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Tarantula Nebula

January 01, 1970

The Tarantula Nebula (also known as 30 Doradus) is a large H II region in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), forming its south-east corner (from Earth's perspective).

Tarantula Nebula
Emission nebula
H II region
James Webb Space Telescope's NIRCam view of the Tarantula Nebula
Observation data: J2000 epoch
Right ascension05h 38m 38s[1]
Declination−69° 05.7′[1]
Distance160 ± 10 k ly   (49 ± 3[2][3] k pc)
Apparent magnitude (V)+8[2]
Apparent dimensions (V)40′ × 25′[2]
ConstellationDorado
Physical characteristics
Radius931[2][4] ly
Notable featuresIn LMC
DesignationsNGC 2070,[2] Doradus Nebula,[1] Dor Nebula,[1] 30 Doradus
See also: Lists of nebulae

Discovery edit

The brilliant stars in the Tarantula Nebula unleash a torrent of ultraviolet light and stellar winds that etch away at the hydrogen gas cloud in which the stars were born.

The Tarantula Nebula was observed by Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille during an expedition to the Cape of Good Hope between 1751 and 1753. He catalogued it as the second of the "Nebulae of the First Class", "Nebulosities not accompanied by any star visible in the telescope of two feet". It was described as a diffuse nebula 20' across.[5]

Johann Bode included the Tarantula in his 1801 Uranographia star atlas and listed it in the accompanying Allgemeine Beschreibung und Nachweisung der Gestirne catalogue as number 30 in the constellation "Xiphias or Dorado". Instead of being given a stellar magnitude, it was noted to be nebulous.[6]

The name Tarantula Nebula arose in the mid 20th century from its appearance in deep photographic exposures.[7]

30 Doradus has often been treated as the designation of a star,[8][9] or of the central star cluster NGC 2070,[10] but is now generally treated as referring to the whole nebula area of the Tarantula Nebula.[11][12]

Properties edit

 
Hubble's high resolution view of the star-forming region of Tarantula Nebula and the R136 super star cluster at its center

The Tarantula Nebula has an apparent magnitude of 8. Considering its distance of about 49 kpc[2] (160,000 light-years), this is an extremely luminous non-stellar object. Its luminosity is so great that if it were as close to Earth as the Orion Nebula, the Tarantula Nebula would cast visible shadows.[13] In fact, it is the most active starburst region known in the Local Group of galaxies.

It is also one of the largest H II regions in the Local Group with an estimated diameter around 200 to 570 pc (650 to 1860 light years),[2][3] and also because of its very large size, it is sometimes described as the largest, although other H II regions such as NGC 604, which is in the Triangulum Galaxy, could be larger.[3] The nebula resides on the leading edge of the LMC where ram pressure stripping, and the compression of the interstellar medium likely resulting from this, is at a maximum.

NGC 2070 edit

 
Detail of RMC 136a, cluster NGC 2070

30 Doradus has at its centre the star cluster NGC 2070 which includes the compact concentration of stars known as R136[14] that produces most of the energy that makes the nebula visible. The estimated mass of the cluster is 450,000 solar masses, suggesting it will likely become a globular cluster in the future.[15] In addition to NGC 2070, the Tarantula Nebula contains a number of other star clusters including the much older Hodge 301. The most massive stars of Hodge 301 have already exploded in supernovae.[16]

Supernova 1987A edit

The closest supernova observed since the invention of the telescope,[17] Supernova 1987A, occurred in the outskirts of the Tarantula Nebula.[18] There is a prominent supernova remnant enclosing the open cluster NGC 2060, but the remnants of many other supernovae are difficult to detect in the complex nebulosity.[19]

