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Diamine oxidase

January 01, 1970

Not to be confused with D-amino acid oxidase or D-aspartate oxidase.

Diamine oxidase (DAO), also known "amine oxidase, copper-containing, 1" (AOC1), formerly called histaminase,[1] is an enzyme (EC 1.4.3.22) involved in the metabolism, oxidation, and inactivation of histamine and other polyamines such as putrescine or spermidine. The enzyme belongs to the amine oxidase (copper-containing) (AOC) family of amine oxidase enzymes.

Diamine oxidase
Diamine oxidase dimer, Human
Identifiers
EC no.1.4.3.22
Databases
IntEnzIntEnz view
BRENDABRENDA entry
ExPASyNiceZyme view
KEGGKEGG entry
MetaCycmetabolic pathway
PRIAMprofile
PDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Gene OntologyAmiGO / QuickGO
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PMCarticles
PubMedarticles
NCBIproteins

The enzyme is expressed in bilateria, a biological group of animals. The enzyme is encoded by the AOC1 gene. This gene is highly conserved across the bilateria group which includes mammals, birds, reptiles, fish and insects, to name a few.

Chemical activity edit

DAO catalyzes the oxidative deamination of polyamines, such as histamine and putrescine, to produce aminoaldehydes, hydrogen peroxide, and ammonia.

DAO metabolizes histamine into imidazole-4-acetaldehyde:

 

Biological role edit

DAO is involved in the physiology of digestion and other physiological processes, such as inflammation, immune response, and wound healing. Dysfunction of DAO has been associated with various diseases, including allergies, autoimmune disorders, and cancer. DAO also plays a role in healthy pregnancy in placental mammals.

In case of a shortage or low enzymatic activity of diamine oxidase in the human body, it may appear as an allergy or histamine intolerance.[2][3][4]

Expression edit

In placental mammals, including humans, the highest levels of DAO expression are observed in the digestive tract (intestinal mucosa) and the placenta. DAO expression is also observed in kidney of various species.

DAO is also expressed in eosinophils.[5][6]

The role in human pregnancy edit

In humans, a certain subtype of cells of the placenta, namely the extravillous trophoblasts, express the enzyme and secrete it into the blood stream of a pregnant woman.[7]

During pregnancy, DAO plays a crucial role in maintaining fetal growth and development by regulating histamine levels.[7] DAO levels in the blood circulation increases vastly in pregnant women suggesting a protective mechanism against adverse histamine.[8] Histamine is a potent vasodilator and can cause uterine contractions, which can lead to premature labor. DAO in the placenta breaks down histamine to prevent its accumulation and maintain a healthy pregnancy. Low levels of DAO in the placenta may contribute to preeclampsia, a pregnancy-related disorder characterized by mother's high blood pressure and damage to mother's organs such as the liver and kidneys; the baby may also be affected if the condition is severe or left untreated, but it is not the primary target of the disorder.

Lowered diamine oxidase values in maternal blood in early pregnancy might be an indication for trophoblast-related pregnancy disorders like early-onset preeclampsia.[8]

Supplementation edit

Exogenous DAO (supplements) are being studied as complementary treatment[9] for the relief of symptoms associated with histamine intolerance, and for the relief of other conditions, such as migraine[10] or fibromyalgia.[11] However, the results are inconclusive because studies to date have involved small study populations and short intervention periods.[12][13][14]

In the United States, DAO supplements are available over the counter but are not FDA-approved.[15]

In Europe, two investigations, financially backed by the manufacturer of the oral DAO supplementation, have posited that DAO supplementation could alleviate patient symptoms.[16] The first study sought to "objectify and quantify histamine-associated symptoms and to analyze whether oral administration of the histamine-degrading enzyme DAO caused a reduction of symptoms".[16] In this study, neither major nor minor symptoms could be replicated in 39 patients who initially responded to an open challenge with 75 mg histamine in peppermint tea, using a double-blind, placebo-controlled challenge.[16] Consequently, the primary endpoint of the study was not achieved, and the basis for the authors' conclusion that DAO supplementation intake resulted in a "statistically significant reduction in symptoms" remains unclear. The second study was purely observational, lacking a control group: it compared symptomatology with and without DAO use in 28 patients.[16] The chosen design was not suitable to demonstrate causal effects and carried a high risk of attributing placebo effects.[16] The effectiveness of DAO supplementation has not been scientifically validated and is not recommended by the medical associations in Germany, Austria and Switzerland.[16]

