561st Weapons Squadron
The 561st Weapons Squadron is a United States Air Force squadron assigned to the USAF Weapons School at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada. The squadron was the last United States Air Force unit to fly the McDonnell F-4 Phantom II on operational missions. The last Republic F-105 Thunderchief shot down in the Vietnam War was from the 561st.
| 561st Weapons Squadron | |
|---|---|
| Active | 1942–1945; 1947–1949; 1953–1957; 1962–1992; 1993–1996; 2007–present |
| Country | United States |
| Branch | United States Air Force |
| Role | Tactics development |
| Part of | Air Combat Command |
| Garrison/HQ | Nellis Air Force Base |
| Nickname(s) | Smug Tigers (1953–1957) Black Knights |
| Engagements | World War II Desert Storm[1] |
| Decorations | Distinguished Unit Citation Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with Combat "V" Device Air Force Outstanding Unit AwardAir Force Meritorious Unit Award Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm[1] |
| Insignia | |
| 561st Weapons Squadron emblem[b][1] | |
| 561st Tactical Fighter Squadron emblem[c] | |
| 561st Fighter-Bomber Squadron emblem[d][2] | |
| Patch with 561st Bombardment Squadron emblem[3] | |
The squadron was originally activated during World War II as the 561st Bombardment Squadron. After training in the United States, it deployed to the European Theater of Operations, where it participated in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany. The squadron was twice awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation for its combat actions. Following V-E Day, it returned to the United States and was inactivated. The squadron was briefly active in the reserve in the late 1940s, but does not appear to have been fully manned or equipped.
The squadron was redesignated the 561st Fighter-Bomber Squadron and activated in 1953. It moved to Europe, but was inactivated in 1957, when it was replaced by another unit. It was activated again as the 561st Tactical Fighter Squadron in 1962. It conducted frequent deployments, but focused on training pilots for operations in Southeast Asia. Elements of the squadron participated in combat there, although the squadron remained in the United States. From 1973, it conducted Wild Weasel training. It deployed crews and planes to Southwest Asia during Desert Storm and maintained elements there until inactivating in 1996. It was activated in its current role in 2007.
Mission edit
The 561st provides information on tactical lessons learned and current tactics, techniques and procedures to ensure that training contributes to increased readiness and. It is the focal point for a process that collects, vets, disseminates, and integrates relevant and timely information and is a central source for current tactical doctrine and tactical resources.[4]
History edit
World War II edit
Initial training and deployment edit
The 561st was first activated as the 561st Bombardment Squadron at Gowen Field, Idaho, one of the four original squadrons of the 388th Bombardment Group, in December 1942.[1][5] The cadre that formed at Gowen moved to Wendover Field, Utah in February 1943, where the unit was fully manned and squadron training with Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bombers began. Training continued until June 1943, when it deployed to England. The air echelon ferried its B-17s to England via the northern ferry route, while the ground echelon departed for Camp Kilmer, New Jersey, the port of embarkation, sailing in the RMS Queen Elizabeth on 1 July.[6]
Combat in Europe edit
The squadron assembled at RAF Knettishall, its combat station, and flew its first combat mission on 17 July, when it attacked an aircraft factory in Amsterdam. The squadron primarily engaged in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany, attacking industrial sites, oil refineries and storage facilities, communications centers and naval targets on the European Continent.[5]
