ACO2

Aconitase 2, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACO2 gene.^[5]

ACO2
Identifiers
Aliases	ACO2, ACONM, ICRD, OCA8, HEL-S-284, OPA9, aconitase 2
External IDs	OMIM: 100850 MGI: 87880 HomoloGene: 856 GeneCards: ACO2
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 22 (human)^[1] Band 22q13.2 Start 41,447,830 bp^[1] End 41,529,273 bp^[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 15 (mouse)^[2] Band 15|15 E1 Start 81,756,510 bp^[2] End 81,799,334 bp^[2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in right ventricle gastrocnemius muscle jejunal mucosa vastus lateralis muscle thoracic diaphragm duodenum triceps brachii muscle body of tongue deltoid muscle cingulate gyrus Top expressed in right ventricle extensor digitorum longus muscle plantaris muscle soleus muscle extraocular muscle digastric muscle gastrocnemius muscle interventricular septum tibialis anterior muscle brown adipose tissue More reference expression data BioGPS n/a
Gene ontology Molecular function iron ion binding 4 iron, 4 sulfur cluster binding iron-sulfur cluster binding 3 iron, 4 sulfur cluster binding metal ion binding lyase activity aconitate hydratase activity Cellular component myelin sheath mitochondrial matrix mitochondrion cytosol Biological process citrate metabolic process metabolism tricarboxylic acid cycle generation of precursor metabolites and energy isocitrate metabolic process liver development response to isolation stress Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 50 11429 Ensembl ENSG00000100412 ENSMUSG00000022477 UniProt Q99798 Q99KI0 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001098 NM_080633 RefSeq (protein) NP_001089 NP_542364 Location (UCSC) Chr 22: 41.45 – 41.53 Mb Chr 15: 81.76 – 81.8 Mb PubMed search ^[3] ^[4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Structure

The secondary structure of ACO2 consists of numerous alternating alpha helices and beta sheets (SCOP classification: α/β alternating). The tertiary structure reveals that the active site is buried in the middle of the enzyme, and, since there is only one subunit, there is no quaternary structure. Aconitase consists of four domains: three of the domains are tightly compact, and the fourth domain is more flexible, allowing for conformational changes.^[6] The ACO2 protein contains a 4Fe-4S iron-sulfur cluster. This iron sulfur cluster does not have the typical function of participating in oxidation-reduction reactions, but rather facilitates the elimination of the citrate hydroxyl group by holding the group in a certain conformation and orientation.^[7] It is at this 4Fe-4S site that citrate or isocitrate binds to initiate catalysis. The rest of the active site is made up of the following residues: Gln72, Asp100, His101, Asp165, Ser166, His167, His147, Glu262, Asn258, Cys358, Cys421, Cys424, Cys358, Cys421, Asn446, Arg447, Arg452, Asp568, Ser642, Ser643, Arg644, Arg580. Their functions have yet to be elucidated.^[8]

Function

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the aconitase/IPM isomerase family. It is an enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate in the second step of the TCA cycle. This protein is encoded in the nucleus and functions in the mitochondrion. It was found to be one of the mitochondrial matrix proteins that are preferentially degraded by the serine protease 15 (PRSS15), also known as Lon protease, after oxidative modification.

Mechanism

While both forms of aconitases have similar functions, most studies focus on ACO2. The iron-sulfur (4Fe-4S) cofactor is held in place by the sulfur atoms on Cys385, Cys448, and Cys451, which are bind to three of the four available iron atoms. A fourth iron atom is included in the cluster together with a water molecule when the enzyme is activated. This fourth iron atom binds to either one, two, or three partners; in this reaction, oxygen atoms belonging to outside metabolites are always involved.^[8] When ACO2 is not bound to a substrate, the iron-sulfur cluster is bound to a hydroxyl group through an interaction with one of the iron molecules. When the substrate binds, the bound hydroxyl becomes protonated. A hydrogen bond forms between His101 and the protonated hydroxyl, which allows the hydroxyl to form a water molecule. Alternatively, the proton could be donated by His167 as this histidine is hydrogen bonded to a H₂O molecule. His167 is also hydrogen bonded to the bound H₂O in the cluster. Both His101 and His167 are paired with carboxylates Asp100 and Glu262, respectively, and are likely to be protonated. The conformational change associated with substrate binding reorients the cluster. The residue that removes a proton from citrate or isocitrate is Ser642. This causes the cis-Aconitate intermediate, which is a direct result of the deprotonation. Then, there is a rehydration of the double bond of cis-aconitate to form the product.^[9]

