2011 Reno Air Races crash
On September 16, 2011, The Galloping Ghost, a highly modified North American P-51D Mustang racing aircraft, crashed into spectators while competing at the Reno Air Races in Reno, Nevada, killing the pilot, James K. "Jimmy" Leeward, and ten people on the ground. Sixty-nine more people on the ground were injured.[1][2] It was the third-deadliest airshow disaster in U.S. history, following accidents in 1972 and 1951.[3]
The Galloping Ghost shortly before the accident | |
| Accident | |
|---|---|
| Date | September 16, 2011 |
| Summary | Mechanical failure of trim tab leading to loss of control |
| Site | Reno, Nevada, U.S. 39°39′37.12″N 119°52′40.81″W / 39.6603111°N 119.8780028°W |
| Total fatalities | 11 |
| Total injuries | 69 |
| Aircraft | |
| Aircraft type | North American P-51D-15-NA Mustang |
| Aircraft name | The Galloping Ghost |
| Operator | Aero Trans Corp. |
| Registration | NX79111 |
| Flight origin | Reno Stead Airport, Reno, Nevada, U.S. |
| Destination | Reno Stead Airport |
| Occupants | 1 |
| Passengers | 0 |
| Crew | 1 |
| Fatalities | 1 |
| Survivors | 0 |
| Ground casualties | |
| Ground fatalities | 10 |
| Ground injuries | 69 |
Accident edit
During the 2011 Reno Air Races, James Leeward and The Galloping Ghost were in third place and had just rounded pylon number 8 when the aircraft abruptly pitched up, rolled inverted, then nosedived.[4] The aircraft hit the apron at over 400 miles per hour (640 km/h) in front of the grandstands in an area containing box seating, disintegrating on impact. There was no fire; the violence of the crash dispersed all of the fuel on board The Galloping Ghost before it had the chance to ignite.
Seven people, including the pilot, died at the crash site;[5] four died later in the hospital.[6][7] The weekend's remaining races at the Reno Air Races were canceled.
Aircraft edit
The Galloping Ghost was a highly modified former fighter plane that had come out of retirement the previous year after undergoing major modifications, including removal of the underbelly radiator and installation of a "boil-off" cooling system, as well as other modifications that the owner described as designed to make the plane more efficient. The former United States Air Force aircraft, serial number 44-15651, was owned by Aero Trans Corp in Ocala, Florida.[8] The wings had been clipped a further 3 ft (0.9 m) each side on top of the 4 ft (1.2 m) reduction in span earlier in its life.[9]
The aircraft had a long history of successful competition in air races, dating back to the National Air Races from 1946 to 1949 in Cleveland, Ohio.[10] It was flown by a series of pilots under a variety of names, including Miss Candace from 1969 to 1978 and Jeannie in 1981.[11]
Leeward called the modifications of the plane "radical", stating that the oil system was similar to an oil cooling system in the Space Shuttle.[9][12] The canopy was about the size of the ones on Formula One aircraft. The modifications were meant to improve aerodynamics by reducing drag and hence increase top speed.[9]
Previous incidents edit
On September 18, 1970, the airplane (then known as Miss Candace) crashed while attempting an emergency landing caused by an engine failure during that year's Reno Air Races at Reno-Stead Airport. During the landing the plane's longer propeller, modified for racing, clipped the runway surface, causing the plane to drift off the edge of the runway, collapsing part of the landing gear but causing only minor injuries to the pilot, Dr. Cliff Cummins.[13]
In 1998, another modified P-51 Mustang, Voodoo Chile, lost a left trim tab during the Reno Air Races. The pilot, Bob "Hurricane" Hannah, reported that the airplane pitched up, subjecting him to more than 10 g and knocking him unconscious. When he regained consciousness, the plane had climbed to more than 9,000 feet (2,750 m), and he brought it in for a safe landing.[14][15] This aircraft (having been renamed to Voodoo) was in attendance at the 2011 race and was nearby at the time of the accident.