The squadron was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for attacking an aircraft factory at Regensburg, Germany, on 17 August 1943, withstanding heavy resistance to reach the target. It was awarded a second DUC for three separate missions: an earlier attack on a tire and rubber factory in Hanover, Germany on 26 July 1943 and two missions in 1944, one against synthetic oil refineries near Brüx, Germany[f] on 12 May and at Ruhland, Germany on 21 June. This last attack was on a shuttle bombing mission from England to Germany to Poltava, USSR,[g] to Foggia, Italy, and back to England.[5] Other strategic targets included aircraft factories at Brunswick, Kassel, and Reims; airfields at Paris, Berlin and in Bordeaux; naval installations at Emden, Kiel and La Pallice, chemical works in Ludwigshafen; ball bearing factories at Schweinfurt and rail marshalling yards in Bielefeld, Brussels, and Osnabruck.[5]
The squadron was occasionally diverted from the strategic campaign to perform air support and interdiction missions. It attacked military installations in France in early 1944 to help prepare the way for Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy, and on D Day hit coastal defenses, artillery batteries and transportation targets. It attacked troop concentrations and supply depots. In July 1944, it supported Operation Cobra at Saint Lo and the following month attacked targets in Caen. It struck military installations and airfields near Arnhem during Operation Market Garden, the unsuccessful attempt to secure a bridgehead across the Rhine in the Netherlands. It attacked transportation targets to support the final drive through Germany in early 1945.[5]
Return and inactivation edit
The squadron flew its last combat mission in April 1945. After V-E Day, the squadron flew missions to the Netherlands to drop food in flooded areas. It then began redeploying to the United States. Its aircraft left Knettishall between 9 June and 5 July 1945. The ground echelon sailed again on the Queen Elizabeth on 5 August. The squadron inactivated at Sioux Falls Army Air Field, South Dakota on 28 August 1945.[1][5][6]
Air reserve edit
The squadron was activated in the reserves at Orchard Place Airport, Illinois on 12 June 1947 and assigned to the 338th Bombardment Group.[1][7] The squadron trained under the supervision of Air Defense Command (ADC)'s 141st AAF Base Unit (Reserve Training) (later the 2471st Air Force Reserve Flying Training Center), although it does not appear that it was fully manned or equipped.[8]
In July 1948 Continental Air Command (ConAC) assumed responsibility for managing reserve and Air National Guard units from ADC.[9] ConAC moved the squadron to General Mitchell Field, Wisconsin in September 1948. The 561st was inactivated when President Truman's reduced 1949 defense budget required reductions in the number of units in the Air Force,[10] With the squadron's inactivation reserve flying operations at Mitchell ended until 1952, when the 438th Troop Carrier Wing was activated there.[1][11]
Fighter operations in Europe edit
The squadron was redesignated the 561st Fighter-Bomber Squadron and activated at Clovis Air Force Base, New Mexico in November 1953.[1] The squadron was equipped with North American F-86F Sabres, with a capability of carrying nuclear weapons.[12] A year after activation, in November 1954, the squadron was transferred to United States Air Forces Europe and departed, along with other elements of the 388th Fighter-Bomber Wing, for Étain-Rouvres Air Base, France. However, construction at Etain was not far enough advanced to permit it to accept fighter aircraft, and only the wing headquarters settled in to the base.[13][14] Instead, the squadron ferried their Sabres to Hahn Air Base, Germany, arriving the following month.[1][15]
Little flying was done in the squadron's first winter in Europe due to weather. It deployed to Wheelus Air Base, Libya in April 1955, where it was able to train in gunnery and bombing for the first time since arriving in Europe. The squadron was the last of the wing's operational units to rejoin the wing at its permanent base in France. Starting in November 1955, the squadron provided support for Detachment 1 of the 388th Wing at Hahn, and deployed there to stand nuclear alert. The detachment moved to Spangdahlem Air Base, Germany in February 1956.[16]
In August 1956, the squadron began training to convert to the North American F-100 Super Sabre. The conversion was completed by May 1957.[17] However, the squadron flew the "Hun" for less than a year. On 10 December 1957, the 49th Fighter-Bomber Wing moved from Japan on paper to replace the 388th Wing, The 561st was inactivated and its mission, personnel and aircraft transferred to the 7th Fighter-Bomber Squadron.[1][18][19]
