The abyssal grenadier, Coryphaenoides armatus, is an abyssal fish of the genus Coryphaenoides, found in all the world's oceans, at depths between 800 and 4,000 metres (2,600 and 13,100 ft). Its adult length is 20 to 40 centimetres (8 to 16 in), although Fishbase[2] gives lengths up to 1 metre (3 ft 3 in). The abyssal grenadier's body is unique in that it contains two dorsal spines and about 124 dorsal soft rays, which are the flexible jointed rays supporting a fin nearest to the back in the spinal column. It has no anal spines, but has 115 anal soft rays along its body. The head and eyes of this fish are very large, while the mouth is very small. The color of the abyssal grenadier is brown apart from the abdomen, which is bluish.[3]
Coryphaenoides armatus occurs at the deep-slope, on the upper continental rise between 2,000 m and 4,700 m.[4] However, they have been observed at depths between 282 m and 5180 m.[4] This depth range is dependent on the ocean as C. armatus lives in depths between 2000 and 4800 meters in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans but are limited to nutrient-dense environments between 2000 and 4300 meters in the Pacific Ocean.[5] Its diet changes as it matures, from benthic invertebrates such as crustaceans and holothuroids when young to mesopelagic and bathypelagic fish, sea urchins and cephalopods when adult. The sensory specialty of C. armatus also changes over its lifecycle; juveniles are more reliant on sight than olfaction, but developed adults are considered to be olfactory specialists.[6] Very few ripe females, and no spent individuals have been collected, and this is suggestive of this species being semelparous.[1] A study done on the influence of carrion supply in the role of temporal changes in grenadier abundance showed a direct positive correlation to amount of carrion and the population of abyssal grenadier in the eastern North Pacific.[7]
Feeding and hunting behavioredit
C. armatus' diet is mainly composed of mid-water cephalopods and fishes but can also consume echinoderms.[8] Examination of the stomach contents of specimens collected by trawling below 2,600 m deep in the Hudson Canyon showed that an important proportion of the diet of C. armatus is caught in the deep mesopelagic and bathypelagic regions. Though the diet of C. armatus largely consists of animals, these fish have been observed to opportunistically consume phytodetritus, especially in regions where phytodetritus falls are more common.[9] This finding was supported by researchers who found a positive correlation between increased swim speed in months with increased levels of benthic nutrient enrichment via marine snow.[10] Research studies focused on the feeding and foraging habits of C. armatus has revealed that this species follows an active foraging strategy consistent with the optimal foraging theory.[11]C. armatus has been observed to maintain low metabolic rates and slow aerobic activity in their foraging; these behaviors are thought to reflect a need to conserve energy due to the extreme environmental conditions and food scarcity that exists in C. armatus' natural habitats.[12]
On the Davidson Seamount at 2253 meters depth
Coryphaenoides armatus is seen in this video describing the operation and use of an autonomous lander (RV Kaharoa) in deep sea research
^ abFernandes, P.; Cook, R.; Florin, A.-B.; Lorance, P.; Nielsen, J. & Nedreaas, K. (2015). "Coryphaenoides armatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T18125776A60791529. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T18125776A60791529.en. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
^ abFroese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2018). "Coryphaenoides armatus" in FishBase. February 2018 version.
^Cohen, D. M.; Inada, T.; Iwamoto, T.; Scialabba, N. (1990). Gadiform Fishes of the World. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 10. ISBN92-5-102890-7.
^ abRitchie, H.; Cousins, N. J.; Cregeen, S. J.; Piertney, S. B. (2013-12-15). "Population genetic structure of the abyssal grenadier (Coryphaenoides armatus) around the mid-Atlantic ridge". Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. ECOMAR: Ecosystems of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at the Sub-Polar Front and Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone. 98: 431–437. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.06.014. ISSN 0967-0645.
^Jamieson, A. J.; Priede, I. G.; Craig, J. (2012-06-01). "Distinguishing between the abyssal macrourids Coryphaenoides yaquinae and C. armatus from in situ photography". Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 64: 78–85. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2012.02.001. hdl:2164/5502. ISSN 0967-0637.
^Wagner, H.-J. (2003-04-01). "Volumetric analysis of brain areas indicates a shift in sensory orientation during development in the deep-sea grenadier Coryphaenoides armatus". Marine Biology. 142 (4): 791–797. doi:10.1007/s00227-002-0990-7. ISSN 1432-1793. S2CID 86117788.
^Drazen JC, Bailey DM, Ruhl HA, Smith KL Jr (2012) The Role of Carrion Supply in the Abundance of Deep-Water Fish off California. PLoS ONE 7(11): e49332. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049332
^Bailey, D. M.; Ruhl, H. A.; Smith, K. L. (March 2006). "Long-Term Change in Benthopelagic Fish Abundance in the Abyssal Northeast Pacific Ocean". Ecology. 87 (3): 549–555. doi:10.1890/04-1832. ISSN 0012-9658. PMID 16602284.