Research directions edit

DAO is related on possible links to migraine conditions. During migraine episodes, there is a noted elevation in the plasma concentrations of both calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and histamine. These substances are known for their potent vasodilatory effects and have been observed to mutually stimulate each other's release within the trigeminovascular system, potentially contributing to the onset of migraines, so that individuals with genetic variants in the DAO gene often experience migraines when consuming a diet high in histamine. As such, exploring the functional interplay between exogenous histamine and CGRP could provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying diet-induced migraines. This area of research continues to be actively investigated.[17]

References edit

  1. ^ Wolvekamp MC, de Bruin RW (1994). "Diamine oxidase: an overview of historical, biochemical and functional aspects". Digestive Diseases. 12 (1): 2–14. doi:10.1159/000171432. PMID 8200121.
  2. ^ Arih K, Đorđević N, Košnik M, Rijavec M (October 2023). "Evaluation of Serum Diamine Oxidase as a Diagnostic Test for Histamine Intolerance". Nutrients. 15 (19): 4246. doi:10.3390/nu15194246. PMC 10574399. PMID 37836530.
  3. ^ Manzotti G, Breda D, Di Gioacchino M, Burastero SE (March 2016). "Serum diamine oxidase activity in patients with histamine intolerance". International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology. 29 (1): 105–11. doi:10.1177/0394632015617170. PMC 5806734. PMID 26574488.
  4. ^ Music E, Silar M, Korosec P, Kosnik M, Rijavec M (2011). "Serum diamine oxidase (DAO) activity as a diagnostic test for histamine intolerance". Clinical and Translational Allergy. 1 (Suppl 1): P115. doi:10.1186/2045-7022-1-S1-P115. PMC 3354134.
  5. ^ Zeiger RS, Colten HR (February 1977). "Histaminase release from human eosinophils". Journal of Immunology. 118 (2): 540–3. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.118.2.540. PMID 402420. S2CID 36128339. from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
  6. ^ Agúndez JA, Ayuso P, Cornejo-García JA, Blanca M, Torres MJ, Doña I, et al. (2012). "The diamine oxidase gene is associated with hypersensitivity response to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs". PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e47571. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...747571A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047571. PMC 3495953. PMID 23152756.
  7. ^ a b Maintz L, Schwarzer V, Bieber T, van der Ven K, Novak N (2008). "Effects of histamine and diamine oxidase activities on pregnancy: a critical review". Hum Reprod Update. 14 (5): 485–95. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmn014. PMID 18499706.
  8. ^ a b Velicky P, Windsperger K, Petroczi K, Pils S, Reiter B, Weiss T, et al. (April 2018). "Pregnancy-associated diamine oxidase originates from extravillous trophoblasts and is decreased in early-onset preeclampsia". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 6342. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.6342V. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-24652-0. PMC 5910386. PMID 29679053.
  9. ^ Hakl R, Litzman J (2023). "Histamine intolerance". Vnitr Lek. 69 (1): 37–40. doi:10.36290/vnl.2023.005. PMID 36931880. S2CID 257604532.
  10. ^ Izquierdo-Casas J, Comas-Basté O, Latorre-Moratalla ML, Lorente-Gascón M, Duelo A, Soler-Singla L, et al. (February 2019). "Diamine oxidase (DAO) supplement reduces headache in episodic migraine patients with DAO deficiency: A randomized double-blind trial". Clin Nutr. 38 (1): 152–158. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.01.013. hdl:2445/162978. PMID 29475774. S2CID 3511305.
  11. ^ Okutan G, Sánchez Niño GM, Terrén Lora A, López Oliva S, San Mauro Martín I (October 2023). "Exogenous Supplementation with DAO Enzyme in Women with Fibromyalgia: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial". J Clin Med. 12 (20): 6449. doi:10.3390/jcm12206449. PMC 10607251. PMID 37892588.
  12. ^ Schnedl WJ, Enko D (April 2021). "Histamine Intolerance Originates in the Gut". Nutrients. 13 (4): 1262. doi:10.3390/nu13041262. PMC 8069563. PMID 33921522.
  13. ^ Comas-Basté O, Sánchez-Pérez S, Veciana-Nogués MT, Latorre-Moratalla M, Vidal-Carou MC (August 2020). "Histamine Intolerance: The Current State of the Art". Biomolecules. 10 (8): 1181. doi:10.3390/biom10081181. PMC 7463562. PMID 32824107.
  14. ^ Hrubisko M, Danis R, Huorka M, Wawruch M (June 2021). "Histamine Intolerance-The More We Know the Less We Know. A Review". Nutrients. 13 (7): 2228. doi:10.3390/nu13072228. PMC 8308327. PMID 34209583.
  15. ^ "regulations.gov search for diamine oxidase". from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Reese I, Ballmer-Weber B, Beyer K, Dölle-Bierke S, Kleine-Tebbe J, Klimek L, et al. (2021). "Guideline on management of suspected adverse reactions to ingested histamine: Guideline of the German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI), the Society for Pediatric Allergology and Environmental Medicine (GPA), the Medical Association of German Allergologists (AeDA) as well as the Swiss Society for Allergology and Immunology (SGAI) and the Austrian Society for Allergology and Immunology (ÖGAI)". Allergol Select. 5: 305–314. doi:10.5414/ALX02269E. PMC 8511827. PMID 34651098.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  17. ^ De Mora F, Messlinger K (2024). "Is calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) the missing link in food histamine-induced migraine? A review of functional gut-to-trigeminovascular system connections". Drug Discovery Today. 29 (4). doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103941. PMID 38447930.

