Adenomatous polyposis coli

This article is about the tumor suppressor APC, in which mutations lead to colon cancer. For the cell-cycle regulatory complex, APC/C, see Anaphase-promoting complex.

Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) also known as deleted in polyposis 2.5 (DP2.5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APC gene.^[4] The APC protein is a negative regulator that controls beta-catenin concentrations and interacts with E-cadherin, which are involved in cell adhesion. Mutations in the APC gene may result in colorectal cancer and desmoid tumors.^[5][6]

APC
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1DEB, 1EMU, 1JPP, 1M5I, 1T08, 1TH1, 1V18, 2RQU, 3AU3, 3NMW, 3NMX, 3NMZ, 3QHE, 3RL7, 3RL8, 3T7U, 4G69, 4YJL, 4YK6, 4YJE
Identifiers
Aliases	APC, BTPS2, DP2, DP2.5, DP3, GS, PPP1R46, adenomatous polyposis coli, WNT signaling pathway regulator, Genes
External IDs	OMIM: 611731 MGI: 88039 HomoloGene: 30950 GeneCards: APC
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 18 (mouse)^[1] Band 18 B1|18 18.53 cM Start 34,220,924 bp^[1] End 34,322,552 bp^[1]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) n/a Top expressed in olfactory bulb substantia nigra lateral geniculate nucleus pontine nuclei medial dorsal nucleus subiculum medial geniculate nucleus anterior horn of spinal cord prefrontal cortex fossa BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function gamma-catenin binding protein kinase binding microtubule plus-end binding microtubule binding cadherin binding protein kinase regulator activity protein binding beta-catenin binding ubiquitin protein ligase binding identical protein binding dynein complex binding Cellular component cytoskeleton adherens junction beta-catenin destruction complex nucleoplasm cytoplasm cell projection cytosol catenin complex cell junction nucleus lamellipodium membrane Wnt signalosome centrosome kinetochore bicellular tight junction ruffle membrane plasma membrane lateral plasma membrane perinuclear region of cytoplasm microtubule cytoplasmic microtubule Biological process negative regulation of cell population proliferation negative regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling positive regulation of cell migration positive regulation of protein catabolic process bicellular tight junction assembly regulation of microtubule-based process positive regulation of pseudopodium assembly regulation of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore cellular response to DNA damage stimulus negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway cell adhesion mitotic cytokinesis negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization positive regulation of apoptotic process canonical Wnt signaling pathway cell migration beta-catenin destruction complex assembly beta-catenin destruction complex disassembly negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway Wnt signaling pathway protein deubiquitination insulin receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of cell death protein homooligomerization positive regulation of protein localization to centrosome protein-containing complex assembly cell fate specification pattern specification process regulation of cell differentiation positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 324 11789 Ensembl ENSG00000134982 ENSMUSG00000005871 UniProt P25054 Q61315 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001127511 NM_000038 NM_001127510 NM_007462 NM_001360979 NM_001360980 RefSeq (protein) NP_000029 NP_001120982 NP_001120983 NP_001341824 NP_001341825 NP_001341826 NP_001341827 NP_001341828 NP_001341829 NP_001341830 NP_001341831 NP_001341832 NP_001341833 NP_001341834 NP_001341835 n/a Location (UCSC) n/a Chr 18: 34.22 – 34.32 Mb PubMed search ^[2] ^[3]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

APC is classified as a tumor suppressor gene. Tumor suppressor genes prevent the uncontrolled growth of cells that may result in cancerous tumors. The protein made by the APC gene plays a critical role in several cellular processes that determine whether a cell may develop into a tumor. The APC protein helps control how often a cell divides, how it attaches to other cells within a tissue, how the cell polarizes and the morphogenesis of the 3D structures,^[7] or whether a cell moves within or away from tissue. This protein also helps ensure that the chromosome number in cells produced through cell division is correct. The APC protein accomplishes these tasks mainly through association with other proteins, especially those that are involved in cell attachment and signaling. The activity of one protein in particular, beta-catenin, is controlled by the APC protein (see: Wnt signaling pathway). Regulation of beta-catenin prevents genes that stimulate cell division from being turned on too often and prevents cell overgrowth.