Black hole VFTS 243 edit

An x-ray quiet black hole was discovered in the Tarantula Nebula, the first outside of the Milky Way Galaxy that does not radiate strongly. The black hole has a mass of at least 9 solar masses and is in a circular orbit with its 25 solar mass blue giant companion VFTS 243.[20]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d "NAME 30 Dor Nebula". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2006-12-22.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "Results for Tarantula Nebula". SEDS Students for the Exploration and Development of Space. Retrieved 2007-05-08. 30 Doradus .. 49 kpc +- 3 kpc
  3. ^ a b c Lebouteiller, V.; Bernard-Salas, J.; Brandl, B.; Whelan, D. G.; et al. (June 2008). "Chemical Composition and Mixing in Giant H II Regions: NGC 3603, 30 Doradus, and N66". The Astrophysical Journal. 680 (1): 398–419. arXiv:0710.4549. Bibcode:2008ApJ...680..398L. doi:10.1086/587503. S2CID 16924851.
  4. ^ distance × sin( diameter_angle / 2 ) = 931 ly. radius
  5. ^ Jones, K. G. (1969). "The search for the nebulae - VI". Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 79: 213. Bibcode:1969JBAA...79..213J.
  6. ^ Johann Elert Bode (1801). Allgemeine Beschreibung und Nachweisung der Gestirne: Nebst Verzeichniss der geraden Aufsteigung und Abweichung von 17240 Sternen, Doppelsternen, Nebelflecken und Sternhaufen:(zu dessen Uranographie gehörig). Selbstverl. pp. 1–.
  7. ^ Feast, M. W. (1961). "A Study of the 30 Doradus Region of the Large Magellanic Cloud". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 122: 1–16. Bibcode:1961MNRAS.122....1F. doi:10.1093/mnras/122.1.1.
  8. ^ Pickering, E. C.; Fleming, W. P. (1897). "Large Magellanic Cloud". Astrophysical Journal. 6: 459. Bibcode:1897ApJ.....6..459P. doi:10.1086/140426.
  9. ^ "Notes on some Points connected with the Progress of Astronomy during the past Year". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 53 (4): 274. 1893. doi:10.1093/mnras/53.4.263.
  10. ^ Andersen, M.; Zinnecker, H.; Moneti, A.; McCaughrean, M. J.; Brandl, B.; Brandner, W.; Meylan, G.; Hunter, D. (2009). "The Low-Mass Initial Mass Function in the 30 Doradus Starburst Cluster". The Astrophysical Journal. 707 (2): 1347–1360. arXiv:0911.2755. Bibcode:2009ApJ...707.1347A. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/707/2/1347. S2CID 118467387.
  11. ^ Walborn, N. R. (1984). "The Stellar Content of 30 Doradus". Structure and Evolution of the Magellanic Clouds. Vol. 108. pp. 243–253. Bibcode:1984IAUS..108..243W. doi:10.1017/S0074180900040328. ISBN 978-90-277-1723-8. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  12. ^ Aguirre, J. E.; Bezaire, J. J.; Cheng, E. S.; Cottingham, D. A.; Cordone, S. S.; Crawford, T. M.; Fixsen, D. J.; Knox, L.; Meyer, S. S.; Norgaard-Nielsen, H. U.; Silverberg, R. F.; Timbie, P.; Wilson, G. W. (2003). "The Spectrum of Integrated Millimeter Flux of the Magellanic Clouds and 30 Doradus from Top Hat and DIRBE Data". The Astrophysical Journal. 596 (1): 273–286. arXiv:astro-ph/0306425. Bibcode:2003ApJ...596..273A. doi:10.1086/377601. S2CID 14291665.
  13. ^ "National Optical Astronomy Observatory Press Release: NEIGHBOR GALAXY CAUGHT STEALING STARS".
  14. ^ Massey, P; Hunter, D. (January 1998). "Star Formation in R136: A Cluster of O3 Stars Revealed by Hubble Space Telescope Spectroscopy". The Astrophysical Journal. 493 (1): 180. Bibcode:1998ApJ...493..180M. doi:10.1086/305126. S2CID 122670111.
  15. ^ Bosch, Guillermo; Terlevich, Elena; Terlevich, Roberto (2009). "Gemini/GMOS Search for Massive Binaries in the Ionizing Cluster of 30 Dor". Astronomical Journal. 137 (2): 3437–3441. arXiv:0811.4748. Bibcode:2009AJ....137.3437B. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/2/3437. S2CID 17976455.
  16. ^ Grebel, Eva K.; Chu, You-Hua (2000). "Hubble Space Telescope Photometry of Hodge 301: An "Old" Star Cluster in 30 Doradus". Astronomical Journal. 119 (2): 787–799. arXiv:astro-ph/9910426. Bibcode:2000AJ....119..787G. doi:10.1086/301218. S2CID 118590210.
  17. ^ "Tarantula Nebula's Cosmic Web a Thing of Beauty". SPACE.com. 2011-03-21. Retrieved 2011-03-26.
  18. ^ Couper, Heather; Henbest, Nigel (2009). Encyclopedia of Space. DK Publishing. p. 299. ISBN 978-0-7566-5600-3.
  19. ^ Lazendic, J. S.; Dickel, J. R.; Jones, P. A. (2003). "Supernova Remnant Candidates in the 30 Doradus Nebula". The Astrophysical Journal. 596 (1): 287. Bibcode:2003ApJ...596..287L. doi:10.1086/377630.
  20. ^ Shenar, Tomer; et al. (2022). "An X-ray-quiet black hole born with a negligible kick in a massive binary within the Large Magellanic Cloud". Nature Astronomy. 6 (9): 1085–1092. arXiv:2207.07675. Bibcode:2022NatAs...6.1085S. doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01730-y. S2CID 250626810.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tarantula Nebula.


