2009 and will vanish after all the ongoing contracts terminate in the next few years Assistente equivalent to assistant lecturer without a PhD normally someone who is simultaneously earning a PhD and holding a master s degree only teaches practical or lab classes Assistente estagiario equivalent to a junior teaching assistant It used to be the start of the teaching career until 2009 and already extremely rare to find since the Bologna agreement They are typically graduate students and only teach practical lab classes Brazil editFederal level edit Academic ranks in the federal universities have been updated slightly over the years via new legislation Since 2013 ranks are organized in five classes containing up to four levels each 2 3 Class E Professor titular single level equivalent to full professor Class D Professor associado levels 1 2 3 4 must hold a PhD equivalent to associate professor Class C Professor adjunto levels 1 2 3 4 must hold a PhD equivalent to assistant professor 4 5 Class B Professor assistente levels 1 and 2 must hold a master s degree Class A levels 1 and 2 pre tenure faculty Professor adjunto A must hold a PhD Professor assistente A must hold a master s degree Professor auxiliar must hold an undergraduate degree or specialization title Federal university professors are public servants and as such acquire tenure automatically after an initial three year probationary period Portuguese estagio probatorio see also Brazilian Civil Service Tenure 6 Salary is pre determined for each class level combination increasing with rank advancement 7 8 and includes a thirteenth salary 9 10 Federal university professors are also entitled to 45 day annual leave 11 12 compensated one third higher than the normal salary 13 Hiring is done through a civil service entrance examination open to anyone eligible though normally in Portuguese which represents a challenge for internationals 14 and normally leads to the bottom rank class A level 1 15 16 Career advancement is achieved through progression across levels of a given class and promotion across different classes with each step normally requiring two years of service plus approval in a performance evaluation internal to the university 17 18 Faculty may expedite promotion upon tenuring 3 year probation thus advancing to the first level of class B or class C if they are holders of the required degrees master s or PhD respectively 19 20 Advancement to the top rank class E requires additionally either a type of Habilitation defense of an original thesis or approval of a written document Portuguese memorial describing the applicant s professional achievements in teaching research outreach and academic administration the evaluation process in this case is carried out by a special commission made of at least 75 of members external to the applicant s own university 17 18 State level edit At Sao Paulo state universities particularly at the University of Sao Paulo the academic rank system is as follows citation needed Professor titular MS 6 equivalent to full professor the position normally requires years of academic experience and meaningful publications in international academic journals Professor associado MS 5 must hold the title of livre docente similar to a German Habilitation equivalent to associate professor Professor doutor MS 3 must hold a PhD equivalent to assistant professor Professor assistente MS 2 must hold a master s degree and a pedagogical preparation PAE Auxiliar de ensino MS 1 only a bachelor s degree is requiredResearch only editThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it October 2014 The Portuguese scientific research career is defined by the Decree Law 124 99 of 20 April 21 Research Career 22 Investigador coordenador Coordinator Researcher equivalent to full professor status Investigador principal Principal Researcher equivalent to associate professor status Investigador auxiliar Auxiliary Researcher equivalent to assistant professor status This career statute also provides for the possibility of specially hired staff Invited Researcher Assistant Researcher minimum requirement Master s degree Research Intern minimum requirement Bachelor s degree See also editList of academic ranksReferences edit Maintenance European University Institute Retrieved 2024 04 26 Lei 12863 Anexo I a in Portuguese Presidencia da Republica Casa Civil Subchefia para Assuntos Juridicos 24 September 2013 Lei 12772 Anexo I a in Portuguese Presidencia da Republica Casa Civil Subchefia para Assuntos Juridicos 28 December 2012 Significado de adjunto Michaelis Dicionario de Ingles Online in Portuguese Editora Melhoramentos 2009 Rubens Ramos 25 July 2012 Analise da Proposta do Governo Parte 2 Os Salarios in Portuguese Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil 41 1988 Archived from the original on 2017 07 15 Retrieved 2016 04 10 Lei 12863 16 in Portuguese Presidencia da Republica Casa Civil Subchefia para Assuntos Juridicos 24 September 2013 Lei 12772 16 in Portuguese Presidencia da Republica Casa Civil Subchefia para Assuntos Juridicos 28 December 2012 Lei 4090 in Portuguese Presidencia da Republica Casa Civil Subchefia para Assuntos Juridicos 13 July 1962 Lei 4749 in Portuguese Presidencia da Republica Casa Civil Subchefia para Assuntos Juridicos 12 August 1965 Lei 12863 36 in Portuguese Presidencia da Republica Casa Civil Subchefia para Assuntos Juridicos 24 September 2013 Lei 12772 36 in Portuguese Presidencia da Republica Casa Civil Subchefia para Assuntos Juridicos 28 December 2012 Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil 7 1988 Archived from the original on 2017 07 15 Retrieved 2016 04 10 Andrew Downie 4 September 2010 Brazilian Universities Find Challenges in Internationalization The Chronicle of Higher Education Lei 12863 8 in Portuguese Presidencia da Republica Casa Civil Subchefia para Assuntos Juridicos 24 September 2013 Lei 12772 8 in Portuguese Presidencia da Republica Casa Civil Subchefia para Assuntos Juridicos 28 December 2012 a b Lei 12863 12 in Portuguese Presidencia da Republica Casa Civil Subchefia para Assuntos Juridicos 24 September 2013 a b Lei 12772 12 in Portuguese Presidencia da Republica Casa Civil Subchefia para Assuntos Juridicos 28 December 2012 Lei 12863 13 in Portuguese Presidencia da Republica Casa Civil Subchefia para Assuntos Juridicos 24 September 2013 Lei 12772 13 in Portuguese Presidencia da Republica Casa Civil Subchefia para Assuntos Juridicos 28 December 2012 Diario da Republica Eletronico Diario da Republica Eletronico Retrieved 2022 03 25 FCT Unidades de I amp D Estatuto da Carreira de Investigacao www fct pt Retrieved 2022 03 25 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Academic ranks Portugal and Brazil amp oldid 1220836956 Portugal, 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