^Jeffreys, Rachel M.; Lavaleye, Marc S. S.; Bergman, Magda J. N.; Duineveld, Gerard C. A.; Witbaard, Rob (2011-04-01). "Do abyssal scavengers use phytodetritus as a food resource? Video and biochemical evidence from the Atlantic and Mediterranean". Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 58 (4): 415–428. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2011.02.002. ISSN 0967-0637.
^Priede, I. G.; Ragley, P. M.; Smith, K. L. (March 1994). "Seasonal change in activity of abyssal demersal scavenging grenadiers Coryphaenoides ( Nematonums ) armatus in the eastern North Pacific Ocean". Limnology and Oceanography. 39 (2): 279–285. doi:10.4319/lo.1994.39.2.0279.
^Priede, Imants G.; Smith, Kenneth L.; Armstrong, John D. (1990-01-01). "Foraging behavior of abyssal grenadier fish: inferences from acoustic tagging and tracking in the North Pacific Ocean". Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers. 37 (1): 81–101. doi:10.1016/0198-0149(90)90030-Y. ISSN 0198-0149.
^Collins, M. A.; Priede, I. G.; Bagley, P. M. (1999-10-07). "In situ comparison of activity in two deep-sea scavenging fishes occupying different depth zones". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 266 (1432): 2011–2016. doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0879. PMC1690310.
Further readingedit
Tony Ayling & Geoffrey Cox, Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand, (William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1982) ISBN0-00-216987-8
External linksedit
Media related to Coryphaenoides armatus at Wikimedia Commons
March 07, 2024
abyssal, grenadier, abyssal, grenadier, coryphaenoides, armatus, abyssal, fish, genus, coryphaenoides, found, world, oceans, depths, between, metres, adult, length, centimetres, although, fishbase, gives, lengths, metre, abyssal, grenadier, body, unique, that,. The abyssal grenadier Coryphaenoides armatus is an abyssal fish of the genus Coryphaenoides found in all the world s oceans at depths between 800 and 4 000 metres 2 600 and 13 100 ft Its adult length is 20 to 40 centimetres 8 to 16 in although Fishbase 2 gives lengths up to 1 metre 3 ft 3 in The abyssal grenadier s body is unique in that it contains two dorsal spines and about 124 dorsal soft rays which are the flexible jointed rays supporting a fin nearest to the back in the spinal column It has no anal spines but has 115 anal soft rays along its body The head and eyes of this fish are very large while the mouth is very small The color of the abyssal grenadier is brown apart from the abdomen which is bluish 3 Abyssal grenadierAbyssal grenadier Coryphaenoides armatusConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ActinopterygiiOrder GadiformesFamily MacrouridaeSubfamily MacrourinaeGenus CoryphaenoidesSpecies C armatusBinomial nameCoryphaenoides armatus Hector 1875 Synonyms 2 Macrurus armatus Hector 1875 Nematonurus armatus Hector 1875 Coryphaenoides variabilis Gunther 1878 Macrurus asper Goode amp Bean 1883 Macrurus goodii Gunther 1887 Coryphaenoides gigas Vaillant 1888 Nematonurus gigas Vaillant 1888 Nematonurus cyclolepis Gilbert 1896 Coryphaenoides cyclolepis Gilbert 1896 Dolloa cyclolepis Gilbert 1896 Macrurus cyclolepis Gilbert 1896 Moseleya cyclolepis Gilbert 1896 Macrurus suborbitalis Gill amp Townsend 1897 Coryphaenoides suborbitalis Gill amp Townsend 1897 Nematonurus suborbitalis Gill amp Townsend 1897 Nematonurus abyssorum Gilbert 1915 Coryphaenoides abyssorum Gilbert 1915 Contents 1 Overview 2 Feeding and hunting behavior 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksOverview editCoryphaenoides armatus occurs at the deep slope on the upper continental rise between 2 000 m and 4 700 m 4 However they have been observed at depths between 282 m and 5180 m 4 This depth range is dependent on the ocean as C armatus lives in depths between 2000 and 4800 meters in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans but are limited to nutrient dense environments between 2000 and 4300 meters in the Pacific Ocean 5 Its diet changes as it matures from benthic invertebrates such as crustaceans and holothuroids when young to mesopelagic and bathypelagic fish sea urchins and cephalopods when adult The sensory specialty of C armatus also changes over its lifecycle juveniles are more reliant on sight than olfaction but developed adults are considered to be olfactory specialists 6 Very few ripe females and no spent individuals have been collected and this is suggestive of this species being semelparous 1 A study done on the influence of carrion supply in the role of temporal changes in grenadier abundance showed a direct positive correlation to amount of carrion and the population of abyssal grenadier in the eastern North Pacific 7 Feeding and hunting behavior editC armatus diet is mainly composed of mid water cephalopods and fishes but can