External links edit

 

This oxidoreductase article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

January 01, 1970
diamine, oxidase, confused, with, amino, acid, oxidase, aspartate, oxidase, also, known, amine, oxidase, copper, containing, aoc1, formerly, called, histaminase, enzyme, involved, metabolism, oxidation, inactivation, histamine, other, polyamines, such, putresc. Not to be confused with D amino acid oxidase or D aspartate oxidase Diamine oxidase DAO also known amine oxidase copper containing 1 AOC1 formerly called histaminase 1 is an enzyme EC 1 4 3 22 involved in the metabolism oxidation and inactivation of histamine and other polyamines such as putrescine or spermidine The enzyme belongs to the amine oxidase copper containing AOC family of amine oxidase enzymes Diamine oxidaseDiamine oxidase dimer HumanIdentifiersEC no 1 4 3 22DatabasesIntEnzIntEnz viewBRENDABRENDA entryExPASyNiceZyme viewKEGGKEGG entryMetaCycmetabolic pathwayPRIAMprofilePDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsumGene OntologyAmiGO QuickGOSearchPMCarticlesPubMedarticlesNCBIproteins The enzyme is expressed in bilateria a biological group of animals The enzyme is encoded by the AOC1 gene This gene is highly conserved across the bilateria group which includes mammals birds reptiles fish and insects to name a few Contents 1 Chemical activity 2 Biological role 3 Expression 4 The role in human pregnancy 5 Supplementation 6 Research directions 7 References 8 External linksChemical activity editDAO catalyzes the oxidative deamination of polyamines such as histamine and putrescine to produce aminoaldehydes hydrogen peroxide and ammonia DAO metabolizes histamine into imidazole 4 acetaldehyde R C H 2 N H 2 H 2 O O 2 R C H O N H 3 H 2 O 2 displaystyle mathrm R CH 2 NH 2 H 2 O O 2 longrightarrow R CHO NH 3 H 2 O 2 nbsp Biological role editDAO is involved in the physiology of digestion and other physiological processes such as inflammation immune response and wound healing Dysfunction of DAO has been associated with various diseases including allergies autoimmune disorders and cancer DAO also plays a role in healthy pregnancy in placental mammals In case of a shortage or low enzymatic activity of diamine oxidase in the human body it may appear as an allergy or histamine intolerance 2 3 4 Expression editIn placental mammals including humans the highest levels of DAO expression are observed in the digestive tract intestinal mucosa and the placenta DAO expression is also observed in kidney of various species DAO is also expressed in eosinophils 5 6 The role in human pregnancy editIn humans a certain subtype of cells of the placenta namely the extravillous trophoblasts express the enzyme and secrete it into the blood stream of a pregnant woman 7 During pregnancy DAO plays a crucial role in maintaining fetal growth and development by regulating histamine levels 7 DAO levels in the blood circulation increases vastly in pregnant women suggesting a protective mechanism against adverse histamine 8 Histamine is a potent vasodilator and can cause uterine contractions which can lead to premature labor DAO in the placenta breaks down histamine to prevent its accumulation and maintain a healthy pregnancy Low levels of DAO in the placenta may contribute to preeclampsia a pregnancy related disorder characterized by mother s high blood pressure and damage to mother s organs such as the liver and kidneys the baby may also be affected if the condition is severe or left untreated but it is not the primary target of the disorder Lowered diamine oxidase values in maternal blood in early pregnancy might be an