In 1999, another highly modified P-51, Miss Ashley II, piloted by Gary Levitz, experienced rudder flutter during an unlimited race at the Reno Air Races. The airframe broke up, killing Levitz.[16]
Investigation edit
The day after the crash, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) began examining whether part of the empennage had come off before the crash.[17] A photograph taken just before the crash showed the airplane inverted and part of the left elevator trim tab missing.[17][18]
On October 21, 2011, NTSB investigators said that they found no readable onboard video amid the debris of the racing plane. However, they were still attempting to extract information from an onboard data memory card found among damaged aircraft components and other debris scattered over more than two acres following the crash, as well as hundreds of photos and dozens of videos provided by spectators.[19]
The NTSB thoroughly investigated the extensive modifications made to the airplane. The modifications had made the aircraft lighter and reduced drag but decreased stability. Leeward took the plane to 530 mph (460 kn; 850 km/h) during the race, about 40 mph (35 kn; 64 km/h) faster than he had gone previously.[20] There was evidence of extreme stress on the airframe demonstrated by buckling of the fuselage aft of the wing and gaps appearing between the fuselage and the canopy during the flight (visible in high-resolution photographs taken by spectators).
The investigation report, released in August 2012, found that the probable cause of the crash was reused single-use locknuts in the left elevator trim tab system that loosened. This led to a fatigue crack in an attachment screw and allowed the trim tab to flutter. This flutter caused the trim tab link assembly to fail, which led to the loss of control of the aircraft. Untested and undocumented modifications to the airplane contributed to the accident. Particularly, the right trim tab had been fixed in place. Had both trim tabs been operational, the loss of the left trim tab alone may not have caused the loss of control. When the trim tab failed, Leeward experienced 17 g, which quickly incapacitated him and likely rendered him unconscious.[21][22]
In 2012, the NTSB released seven safety recommendations to be applied to future air races. These included course design and layout further away from the spectators stands, pre-race inspections, airworthiness of aircraft modifications, Federal Aviation Administration guidance, pilot g-force awareness, and ramp safety.[23]
Dramatization edit
The Cineflix television show Mayday covered the case in the second episode of season nineteen, titled "Death Race".[citation needed]
References edit
- ^ "Plane crashes into crowd at Reno air races". NBC News. September 16, 2011. Retrieved September 16, 2011.
- ^ . BNO News. September 17, 2011. Archived from the original on September 26, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ^ Johnson, Bridget (September 19, 2011). . World News. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved September 20, 2011.
- ^ "'Mass casualties' reported after plane crashes at Nevada air show". CNN. September 16, 2011.
- ^ "Death toll from Nevada air crash rises to nine". Reuters. September 17, 2011.
- ^ Ritter, Ken (September 18, 1970). "Plane in NV crash had 'radical' changes to compete". ajc.com. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
- ^ Frank, Thomas (September 18, 2011). "10th person dies from Reno air race crash". usatoday.com. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
- ^ . FAA Registry. Archived from the original on January 8, 2015. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ^ a b c Davison, Budd (May 2011). . Sport Aviation. Experimental Aircraft Association. 60 (5): 34–39. Archived from the original on September 23, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ^ . EAA. Archived from the original on December 3, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ^ . Pacific Flyer. Archived from the original on November 10, 2010. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ^ "June 2011 National Championship Air Races Podcast". YouTube. June 16, 2011. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
- ^ "NTSB Aircraft Accident Report OAK71FXQ16 North American P-51D, registration: N79111". National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
- ^ "Voodoo - 98 NCAR". Warbird.com. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
- ^ Grantham, Kevin; Grantham, Jackie (September 27, 1998). "Reno Unlimiteds Turn 35". AVweb. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
- ^ "National Transportation Safety Board Aviation Accident Final Report Accident Number: LAX99FA311". National Transportation Safety Board. May 9, 2001. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
- ^ a b Barboza, Tony (September 17, 2011). "Reno air races crash: NTSB investigates elevator trim tab". Latimesblogs.latimes.com. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
- ^ "US vintage aircraft crashes into crowd". Telegraph. London. September 17, 2011. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
- ^ "NTSB: No Video From P-51 in Reno Air Show Crash". ABC. October 21, 2011.
- ^ Ritter, Ken, "NTSB: Trim tab failure caused 2011 race crash", Military Times, August 27, 2012
- ^ Accident Brief, NTSB/AAB-12/01 PB2012-916203
- ^ "Pilot/Race 177, The Galloping Ghost North American P-51D, N79111 Reno, Nevada September 16, 2011 Accident Brief NTSB/AAB-12/01" October 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Aviation accident at the Reno Air Race". www.ntsb.gov. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
External links edit
- A video of the crash taken from the grandstands
- A clearer video of the crash, taken from further away
- A recording of the emergency radio traffic, including Reno EMS (REMSA), fire, and police
- katu.com. September 20, 2011.
- Check-Six.com - Fatal Accidents associated with the National Championship Air Races
- Final NTSB Accident Brief AAB-12/01