Clinical significance

A serious ailment associated with aconitase is known as aconitase deficiency.^[10] It is caused by a mutation in the gene for iron-sulfur cluster scaffold protein (ISCU), which helps build the Fe-S cluster on which the activity of aconitase depends.^[10] The main symptoms are myopathy and exercise intolerance; physical strain is lethal for some patients because it can lead to circulatory shock.^[10][11] There are no known treatments for aconitase deficiency.^[10]

Another disease associated with aconitase is Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), which is caused when the Fe-S proteins in aconitase and succinate dehydrogenase have decreased activity.^[12] A proposed mechanism for this connection is that decreased Fe-S activity in aconitase and succinate dehydrogenase is correlated with excess iron concentration in the mitochondria and insufficient iron in the cytoplasm, disrupting iron homeostasis.^[12] This deviance from homeostasis causes FRDA, a neurodegenerative disease for which no effective treatments have been found.^[12]

Finally, aconitase is thought to be associated with diabetes.^[13][14] Although the exact connection is still being determined, multiple theories exist.^[13][14] In a study of organs from mice with alloxan diabetes (experimentally induced diabetes^[15]) and genetic diabetes, lower aconitase activity was found to decrease the rates of metabolic reactions involving citrate, pyruvate, and malate.^[13] In addition, citrate concentration was observed to be unusually high.^[13] Since these abnormal data were found in diabetic mice, the study concluded that low aconitase activity is likely correlated with genetic and alloxan diabetes.^[13] Another theory is that, in diabetic hearts, accelerated phosphorylation of heart aconitase by protein kinase C causes aconitase to speed up the final step of its reverse reaction relative to its forward reaction.^[14] That is, it converts isocitrate back to cis-aconitate more rapidly than usual, but the forward reaction proceeds at the usual rate.^[14] This imbalance may contribute to disrupted metabolism in diabetics.^[14]

The mitochondrial form of aconitase, ACO2, is correlated with many diseases, as it is directly involved in the conversion of glucose into ATP, or the central metabolic pathway. Decreased expression of ACO2 in gastric cancer cells has been associated with a poor prognosis;^[16] this effect has also been seen in prostate cancer cells.^[17][18] A few treatments have been identified in vitro to induce greater ACO2 expression, including exposing the cells to hypoxia and the element manganese.^[19][20]

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000100412 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000022477 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. "Entrez Gene: Aconitase 2, mitochondrial".
6. Frishman D, Hentze MW (Jul 1996). "Conservation of aconitase residues revealed by multiple sequence analysis. Implications for structure/function relationships". European Journal of Biochemistry. 239 (1): 197–200. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0197u.x. PMID 8706708.
7. Dupuy J, Volbeda A, Carpentier P, Darnault C, Moulis JM, Fontecilla-Camps JC (Jan 2006). "Crystal structure of human iron regulatory protein 1 as cytosolic aconitase". Structure. 14 (1): 129–39. doi:10.1016/j.str.2005.09.009. PMID 16407072.
8. Lauble H, Kennedy MC, Beinert H, Stout CD (Apr 1994). "Crystal structures of aconitase with trans-aconitate and nitrocitrate bound". Journal of Molecular Biology. 237 (4): 437–51. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1994.1246. PMID 8151704.
9. Beinert H, Kennedy MC (Dec 1993). "Aconitase, a two-faced protein: enzyme and iron regulatory factor". FASEB Journal. 7 (15): 1442–9. doi:10.1096/fasebj.7.15.8262329. PMID 8262329. S2CID 1107246.
10. Orphanet, "Aconitase deficiency," April 2008, http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&Expert=43115
11. Hall RE, Henriksson KG, Lewis SF, Haller RG, Kennaway NG (Dec 1993). "Mitochondrial myopathy with succinate dehydrogenase and aconitase deficiency. Abnormalities of several iron-sulfur proteins". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 92 (6): 2660–6. doi:10.1172/JCI116882. PMC 288463. PMID 8254022.
12. Ye H, Rouault TA (Jun 2010). "Human iron-sulfur cluster assembly, cellular iron homeostasis, and disease". Biochemistry. 49 (24): 4945–56. doi:10.1021/bi1004798. PMC 2885827. PMID 20481466.
13. Boquist L, Ericsson I, Lorentzon R, Nelson L (Apr 1985). "Alterations in mitochondrial aconitase activity and respiration, and in concentration of citrate in some organs of mice with experimental or genetic diabetes". FEBS Letters. 183 (1): 173–6. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(85)80979-0. PMID 3884379.
14. Lin G, Brownsey RW, MacLeod KM (Mar 2009). "Regulation of mitochondrial aconitase by phosphorylation in diabetic rat heart". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 66 (5): 919–32. doi:10.1007/s00018-009-8696-3. PMID 19153662. S2CID 9245384.
15. "Alloxan Diabetes - Medical Definition," Stedman's Medical Dictionary, 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=24313 2013-12-24 at the Wayback Machine
16. Wang P, Mai C, Wei YL, Zhao JJ, Hu YM, Zeng ZL, Yang J, Lu WH, Xu RH, Huang P (Jun 2013). "Decreased expression of the mitochondrial metabolic enzyme aconitase (ACO2) is associated with poor prognosis in gastric cancer". Medical Oncology. 30 (2): 552. doi:10.1007/s12032-013-0552-5. PMID 23550275. S2CID 31933084.
17. Juang HH (Mar 2004). "Modulation of mitochondrial aconitase on the bioenergy of human prostate carcinoma cells". Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 81 (3): 244–52. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2003.12.009. PMID 14972331.
18. Tsui KH, Feng TH, Lin YF, Chang PL, Juang HH (Jan 2011). "p53 downregulates the gene expression of mitochondrial aconitase in human prostate carcinoma cells". The Prostate. 71 (1): 62–70. doi:10.1002/pros.21222. PMID 20607720. S2CID 206398049.
19. Tsui KH, Chung LC, Wang SW, Feng TH, Chang PL, Juang HH (2013). "Hypoxia upregulates the gene expression of mitochondrial aconitase in prostate carcinoma cells". Journal of Molecular Endocrinology. 51 (1): 131–41. doi:10.1530/JME-13-0090. PMID 23709747.
20. Tsui KH, Chang PL, Juang HH (May 2006). "Manganese antagonizes iron blocking mitochondrial aconitase expression in human prostate carcinoma cells". Asian Journal of Andrology. 8 (3): 307–15. doi:10.1111/j.1745-7262.2006.00139.x. PMID 16625280.

