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777 Gutemberga

January 01, 1970

777 Gutemberga (prov. designation: A914 BF or 1914 TZ) is a dark and large background asteroid, approximately 66 kilometers (41 miles) in diameter, from the outer regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by German astronomer Franz Kaiser at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory on 24 January 1914.[1] The carbonaceous C-type asteroid (Cb) has a rotation period of 12.8 hours. It was named after Johannes Gutenberg (ca. 1400–1468), who introduced the printing press to Europe and started the Printing Revolution.[2]

777 Gutemberga
Discovery [1]
Discovered byF. Kaiser
Discovery siteHeidelberg Obs.
Discovery date24 January 1914
Designations
(777) Gutemberga
Named after
Johannes Gutenberg
(German inventor)[2]
A914 BF · 1926 EF
A924 YB · 1914 TZ
Orbital characteristics [3]
Epoch 31 May 2020 (JD 2459000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc105.60 yr (38,570 d)
Aphelion3.5831 AU
Perihelion2.8745 AU
3.2288 AU
Eccentricity0.1097
5.80 yr (2,119 d)
79.152°
0° 10m 11.64s / day
Inclination12.942°
283.27°
264.44°
Physical characteristics
Dimensions66.0 km × 66.0 km
Mean diameter
  • 65.37±1.03 km[7]
  • 65.57±1.9 km[8]
  • 71.749±0.095 km[9]
12.838±0.006 h[10]
  • 0.042±0.006[9]
  • 0.0494±0.003[8]
  • 0.050±0.002[7]
9.80[3][7][8][9][12]

Orbit and classification edit

Gutemberga is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements.[4][5][6] It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.9–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 10 months (2,119 days; semi-major axis of 3.23 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic.[3] The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg on 22 December 1924, almost 11 years after its official discovery observation.[1]

Naming edit

This minor planet was named after Johannes Gutenberg (ca. 1400–1468), a German inventor who started the Printing Revolution with the introduction of mechanical movable type printing. Gutenberg lived and died in Mainz and the neighboring Eltville am Rhein. The naming was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 78).[2] The crater Gutenberg on the Moon and the feature Rimae Gutenberg, a 223-kilometer long groove near the crater, were also named after him.[13][14]

Physical characteristics edit

In the Tholen-like taxonomy of the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey (S3OS2), Gutemberga is a common, carbonaceous C-type asteroid. In the Bus–Binzel SMASS-like taxonomic variant of the S3OS2, it is a Cb-subtype, which transitions from the C-type to the somewhat brighter B-type asteroid.[5][11]

Rotation period edit

In January 218, a rotational lightcurve of Gutemberga was obtained from photometric observations by Tom Polakis at the Command Module Observatory (V02) in Arizona. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 12.838±0.006 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28±0.02 magnitude (U=3).[10]

The result supersedes observations by Otmar Nickel of Astronomical Consortium of Mainz from February 2001, which gave a period of 12.88 hours with an amplitude of 0.25 magnitude (U=2),[a] and observations by Astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California, with a period of 12.849±0.0081 hours and an amplitude of 0.15 magnitude.(U=2).[12][15]

Diameter and albedo edit

According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Gutemberga measures (65.37±1.03), (65.57±1.9) and (71.749±0.095) kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of (0.050±0.002), (0.0494±0.003) and (0.042±0.006), respectively.[7][8][9][16]

The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0494 and a diameter of 65.57 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.8.[12] Alternative mean-diameter measurements published by the WISE team include (67.67±1.16 km) and (78.646±0.737 km) with corresponding albedos of (0.051±0.009) and (0.0343±0.0029).[5][12] On 27 June 2008, an asteroid occultation of Gutemberga gave a best-fit ellipse dimension of (66.0 km × 66.0 km), with a poor quality rating of 1. These timed observations are taken when the asteroid passes in front of a distant star.[5]

Notes edit

  1. ^ , taken by Otmar Nickel of the Astronomische Arbeitsgemeinschaft Mainz e. V. in 2011 (AAG Mainz). Rotation period 12.88 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.25 mag. Quality code is 2. Summary figures for at the LCDB.