F-105 fighter operations edit
The squadron was redesignated the 561st Tactical Fighter Squadron and organized at McConnell Air Force Base, Kansas in October 1962 and assigned to the 388th Tactical Fighter Wing. In February 1964, the 388th was replaced at McConnell by the 23d Tactical Fighter Wing.[20] The 561st was equipped with the Republic F-105 Thunderchief. The squadron conducted tactical operations and training in preparation for global deployment and deployed to Yokota Air Base, Japan in 1965. After 1966, the squadron conducted replacement training in the F-105, conducting frequent deployments to George Air Force Base, California.[1][21]
Wild Weasel operations edit
Wild Weasel operations became the squadron's primary mission in mid-1970, when the squadron exchanged its single seat F-105s for two seat F-105G Thunderchiefs. In April 1972, the squadron established Detachment 1 at Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand and flew combat Wild Weasel missions. The detachment was discontinued in September, but crews and planes of the squadron continued to fly missions until late January 1973. The squadron was awarded the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with "V" Device and the Vietnamese Gallantry Cross with Palm for this period.[1] A plane from the 561st was the last F-105 shot down in the Vietnam War.[i] It was hit by a surface-to-air-missile on 16 November 1972; the crew was rescued.[22]
On 1 July 1973, the 561st moved to George Air Force Base and joined the 35th Tactical Fighter Wing. At George, the squadron mission was primarily the training of Wild Weasel crews. The squadron continued to fly the F-105G until 1980, when it began transitioning into the McDonnell F-4G Phantom II advanced Wild Weasel, completing the transition the following year. In August 1990, the Wild Weasels deployed to Sheikh Isa Air Base, Bahrain and during Operation Desert Storm flew over 2,400 sorties logging more than 8,000 combat hours.[citation needed] After the war, the squadron was inactivated on 30 June 1992.[1]
The squadron was activated at Nellis Air Force Base as part of the 57th Operations Group on 1 February 1993. the 561st soon deployed to Incirlik Air Base in support of Operation Provide Comfort and returned to Southwest Asia at Dhahran Air Base in Saudi Arabia, supporting Operation Southern Watch and Operation Vigilant Warrior. The 561st was also employed as an "Aggressor" squadron during RED FLAG exercises. In 1994, the 561st became the largest fighter squadron in the United States Air Force.[citation needed] It maintained a continuous deployment to the Middle East until inactivating in October 1996.[1]
Joint tactics edit
The squadron was redesignated the 561st Joint Tactics Squadron and activated at Nellis in May 2007 in its current role. It was reassigned to the USAF Weapons School and renamed the 561st Weapons Squadron in July 2019.[1]
Lineage edit
- Constituted as the 561st Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 19 December 1942
- Activated on 24 December 1942
- Redesignated 561st Bombardment Squadron, Heavy on 20 August 1943
- Inactivated on 28 August 1945
- Redesignated 561st Bombardment Squadron, Very Heavy on 5 May 1947
- Activated in the reserve on 12 June 1947
- Inactivated on 27 June 1949
- Redesignated 561st Fighter-Bomber Squadron on 5 November 1953
- Activated on 23 November 1953
- Inactivated on 10 December 1957
- Redesignated 561st Tactical Fighter Squadron and activated on 1 May 1962 (not organized)
- Organized on 1 October 1962
- Redesignated 561st Fighter Squadron on 1 November 1991
- Inactivated on 30 June 1992
- Activated on 1 February 1993
- Inactivated on 1 October 1996
- Redesignated 561st Joint Tactics Squadron on 1 May 2007
- Activated on 22 May 2007
- Redesignated 561st Weapons Squadron on 16 July 2019[1]
Assignments edit
- 388th Bombardment Group, 24 December 1942 – 28 August 1945
- 338th Bombardment Group, 12 June 1947 – 27 June 1949
- 388th Fighter-Bomber Group, 23 November 1953 – 10 December 1957 (attached to 388th Fighter-Bomber Wing after 1 July 1957)
- Tactical Air Command, 1 May 1962 (not organized)
- 388th Tactical Fighter Wing, 1 October 1962
- 23d Tactical Fighter Wing, 8 February 1964 (attached to 41st Air Division, 6 March – 8 July 1965)