The human APC gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 5 in band q22.2 (5q22.2). The APC gene has been shown to contain an internal ribosome entry site. APC orthologs^[8] have also been identified in all mammals for which complete genome data are available.

Structure

The full-length human protein comprises 2,843 amino acids with a (predicted) molecular mass of 311646 Da. Several N-terminal domains have been structurally elucidated in unique atomistic high-resolution complex structures. Most of the protein is predicted to be intrinsically disordered. It is not known if this large predicted unstructured region from amino acid 800 to 2843 persists in vivo or would form stabilised complexes – possibly with yet unidentified interacting proteins.^[9] Recently, it has been experimentally confirmed that the mutation cluster region around the center of APC is intrinsically disordered in vitro.^[10]

Role in cancer

The most common mutation in colon cancer is inactivation of APC. In absence of APC inactivating mutations, colon cancers commonly carry activating mutations in beta catenin or inactivating mutations in RNF43.^[11] Mutations in APC can be inherited, or arise sporadically in the somatic cells, often as the result of mutations in other genes that result in the inability to repair mutations in the DNA. In order for cancer to develop, both alleles (copies of the APC gene) must be mutated. Mutations in APC or β-catenin must be followed by other mutations to become cancerous; however, in carriers of an APC-inactivating mutation, the risk of colorectal cancer by age 40 is almost 100%.^[5]

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is caused by an inherited, inactivating mutation in the APC gene.^[12] More than 800 mutations^{[citation needed]} in the APC gene have been identified in families with classic and attenuated types of familial adenomatous polyposis. Most of these mutations cause the production of an APC protein that is abnormally short and presumably nonfunctional. This short protein cannot suppress the cellular overgrowth that leads to the formation of polyps, which can become cancerous. The most common mutation in familial adenomatous polyposis is a deletion of five bases in the APC gene. This mutation changes the sequence of amino acids in the resulting APC protein beginning at position 1309. Mutations in the APC gene have also been found to lead to the development of desmoid tumors in FAP patients.^[6]

Another mutation is carried by approximately 6 percent^{[citation needed]} of people of Ashkenazi (eastern and central European) Jewish heritage. This mutation results in the substitution of the amino acid lysine for isoleucine at position 1307 in the APC protein (also written as I1307K or Ile1307Lys). This change has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of colon cancer,^[13] with moderate effect size.^[14] APC I1307K has also been implicated as a risk factor for certain other cancers.^[14]

Regulation of proliferation

The (Adenomatous Polyposis Coli) APC protein normally builds a "destruction complex" with glycogen synthase kinase 3-alpha and or beta (GSK-3α/β) and Axin via interactions with the 20 AA and SAMP repeats.^[15][16][17] This complex is then able to bind β-catenins in the cytoplasm, that have dissociated from adherens contacts between cells. With the help of casein kinase 1 (CK1), which carries out an initial phosphorylation of β-catenin, GSK-3β is able to phosphorylate β-catenin a second time. This targets β-catenin for ubiquitination and degradation by cellular proteasomes. This prevents it from translocating into the nucleus, where it acts as a transcription factor for proliferation genes.^[18] APC is also thought to be targeted to microtubules via the PDZ binding domain, stabilizing them.^[19] The deactivation of the APC protein can take place after certain chain reactions in the cytoplasm are started, e.g. through the Wnt signals that destroy the conformation of the complex.^{[citation needed]} In the nucleus it complexes with legless/BCL9, TCF, and Pygo.^{[citation needed]}

The ability of APC to bind β-catenin has been classically considered to be an integral part of the protein's mechanistic function in the destruction complex, along with binding to Axin through the SAMP repeats.^[20] These models have been substantiated by observations that common APC loss of function mutations in the mutation cluster region often remove several β-catenin binding sites and SAMP repeats. However, recent evidence from Yamulla and colleagues have directly tested those models and imply that APC's core mechanistic functions may not require direct binding to β-catenin, but necessitate interactions with Axin.^[21] The researchers hypothesized that APC's many β-catenin binding sites increase the protein's efficiency at destroying β-catenin, yet are not absolutely necessary for the protein's mechanistic function. Further research is clearly necessary to elucidate the precise mechanistic function of APC in the destruction complex.