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d "777 Gutemberga (A914 BF)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  2. ^ a b c Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(777) Gutemberga". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 73. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_778. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
  3. ^ a b c d "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 777 Gutemberga (A914 BF)" (2019-08-31 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  4. ^ a b "Asteroid 777 Gutemberga – Proper Elements". AstDyS-2, Asteroids – Dynamic Site. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  5. ^ a b c d e "Asteroid 777 Gutemberga". Small Bodies Data Ferret. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  6. ^ a b Zappalà, V.; Bendjoya, Ph.; Cellino, A.; Farinella, P.; Froeschle, C. (1997). "Asteroid Dynamical Families". NASA Planetary Data System: EAR-A-5-DDR-FAMILY-V4.1. Retrieved 2 April 2020. (PDS main page)
  7. ^ a b c d Usui, Fumihiko; Kuroda, Daisuke; Müller, Thomas G.; Hasegawa, Sunao; Ishiguro, Masateru; Ootsubo, Takafumi; et al. (October 2011). "Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 63 (5): 1117–1138. Bibcode:2011PASJ...63.1117U. doi:10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117. (online, AcuA catalog p. 153)
  8. ^ a b c d Tedesco, E. F.; Noah, P. V.; Noah, M.; Price, S. D. (October 2004). "IRAS Minor Planet Survey V6.0". NASA Planetary Data System. 12: IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0. Bibcode:2004PDSS...12.....T. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  9. ^ a b c d Mainzer, A. K.; Bauer, J. M.; Cutri, R. M.; Grav, T.; Kramer, E. A.; Masiero, J. R.; et al. (June 2016). "NEOWISE Diameters and Albedos V1.0". NASA Planetary Data System. Bibcode:2016PDSS..247.....M. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  10. ^ a b Polakis, Tom (July 2018). (PDF). Minor Planet Bulletin. 45 (3): 269–273. Bibcode:2018MPBu...45..269P. ISSN 1052-8091. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  11. ^ a b c Lazzaro, D.; Angeli, C. A.; Carvano, J. M.; Mothé-Diniz, T.; Duffard, R.; Florczak, M. (November 2004). "S3OS2: the visible spectroscopic survey of 820 asteroids" (PDF). Icarus. 172 (1): 179–220. Bibcode:2004Icar..172..179L. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.06.006. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  12. ^ a b c d "LCDB Data for (777) Gutemberga". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  13. ^ "Lunar crater Gutemberg". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
  14. ^ "Rimae Gutenberg". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
  15. ^ Waszczak, Adam; Chang, Chan-Kao; Ofek, Eran O.; Laher, Russ; Masci, Frank; Levitan, David; et al. (September 2015). "Asteroid Light Curves from the Palomar Transient Factory Survey: Rotation Periods and Phase Functions from Sparse Photometry". The Astronomical Journal. 150 (3): 35. arXiv:1504.04041. Bibcode:2015AJ....150...75W. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/75.
  16. ^ Masiero, Joseph R.; Grav, T.; Mainzer, A. K.; Nugent, C. R.; Bauer, J. M.; Stevenson, R.; et al. (August 2014). "Main-belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE: Near-infrared Albedos". The Astrophysical Journal. 791 (2): 11. arXiv:1406.6645. Bibcode:2014ApJ...791..121M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/121.

External links edit

  • , Otmar Nickel, Astronomical Consortium of Mainz (AAG Mainz) (in German)
  • Lightcurve Database Query (LCDB), at www.minorplanet.info
  • Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
  • Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Geneva Observatory, Raoul Behrend
  • Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center
  • 777 Gutemberga at AstDyS-2, Asteroids—Dynamic Site
    • Ephemeris · Observation prediction · Orbital info · Proper elements · Observational info
  • 777 Gutemberga at the JPL Small-Body Database  
    • Close approach · Discovery · Ephemeris · Orbit diagram · Orbital elements · Physical parameters