January 01, 1970
tarantula, nebula, also, known, doradus, large, region, large, magellanic, cloud, forming, south, east, corner, from, earth, perspective, emission, nebulah, regionjames, webb, space, telescope, nircam, view, observation, data, j2000, epochright, ascension05h, . The Tarantula Nebula also known as 30 Doradus is a large H II region in the Large Magellanic Cloud LMC forming its south east corner from Earth s perspective Tarantula NebulaEmission nebulaH II regionJames Webb Space Telescope s NIRCam view of the Tarantula NebulaObservation data J2000 epochRight ascension05h 38m 38s 1 Declination 69 05 7 1 Distance160 10 k ly 49 3 2 3 k pc Apparent magnitude V 8 2 Apparent dimensions V 40 25 2 ConstellationDoradoPhysical characteristicsRadius931 2 4 lyNotable featuresIn LMCDesignationsNGC 2070 2 Doradus Nebula 1 Dor Nebula 1 30 DoradusSee also Lists of nebulae Contents 1 Discovery 2 Properties 3 NGC 2070 4 Supernova 1987A 5 Black hole VFTS 243 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksDiscovery edit source source source source source source source The brilliant stars in the Tarantula Nebula unleash a torrent of ultraviolet light and stellar winds that etch away at the hydrogen gas cloud in which the stars were born The Tarantula Nebula was observed by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille during an expedition to the Cape of Good Hope between 1751 and 1753 He catalogued it as the second of the Nebulae of the First Class Nebulosities not accompanied by any star visible in the telescope of two feet It was described as a diffuse nebula 20 across 5 Johann Bode included the Tarantula in his 1801 Uranographia star atlas and listed it in the accompanying Allgemeine Beschreibung und Nachweisung der Gestirne catalogue as number 30 in the constellation Xiphias or Dorado Instead of being given a stellar magnitude it was noted to be nebulous 6 The name Tarantula Nebula arose in the mid 20th century from its appearance in deep photographic exposures 7 30 Doradus has often been treated as the designation of a star 8 9 or of the central star cluster NGC 2070 10 but is now generally treated as referring to the whole nebula area of the Tarantula Nebula 11 12 Properties edit nbsp Hubble s high resolution view of the star forming region of Tarantula Nebula and the R136 super star cluster at its center The Tarantula Nebula has an apparent magnitude of 8 Considering its distance of about 49 kpc 2 160 000 light years this is an extremely luminous non stellar object Its luminosity is so great that if it were as close to Earth as the Orion Nebula the Tarantula Nebula would cast visible shadows 13 In fact it is the most active starburst region known in the Local Group of galaxies It is also one of the largest H II regions in the Local Group with an estimated diameter around 200 to 570 pc 650 to 1860 light years 2 3 and also because of its very large size it is sometimes described as the largest although other H II regions such as NGC 604 which is in the Triangulum Galaxy could be larger 3 The nebula resides on the leading edge of the LMC where ram pressure stripping and the compression of the interstellar medium likely resulting from this is at a maximum NGC 2070 edit nbsp Detail of RMC 136a cluster NGC 2070 30 Doradus has at its centre the star cluster NGC 2070 which includes the compact concentration of stars known as R136 14 that produces most of the energy that makes the nebula visible The estimated mass of the cluster is 450 000 solar masses suggesting it will likely become a globular cluster in the future 15 In addition to NGC 2070 the Tarantula Nebula contains a number of other star clusters including the much older Hodge 301 The most massive stars of Hodge 301 have already exploded in supernovae 16 Supernova 1987A editThe closest supernova observed since the invention of the telescope 17 Supernova 1987A occurred in the outskirts of the Tarantula Nebula 18 There is a prominent supernova remnant enclosing the open cluster NGC 2060 but the remnants of many other supernovae are difficult to detect in the complex nebulosity 19 Black hole VFTS 243 editAn x ray quiet black hole was discovered in the Tarantula Nebula the first outside of the Milky Way Galaxy that does not radiate strongly The black hole has a mass of at least 9 solar masses and is in a circular orbit with its 25 solar mass blue giant companion VFTS 243 20 See also editList of largest nebulae NGC 604References edit a b c d NAME 30 Dor Nebula SIMBAD Centre de donnees astronomiques de Strasbourg Retrieved 