also consume echinoderms 8 Examination of the stomach contents of specimens collected by trawling below 2 600 m deep in the Hudson Canyon showed that an important proportion of the diet of C armatus is caught in the deep mesopelagic and bathypelagic regions Though the diet of C armatus largely consists of animals these fish have been observed to opportunistically consume phytodetritus especially in regions where phytodetritus falls are more common 9 This finding was supported by researchers who found a positive correlation between increased swim speed in months with increased levels of benthic nutrient enrichment via marine snow 10 Research studies focused on the feeding and foraging habits of C armatus has revealed that this species follows an active foraging strategy consistent with the optimal foraging theory 11 C armatus has been observed to maintain low metabolic rates and slow aerobic activity in their foraging these behaviors are thought to reflect a need to conserve energy due to the extreme environmental conditions and food scarcity that exists in C armatus natural habitats 12 nbsp On the Davidson Seamount at 2253 meters depth source source source source source source source source Coryphaenoides armatus is seen in this video describing the operation and use of an autonomous lander RV Kaharoa in deep sea research nbsp nbsp Abyssal grenadier Coryphaenoides armatusSee also editGrenadiers fish Coryphaenoides yaquinaeReferences edit a b Fernandes P Cook R Florin A B Lorance P Nielsen J amp Nedreaas K 2015 Coryphaenoides armatus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 e T18125776A60791529 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2015 4 RLTS T18125776A60791529 en Retrieved 25 June 2023 a b Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2018 Coryphaenoides armatus in FishBase February 2018 version Cohen D M Inada T Iwamoto T Scialabba N 1990 Gadiform Fishes of the World FAO Species Catalogue Vol 10 ISBN 92 5 102890 7 a b Ritchie H Cousins N J Cregeen S J Piertney S B 2013 12 15 Population genetic structure of the abyssal grenadier Coryphaenoides armatus around the mid Atlantic ridge Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography ECOMAR Ecosystems of the Mid Atlantic Ridge at the Sub Polar Front and Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone 98 431 437 doi 10 1016 j dsr2 2013 06 014 ISSN 0967 0645 Jamieson A J Priede I G Craig J 2012 06 01 Distinguishing between the abyssal macrourids Coryphaenoides yaquinae and C armatus from in situ photography Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers 64 78 85 doi 10 1016 j dsr 2012 02 001 hdl 2164 5502 ISSN 0967 0637 Wagner H J 2003 04 01 Volumetric analysis of brain areas indicates a shift in sensory orientation during development in the deep sea grenadier Coryphaenoides armatus Marine Biology 142 4 791 797 doi 10 1007 s00227 002 0990 7 ISSN 1432 1793 S2CID 86117788 Drazen JC Bailey DM Ruhl HA Smith KL Jr 2012 The Role of Carrion Supply in the Abundance of Deep Water Fish off California PLoS ONE 7 11 e49332 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0049332 Bailey D M Ruhl H A Smith K L March 2006 Long Term Change in Benthopelagic Fish Abundance in the Abyssal Northeast Pacific Ocean Ecology 87 3 549 555 doi 10 1890 04 1832 ISSN 0012 9658 PMID 16602284 Jeffreys Rachel M Lavaleye Marc S S Bergman Magda J N Duineveld Gerard C A Witbaard Rob 2011 04 01 Do abyssal scavengers use phytodetritus as a food resource Video and biochemical evidence from the Atlantic and Mediterranean Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers 58 4 415 428 doi 10 1016 j dsr 2011 02 002 ISSN 0967 0637 Priede I G Ragley P M Smith K L March 1994 Seasonal change in activity of abyssal demersal scavenging grenadiers Coryphaenoides Nematonums armatus in the eastern North Pacific Ocean Limnology and Oceanography 39 2 279 285 doi 10 4319 lo 1994 39 2 0279 Priede Imants G Smith Kenneth L Armstrong John D 1990 01 01 Foraging behavior of abyssal grenadier fish inferences from acoustic tagging and tracking in the North Pacific Ocean Deep Sea Research Part A Oceanographic Research Papers 37 1 81 101 doi 10 1016 0198 0149 90 90030 Y ISSN 0198 0149 Collins M A Priede I G Bagley P M 1999 10 07 In situ comparison of activity in two deep sea scavenging fishes occupying different depth zones Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences 266 1432 2011 2016 doi 10 1098 rspb 1999 0879 PMC 1690310 Further reading editTony Ayling amp Geoffrey Cox Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand William Collins Publishers Ltd Auckland New Zealand 1982 ISBN 0 00 216987 8External links edit nbsp Media related to Coryphaenoides armatus at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Abyssal grenadier amp oldid 1193292573, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