January 01, 1970
gutemberga, prov, designation, a914, 1914, dark, large, background, asteroid, approximately, kilometers, miles, diameter, from, outer, regions, asteroid, belt, discovered, german, astronomer, franz, kaiser, heidelberg, königstuhl, state, observatory, january, . 777 Gutemberga prov designation A914 BF or 1914 TZ is a dark and large background asteroid approximately 66 kilometers 41 miles in diameter from the outer regions of the asteroid belt It was discovered by German astronomer Franz Kaiser at the Heidelberg Konigstuhl State Observatory on 24 January 1914 1 The carbonaceous C type asteroid Cb has a rotation period of 12 8 hours It was named after Johannes Gutenberg ca 1400 1468 who introduced the printing press to Europe and started the Printing Revolution 2 777 GutembergaDiscovery 1 Discovered byF KaiserDiscovery siteHeidelberg Obs Discovery date24 January 1914DesignationsMPC designation 777 GutembergaNamed afterJohannes Gutenberg German inventor 2 Alternative designationsA914 BF 1926 EFA924 YB 1914 TZMinor planet categorymain belt 1 outer 3 background 4 5 6 Orbital characteristics 3 Epoch 31 May 2020 JD 2459000 5 Uncertainty parameter 0Observation arc105 60 yr 38 570 d Aphelion3 5831 AUPerihelion2 8745 AUSemi major axis3 2288 AUEccentricity0 1097Orbital period sidereal 5 80 yr 2 119 d Mean anomaly79 152 Mean motion0 10m 11 64s dayInclination12 942 Longitude of ascending node283 27 Argument of perihelion264 44 Physical characteristicsDimensions66 0 km 66 0 kmMean diameter65 37 1 03 km 7 65 57 1 9 km 8 71 749 0 095 km 9 Synodic rotation period12 838 0 006 h 10 Geometric albedo0 042 0 006 9 0 0494 0 003 8 0 050 0 002 7 Spectral typeC S3OS2 TH 11 Cb S3OS2 BB 11 Absolute magnitude H 9 80 3 7 8 9 12 Contents 1 Orbit and classification 2 Naming 3 Physical characteristics 3 1 Rotation period 3 2 Diameter and albedo 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksOrbit and classification editGutemberga is a non family asteroid of the main belt s background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements 4 5 6 It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2 9 3 6 AU once every 5 years and 10 months 2 119 days semi major axis of 3 23 AU Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0 11 and an inclination of 13 with respect to the ecliptic 3 The body s observation arc begins at Heidelberg on 22 December 1924 almost 11 years after its official discovery observation 1 Naming editThis minor planet was named after Johannes Gutenberg ca 1400 1468 a German inventor who started the Printing Revolution with the introduction of mechanical movable type printing Gutenberg lived and died in Mainz and the neighboring Eltville am Rhein The naming was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 H 78 2 The crater Gutenberg on the Moon and the feature Rimae Gutenberg a 223 kilometer long groove near the crater were also named after him 13 14 Physical characteristics editIn the Tholen like taxonomy of the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey S3OS2 Gutemberga is a common carbonaceous C type asteroid In the Bus Binzel SMASS like taxonomic variant of the S3OS2 it is a Cb subtype which transitions from the C type to the somewhat brighter B type asteroid 5 11 Rotation period edit In January 218 a rotational lightcurve of Gutemberga was obtained from photometric observations by Tom Polakis at the Command Module Observatory V02 in Arizona Lightcurve analysis gave a well defined rotation period of 12 838 0 006 hours with a brightness variation of 0 28 0 02 magnitude U 3 10 The result supersedes observations by Otmar Nickel of Astronomical Consortium of Mainz from February 2001 which gave a period of 12 88 hours with an amplitude of 0 25 magnitude U 2 a and observations by Astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California with a period of 12 849 0 0081 hours and an amplitude of 0 15 magnitude U 2 12 15 Diameter and albedo edit According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the NEOWISE mission of NASA s Wide field Infrared Survey Explorer Gutemberga measures 65 37 1 03 65 57 1 9 and 71 749 0 095 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0 050 0 002 0 0494 0 003 and 0 042 0 006 respectively 7 8 9 16 The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0 0494 and a diameter of 65 57 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9 