- 832d Air Division, 1 July 1972 (attached to 35th Tactical Fighter Wing)
- 35th Tactical Fighter Wing, 15 July 1973
- 37th Tactical Fighter Wing, 30 March 1981
- 35th Tactical Fighter Wing (later 35th Fighter Wing), 5 October 1989 – 30 June 1992 (attached to 35th Tactical Fighter Wing, Provisional, 16 August 1990 – March 1991)
- 57th Operations Group, 1 February 1993 – 1 October 1996
- United States Air Force Warfare Center, 22 May 2007[1]
- 57th Wing, 14 February 2010
- USAF Weapons School, 16 July 2019 – present
Stations edit
|
|
Aircraft edit
- Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, 1943–1945
- North American F-86 Sabre, 1954–1956
- North American F-100 Super Sabre, 1957
- Republic F-105 Thunderchief, 1964–1980
- McDonnell F-4 Phantom II, 1981–1992, 1993–1996[1]
Awards and campaigns edit
| Award streamer | Award | Dates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Distinguished Unit Citation | 17 August 1943 | Germany, 561st Bombardment Squadron[1] | |
| Distinguished Unit Citation | 26 July 1943, 12 May 1944, 21 June 1944 | Hannover, Brux, England to Soviet Union, 561st Bombardment Squadron[1] | |
| Air Force Outstanding Unit Award w/Combat "V" Device | 6 April 1972 – 27 January 1973 | 561st Tactical Fighter Squadron[1] | |
| Air Force Meritorious Unit Award | 22 May 2007 – 31 May 2008 | 561st Joint Tactics Squadron[1] | |
| Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 June 1970 – 15 June 1971 | 561st Tactical Fighter Squadron[1] | |
| Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 2 February 1976 – 31 March 1977 | 561st Tactical Fighter Squadron[1] | |
| Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 June 1985 – 31 May 1987 | 561st Tactical Fighter Squadron[1] | |
| Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 March 1990 – 29 Feb 1992 | 561st Tactical Fighter Squadron (later 561st Fighter Squadron)[1] | |
| Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 June 2010 – 31 May 2012 | 561st Joint Tactics Squadron[1] | |
| Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 June 2012 – 31 May 2013 | 561st Joint Tactics Squadron[1] | |
| Vietnamese Gallantry Cross with Palm | 1 April 1966 – 28 January 1973 | 561st Tactical Fighter Squadron[1] |
| Campaign Streamer | Campaign | Dates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Air Offensive, Europe | July 1943 – 5 June 1944 | 561st Bombardment Squadron[1] | |
| Air Combat, EAME Theater | July 1943 – 11 May 1945 | 561st Bombardment Squadron[1] | |
| Normandy | 6 June 1944 – 24 July 1944 | 561st Bombardment Squadron[1] | |
| Northern France | 25 July 1944 – 14 September 1944 | 561st Bombardment Squadron[1] | |
| Rhineland | 15 September 1944 – 21 March 1945 | 561st Bombardment Squadron[1] | |
| Ardennes-Alsace | 16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945 | 561st Bombardment Squadron[1] | |
| Central Europe | 22 March 1944 – 21 May 1945 | 561st Bombardment Squadron[1] | |
| Defense of Saudi Arabia | 2 August 1990 – 16 January 1991 | 561st Tactical Fighter Squadron[1] | |
| Liberation and Defense of Kuwait | 17 January 1991 – 11 April 1991 | 561st Tactical Fighter Squadron[1] | |
| Southwest Asia Cease-Fire | 12 April 1991 – 30 November 1995 | 561st Tactical Fighter Squadron (later 561st Fighter Squadron)[1] | |
| Global War on Terror Service Medal | 1May 2007 – | 561st Joint Tactics Squadron[1] |
See also edit
- Wild Weasel
- List of United States Air Force squadrons
- List of Wings of the United States Air Force
- B-17 Flying Fortress units of the United States Army Air Forces
- List of F-86 Sabre units
- List of F-100 units of the United States Air Force
- List of F-105 units of the United States Air Force
- List of F-4 Phantom II operators
References edit
Notes edit
- Explanatory notes
- ^ This aircraft was built as McDonnell F-4E-44-MC Phantom II, serial 69-7566. It was converted to F-4G Wild Weasel configuration in May 1978. It was transferred to the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center on 21 November 1991, then converted to QF-4G drone. Expended in a missile test 26 June 2003. Baugher, Joe (12 April 2023). "1969 USAF Serial Numbers". Joe Baugher. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
- ^ Approved 13 October 1993. Modified to reflect current name and "Black Knights" nickname, 30 July 2919.