External links

• Human ACO2 genome location and ACO2 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.

Further reading

• Ahmed M, Forsberg J, Bergsten P (2005). "Protein profiling of human pancreatic islets by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry". Journal of Proteome Research. 4 (3): 931–40. doi:10.1021/pr050024a. PMID 15952740.
• Slaughter CA, Povey S, Carritt B, Solomon E, Bobrow M (1978). "Assignment of the locus ACONM to chromosome 22". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 22 (1–6): 223–5. doi:10.1159/000130941. PMID 752478.
• Meera Khan P, Wijnen LM, Pearson PL (1978). "Assignment of the mitochondrial aconitase gene (ACONM) to human chromosome 22". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 22 (1–6): 212–4. doi:10.1159/000130938. PMID 752476.
• Sparkes RS, Mohandas T, Sparkes MC, Shulkin JD (1978). "Aconitase (E.C. 4.2.1.3) mitochondrial locus (ACONM) mapped to human chromosome 22". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 22 (1–6): 226–7. doi:10.1159/000130942. PMID 752479.
• Spiegel R, Pines O, Ta-Shma A, Burak E, Shaag A, Halvardson J, Edvardson S, Mahajna M, Zenvirt S, Saada A, Shalev S, Feuk L, Elpeleg O (Mar 2012). "Infantile cerebellar-retinal degeneration associated with a mutation in mitochondrial aconitase, ACO2". American Journal of Human Genetics. 90 (3): 518–23. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.01.009. PMC 3309186. PMID 22405087.
• Klausner RD, Rouault TA (Jan 1993). "A double life: cytosolic aconitase as a regulatory RNA binding protein". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1091/mbc.4.1.1. PMC 300895. PMID 8443405.
• Juang HH (Mar 2004). "Modulation of mitochondrial aconitase on the bioenergy of human prostate carcinoma cells". Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 81 (3): 244–52. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2003.12.009. PMID 14972331.
• Geurts van Kessel AH, Westerveld A, de Groot PG, Meera Khan P, Hagemeijer A (1980). "Regional localization of the genes coding for human ACO2, ARSA, and NAGA on chromosome 22". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 28 (3): 169–72. doi:10.1159/000131527. PMID 7192199.
• Slaughter CA, Hopkinson DA, Harris H (May 1977). "The distribution and properties of aconitase isozymes in man". Annals of Human Genetics. 40 (4): 385–401. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1977.tb01857.x. PMID 879710. S2CID 45644228.

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.