8 12 Alternative mean diameter measurements published by the WISE team include 67 67 1 16 km and 78 646 0 737 km with corresponding albedos of 0 051 0 009 and 0 0343 0 0029 5 12 On 27 June 2008 an asteroid occultation of Gutemberga gave a best fit ellipse dimension of 66 0 km 66 0 km with a poor quality rating of 1 These timed observations are taken when the asteroid passes in front of a distant star 5 Notes edit Lightcurve of 777 Gutemberga taken by Otmar Nickel of the Astronomische Arbeitsgemeinschaft Mainz e V in 2011 AAG Mainz Rotation period 12 88 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0 25 mag Quality code is 2 Summary figures for at the LCDB References edit a b c d 777 Gutemberga A914 BF Minor Planet Center Retrieved 2 April 2020 a b c Schmadel Lutz D 2007 777 Gutemberga Dictionary of Minor Planet Names Springer Berlin Heidelberg p 73 doi 10 1007 978 3 540 29925 7 778 ISBN 978 3 540 00238 3 a b c d JPL Small Body Database Browser 777 Gutemberga A914 BF 2019 08 31 last obs Jet Propulsion Laboratory Retrieved 2 April 2020 a b Asteroid 777 Gutemberga Proper Elements AstDyS 2 Asteroids Dynamic Site Retrieved 2 April 2020 a b c d e Asteroid 777 Gutemberga Small Bodies Data Ferret Retrieved 2 April 2020 a b Zappala V Bendjoya Ph Cellino A Farinella P Froeschle C 1997 Asteroid Dynamical Families NASA Planetary Data System EAR A 5 DDR FAMILY V4 1 Retrieved 2 April 2020 PDS main page a b c d Usui Fumihiko Kuroda Daisuke Muller Thomas G Hasegawa Sunao Ishiguro Masateru Ootsubo Takafumi et al October 2011 Asteroid Catalog Using Akari AKARI IRC Mid Infrared Asteroid Survey Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 63 5 1117 1138 Bibcode 2011PASJ 63 1117U doi 10 1093 pasj 63 5 1117 online AcuA catalog p 153 a b c d Tedesco E F Noah P V Noah M Price S D October 2004 IRAS Minor Planet Survey V6 0 NASA Planetary Data System 12 IRAS A FPA 3 RDR IMPS V6 0 Bibcode 2004PDSS 12 T Retrieved 2 April 2020 a b c d Mainzer A K Bauer J M Cutri R M Grav T Kramer E A Masiero J R et al June 2016 NEOWISE Diameters and Albedos V1 0 NASA Planetary Data System Bibcode 2016PDSS 247 M Retrieved 2 April 2020 a b Polakis Tom July 2018 Lightcurve Analysis for Eleven Main belt Asteroids PDF Minor Planet Bulletin 45 3 269 273 Bibcode 2018MPBu 45 269P ISSN 1052 8091 Archived from the original PDF on 13 April 2019 Retrieved 2 April 2020 a b c Lazzaro D Angeli C A Carvano J M Mothe Diniz T Duffard R Florczak M November 2004 S3OS2 the visible spectroscopic survey of 820 asteroids PDF Icarus 172 1 179 220 Bibcode 2004Icar 172 179L doi 10 1016 j icarus 2004 06 006 Retrieved 2 April 2020 a b c d LCDB Data for 777 Gutemberga Asteroid Lightcurve Database LCDB Retrieved 2 April 2020 Lunar crater Gutemberg Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature USGS Astrogeology Research Program Rimae Gutenberg Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature USGS Astrogeology Research Program Waszczak Adam Chang Chan Kao Ofek Eran O Laher Russ Masci Frank Levitan David et al September 2015 Asteroid Light Curves from the Palomar Transient Factory Survey Rotation Periods and Phase Functions from Sparse Photometry The Astronomical Journal 150 3 35 arXiv 1504 04041 Bibcode 2015AJ 150 75W doi 10 1088 0004 6256 150 3 75 Masiero Joseph R Grav T Mainzer A K Nugent C R Bauer J M Stevenson R et al August 2014 Main belt Asteroids with WISE NEOWISE Near infrared Albedos The Astrophysical Journal 791 2 11 arXiv 1406 6645 Bibcode 2014ApJ 791 121M doi 10 1088 0004 637X 791 2 121 External links editWie schnell dreht sich Gutenberg im All 777 Gutemberga Otmar Nickel Astronomical Consortium of Mainz AAG Mainz in German Lightcurve Database Query LCDB at www minorplanet info Dictionary of Minor Planet Names Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves CdR Geneva Observatory Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances Numbered Minor Planets 1 5000 Minor Planet Center 777 Gutemberga at AstDyS 2 Asteroids Dynamic Site Ephemeris Observation prediction Orbital info Proper elements Observational info 777 Gutemberga at the JPL Small Body Database nbsp Close approach Discovery Ephemeris Orbit diagram Orbital elements Physical parameters Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 777 Gutemberga amp oldid 1191340897, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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