- ^ This emblem was used by the squadron from about 1963, but apparently never officially approved until it was placed on a disc in 1993. Endicott, p. 864 (1993 emblem replaced 1955 emblem).
- ^ Approved 31 January 1955. Description: On a disc light yellow, with wide border black, a caricatured "Smug Tiger" courant proper (orange with white and black markings), carrying a bomb red in his right forepaw.
- ^ Aircraft is Boeing B-17F-120-BO Flying Fortress, serial 42-30793, Tom Paine. It flew its last combat mission on 29 December 1944. Baugher, Joe (10 April 2023). "1942 USAF Serial Numbers". Joe Baugher. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
- ^ Now Most, Czech Republic.
- ^ Now in Ukraine.
- ^ This plane was built as Republic F-105F-1-RE Thunderchief, serial 63-8320. It was converted to an EF-105F in 1970 and to an F-105G in 1972. It was flown to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio and is on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force. Baugher, Joe (21 April 2023). "1963 USAF Serial Numbers". Joe Baugher. Retrieved 26 April 2023. "Factsheets: Republic F-105G Thunderchief". National Museum of the Air Force. 15 May 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
- ^ This plane was Republic F-105G Thunderchief, serial 63-8359, also built as an F-105F-1-RE. Baugher, 1963 USAF Serial Numbers.
- Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an Musser, James (22 April 2021). "Factsheet 561 Weapons Squadron (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
- ^ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 660
- ^ Watkins, pp. 76–77
- ^ "Nellis Air Force Base Units: 57th Wing". 57th Wing Public Affairs. November 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 275–276
- ^ a b Freeman, p. 255
- ^ Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 217–218
- ^ See Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 660. (No aircraft listed for squadron during this period).
- ^ "Abstract, Mission Project Closeup, Continental Air Command". Air Force History Index. 27 December 1961. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
- ^ Knaack, p. 25
- ^ Ravenstein, pp. 234–236
- ^ McAuliffe, p. 286
- ^ Ravenstein, pp. 209–211
- ^ McAuliffe, p. 283
- ^ McAuliffe, p. 287
- ^ McAuliffe, pp. 288, 290–291
- ^ McAuliffe, pp. 291–292
- ^ Ravenstein, p. 80
- ^ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 43
- ^ Ravenstein, pp. 44, 210
- ^ Ravenstein, p. 44
- ^ Davies, p. 90
- ^ Station number in Anderson.
- ^ Assignment data in Musser, except as noted.
Bibliography edit
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency.
- Anderson, Capt. Barry (1985). (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL yes: Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
- Davies, Peter E. (2012). F-105 Thunderchief Units of the Vietnam War. Osprey Combat Aircraft. Laurier, Jim, illustrator. Oxford, England: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1846034923. Retrieved 1 April 2020. (link to Google Books extract)
- Endicott, Judy G. (1998). Active Air Force Wings as of 1 October 1995 and USAF Active Flying, Space, and Missile Squadrons as of 1 October 1995 (PDF). Air Force History and Museums Program. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ASIN B000113MB2. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
- Knaack, Marcelle Size (1978). Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems (PDF). Vol. 2, Post-World War II Bombers 1945–1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-59-5. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- McAuliffe, Lt Col Jerome J. (2005). U.S. Air Force in France 1950-1967. San Diego, CA: Milspec Press. ISBN 978-0-9770371-1-7.
- Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Watkins, Robert (2008). Battle Colors: Insignia and Markings of the Eighth Air Force in World War II. Vol. I (VIII) Bomber Command. Atglen, PA: Shiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7643-1987-7.
External links edit
- The 561st