indication for trophoblast related pregnancy disorders like early onset preeclampsia 8 Supplementation editExogenous DAO supplements are being studied as complementary treatment 9 for the relief of symptoms associated with histamine intolerance and for the relief of other conditions such as migraine 10 or fibromyalgia 11 However the results are inconclusive because studies to date have involved small study populations and short intervention periods 12 13 14 In the United States DAO supplements are available over the counter but are not FDA approved 15 In Europe two investigations financially backed by the manufacturer of the oral DAO supplementation have posited that DAO supplementation could alleviate patient symptoms 16 The first study sought to objectify and quantify histamine associated symptoms and to analyze whether oral administration of the histamine degrading enzyme DAO caused a reduction of symptoms 16 In this study neither major nor minor symptoms could be replicated in 39 patients who initially responded to an open challenge with 75 mg histamine in peppermint tea using a double blind placebo controlled challenge 16 Consequently the primary endpoint of the study was not achieved and the basis for the authors conclusion that DAO supplementation intake resulted in a statistically significant reduction in symptoms remains unclear The second study was purely observational lacking a control group it compared symptomatology with and without DAO use in 28 patients 16 The chosen design was not suitable to demonstrate causal effects and carried a high risk of attributing placebo effects 16 The effectiveness of DAO supplementation has not been scientifically validated and is not recommended by the medical associations in Germany Austria and Switzerland 16 Research directions editDAO is related on possible links to migraine conditions During migraine episodes there is a noted elevation in the plasma concentrations of both calcitonin gene related peptide CGRP and histamine These substances are known for their potent vasodilatory effects and have been observed to mutually stimulate each other s release within the trigeminovascular system potentially contributing to the onset of migraines so that individuals with genetic variants in the DAO gene often experience migraines when consuming a diet high in histamine As such exploring the functional interplay between exogenous histamine and CGRP could provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying diet induced migraines This area of research continues to be actively investigated 17 References edit Wolvekamp MC de Bruin RW 1994 Diamine oxidase an overview of historical biochemical and functional aspects Digestive Diseases 12 1 2 14 doi 10 1159 000171432 PMID 8200121 Arih K Đorđevic N Kosnik M Rijavec M October 2023 Evaluation of Serum Diamine Oxidase as a Diagnostic Test for Histamine Intolerance Nutrients 15 19 4246 doi 10 3390 nu15194246 PMC 10574399 PMID 37836530 Manzotti G Breda D Di Gioacchino M Burastero SE March 2016 Serum diamine oxidase activity in patients with histamine intolerance International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology 29 1 105 11 doi 10 1177 0394632015617170 PMC 5806734 PMID 26574488 Music E Silar M Korosec P Kosnik M Rijavec M 2011 Serum diamine oxidase DAO activity as a diagnostic test for histamine intolerance Clinical and Translational Allergy 1 Suppl 1 P115 doi 10 1186 2045 7022 1 S1 P115 PMC 3354134 Zeiger RS Colten HR February 1977 Histaminase release from human eosinophils Journal of Immunology 118 2 540 3 doi 10 4049 jimmunol 118 2 540 PMID 402420 S2CID 36128339 Archived from