2006 12 22 a b c d e f g Results for Tarantula Nebula SEDS Students for the Exploration and Development of Space Retrieved 2007 05 08 30 Doradus 49 kpc 3 kpc a b c Lebouteiller V Bernard Salas J Brandl B Whelan D G et al June 2008 Chemical Composition and Mixing in Giant H II Regions NGC 3603 30 Doradus and N66 The Astrophysical Journal 680 1 398 419 arXiv 0710 4549 Bibcode 2008ApJ 680 398L doi 10 1086 587503 S2CID 16924851 distance sin diameter angle 2 931 ly radius Jones K G 1969 The search for the nebulae VI Journal of the British Astronomical Association 79 213 Bibcode 1969JBAA 79 213J Johann Elert Bode 1801 Allgemeine Beschreibung und Nachweisung der Gestirne Nebst Verzeichniss der geraden Aufsteigung und Abweichung von 17240 Sternen Doppelsternen Nebelflecken und Sternhaufen zu dessen Uranographie gehorig Selbstverl pp 1 Feast M W 1961 A Study of the 30 Doradus Region of the Large Magellanic Cloud Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 122 1 16 Bibcode 1961MNRAS 122 1F doi 10 1093 mnras 122 1 1 Pickering E C Fleming W P 1897 Large Magellanic Cloud Astrophysical Journal 6 459 Bibcode 1897ApJ 6 459P doi 10 1086 140426 Notes on some Points connected with the Progress of Astronomy during the past Year Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 53 4 274 1893 doi 10 1093 mnras 53 4 263 Andersen M Zinnecker H Moneti A McCaughrean M J Brandl B Brandner W Meylan G Hunter D 2009 The Low Mass Initial Mass Function in the 30 Doradus Starburst Cluster The Astrophysical Journal 707 2 1347 1360 arXiv 0911 2755 Bibcode 2009ApJ 707 1347A doi 10 1088 0004 637X 707 2 1347 S2CID 118467387 Walborn N R 1984 The Stellar Content of 30 Doradus Structure and Evolution of the Magellanic Clouds Vol 108 pp 243 253 Bibcode 1984IAUS 108 243W doi 10 1017 S0074180900040328 ISBN 978 90 277 1723 8 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a journal ignored help Aguirre J E Bezaire J J Cheng E S Cottingham D A Cordone S S Crawford T M Fixsen D J Knox L Meyer S S Norgaard Nielsen H U Silverberg R F Timbie P Wilson G W 2003 The Spectrum of Integrated Millimeter Flux of the Magellanic Clouds and 30 Doradus from Top Hat and DIRBE Data The Astrophysical Journal 596 1 273 286 arXiv astro ph 0306425 Bibcode 2003ApJ 596 273A doi 10 1086 377601 S2CID 14291665 National Optical Astronomy Observatory Press Release NEIGHBOR GALAXY CAUGHT STEALING STARS Massey P Hunter D January 1998 Star Formation in R136 A Cluster of O3 Stars Revealed by Hubble Space Telescope Spectroscopy The Astrophysical Journal 493 1 180 Bibcode 1998ApJ 493 180M doi 10 1086 305126 S2CID 122670111 Bosch Guillermo Terlevich Elena Terlevich Roberto 2009 Gemini GMOS Search for Massive Binaries in the Ionizing Cluster of 30 Dor Astronomical Journal 137 2 3437 3441 arXiv 0811 4748 Bibcode 2009AJ 137 3437B doi 10 1088 0004 6256 137 2 3437 S2CID 17976455 Grebel Eva K Chu You Hua 2000 Hubble Space Telescope Photometry of Hodge 301 An Old Star Cluster in 30 Doradus Astronomical Journal 119 2 787 799 arXiv astro ph 9910426 Bibcode 2000AJ 119 787G doi 10 1086 301218 S2CID 118590210 Tarantula Nebula s Cosmic Web a Thing of Beauty SPACE com 2011 03 21 Retrieved 2011 03 26 Couper Heather Henbest Nigel 2009 Encyclopedia of Space DK Publishing p 299 ISBN 978 0 7566 5600 3 Lazendic J S Dickel J R Jones P A 2003 Supernova Remnant Candidates in the 30 Doradus Nebula The Astrophysical Journal 596 1 287 Bibcode 2003ApJ 596 287L doi 10 1086 377630 Shenar Tomer et al 2022 An X ray quiet black hole born with a negligible kick in a massive binary within the Large Magellanic Cloud Nature Astronomy 6 9 1085 1092 arXiv 2207 07675 Bibcode 2022NatAs 6 1085S doi 10 1038 s41550 022 01730 y S2CID 250626810 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tarantula Nebula Tarantula Nebula on WikiSky DSS2 SDSS GALEX IRAS Hydrogen a X Ray Astrophoto Sky Map Articles and images APOD Images 2003 August 23 amp 2010 May 18 SEDS Data NGC 2070 The Tarantula Nebula Hubble Space Telescope Images of The Tarantula Nebula Archived 2008 10 28 at the Wayback Machine European Southern Observatory Image of The Tarantula Nebula Archived 2009 08 03 at the Wayback Machine The Scale of the Universe Astronomy Picture of the Day 2012 March 12 Crowther Paul Tarantula Nebula and Its Huge Stars Deep Space Videos Brady Haran Portals nbsp Astronomy nbsp Stars nbsp Outer space Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tarantula Nebula amp oldid 1223841808, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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