Mutations

 

Familial adenomatous polyposis of the intestine

Mutations in APC often occur early on in cancers such as colon cancer.^[9] Patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) have germline mutations, with 95% being nonsense/frameshift mutations leading to premature stop codons. 33% of mutations occur between amino acids 1061–1309. In somatic mutations, over 60% occur within a mutation cluster region (1286–1513), causing loss of axin-binding sites in all but one of the 20AA repeats. Mutations in APC lead to loss of β-catenin regulation, altered cell migration and chromosome instability.^[11]

Neurological role

Rosenberg et al. found that APC directs cholinergic synapse assembly between neurons, a finding with implications for autonomic neuropathies, for Alzheimer's disease, for age-related hearing loss, and for some forms of epilepsy and schizophrenia.^{[22] (29)}

Interactions

APC (gene) has been shown to interact with:

• ARHGEF4,^[23]
• AXIN1,^[17]
• BUB1,^[24]
• CTNNB1,^{[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]}
• CSNK2B,^[30]
• CSNK2A1,^[30]
• Catenin (cadherin-associated protein), alpha 1,^[25][33]
• DLG3,^[34]
• KIFAP3,^[35]
• MAPRE2,^[36][37]
• JUP,^[33][38]
• SIAH1,^[39]
• TFAP2A,^[40]
• TUBA4A^[41] and
• XPO1.^[42]

 

Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in apoptosis.

See also

• MUTYH

References

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Further reading

• Cohen MM (November 2003). "Molecular dimensions of gastrointestinal tumors: some thoughts for digestion". American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A. 122A (4): 303–314. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.20473. PMID 14518068. S2CID 9546199.
• Fearnhead NS, Britton MP, Bodmer WF (April 2001). "The ABC of APC". Human Molecular Genetics. 10 (7): 721–733. doi:10.1093/hmg/10.7.721. PMID 11257105.
• Fodde R (May 2002). "The APC gene in colorectal cancer". European Journal of Cancer. 38 (7): 867–871. doi:10.1016/S0959-8049(02)00040-0. PMID 11978510.
• Goss KH, Groden J (May 2000). "Biology of the adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 18 (9): 1967–1979. doi:10.1200/JCO.2000.18.9.1967. PMID 10784639.
• Järvinen HJ, Peltomäki P (January 2004). "The complex genotype-phenotype relationship in familial adenomatous polyposis". European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 16 (1): 5–8. doi:10.1097/00042737-200401000-00002. PMID 15095846. S2CID 20780391.
• Lal G, Gallinger S (June 2000). "Familial adenomatous polyposis". Seminars in Surgical Oncology. 18 (4): 314–323. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2388(200006)18:4<314::AID-SSU6>3.0.CO;2-9. PMID 10805953.
• van Es JH, Giles RH, Clevers HC (March 2001). "The many faces of the tumor suppressor gene APC". Experimental Cell Research. 264 (1): 126–134. doi:10.1006/excr.2000.5142. PMID 11237529.
• Rosenberg MM, Yang F, Giovanni M, Mohn JL, Temburni MK, Jacob MH (June 2008). "Adenomatous polyposis coli plays a key role, in vivo, in coordinating assembly of the neuronal nicotinic postsynaptic complex". Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences. 38 (2): 138–152. doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2008.02.006. PMC 2502068. PMID 18407517.

External links

• GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on APC-Associated Polyposis Conditions
• OMIM entries on APC-Associated Polyposis Conditions
• Adenomatous+Polyposis+Coli+Protein at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
• Database concerning peer-reviewed reports on cancer critical alteration in several genes including (APC (protein)), (TP53), (Beta-catenin|β-catenin)
• Human APC genome location and APC gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.