the original on 8 March 2024 Retrieved 2 July 2016 Agundez JA Ayuso P Cornejo Garcia JA Blanca M Torres MJ Dona I et al 2012 The diamine oxidase gene is associated with hypersensitivity response to non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs PLOS ONE 7 11 e47571 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 747571A doi 10 1371 journal pone 0047571 PMC 3495953 PMID 23152756 a b Maintz L Schwarzer V Bieber T van der Ven K Novak N 2008 Effects of histamine and diamine oxidase activities on pregnancy a critical review Hum Reprod Update 14 5 485 95 doi 10 1093 humupd dmn014 PMID 18499706 a b Velicky P Windsperger K Petroczi K Pils S Reiter B Weiss T et al April 2018 Pregnancy associated diamine oxidase originates from extravillous trophoblasts and is decreased in early onset preeclampsia Scientific Reports 8 1 6342 Bibcode 2018NatSR 8 6342V doi 10 1038 s41598 018 24652 0 PMC 5910386 PMID 29679053 Hakl R Litzman J 2023 Histamine intolerance Vnitr Lek 69 1 37 40 doi 10 36290 vnl 2023 005 PMID 36931880 S2CID 257604532 Izquierdo Casas J Comas Baste O Latorre Moratalla ML Lorente Gascon M Duelo A Soler Singla L et al February 2019 Diamine oxidase DAO supplement reduces headache in episodic migraine patients with DAO deficiency A randomized double blind trial Clin Nutr 38 1 152 158 doi 10 1016 j clnu 2018 01 013 hdl 2445 162978 PMID 29475774 S2CID 3511305 Okutan G Sanchez Nino GM Terren Lora A Lopez Oliva S San Mauro Martin I October 2023 Exogenous Supplementation with DAO Enzyme in Women with Fibromyalgia A Double Blind Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial J Clin Med 12 20 6449 doi 10 3390 jcm12206449 PMC 10607251 PMID 37892588 Schnedl WJ Enko D April 2021 Histamine Intolerance Originates in the Gut Nutrients 13 4 1262 doi 10 3390 nu13041262 PMC 8069563 PMID 33921522 Comas Baste O Sanchez Perez S Veciana Nogues MT Latorre Moratalla M Vidal Carou MC August 2020 Histamine Intolerance The Current State of the Art Biomolecules 10 8 1181 doi 10 3390 biom10081181 PMC 7463562 PMID 32824107 Hrubisko M Danis R Huorka M Wawruch M June 2021 Histamine Intolerance The More We Know the Less We Know A Review Nutrients 13 7 2228 doi 10 3390 nu13072228 PMC 8308327 PMID 34209583 regulations gov search for diamine oxidase Archived from the original on 29 October 2023 Retrieved 29 October 2023 a b c d e f Reese I Ballmer Weber B Beyer K Dolle Bierke S Kleine Tebbe J Klimek L et al 2021 Guideline on management of suspected adverse reactions to ingested histamine Guideline of the German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology DGAKI the Society for Pediatric Allergology and Environmental Medicine GPA the Medical Association of German Allergologists AeDA as well as the Swiss Society for Allergology and Immunology SGAI and the Austrian Society for Allergology and Immunology OGAI Allergol Select 5 305 314 doi 10 5414 ALX02269E PMC 8511827 PMID 34651098 nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is available under the CC BY 4 0 license De Mora F Messlinger K 2024 Is calcitonin gene related peptide CGRP the missing link in food histamine induced migraine A review of functional gut to trigeminovascular system connections Drug Discovery Today 29 4 doi 10 1016 j drudis 2024 103941 PMID 38447930 External links editAmine Oxidase Copper Containing at the U S National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings MeSH nbsp This oxidoreductase article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Diamine oxidase amp oldid 1221500200, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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