During the Parade of Nations portion of the 1988 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, athletes from each country participating in the Olympics paraded in the arena, preceded by their flag. The flag was borne by a sportsperson from that country chosen either by the National Olympic Committee or by the athletes themselves to represent their country.
As the nation of the first modern Olympic Games, Greece entered the stadium first; whereas, the host nation South Korea marched last. Other countries entered in alphabetical order in the language of the host country (Korean), according with tradition and IOC guidelines. The collation method used is based on the names as written in Hangul, a traditional Korean alphabet.[1]
Whilst most countries entered under their short names, a few entered under more formal or alternative names, mostly due to political and naming disputes. The Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan) entered with the compromised name and flag of "Chinese Taipei" ("차이니스 타이페이") under 타 ta, while the conflictingPeople's Republic of China (commonly known as China) entered as "중화인민공화국" under 중.
Among the nations with Korean names starting with 이 i, several reorderings occurred because of the hostile relationship between the countries. Hangul alphabetic order would have dictated Iraq → Iran → Israel → Egypt → Italy → India → Indonesia → Japan. Iran was moved three spaces later in the parade while Israel was moved five spaces later (an additional two spaces past Iran), changing the parade order into Iraq → Egypt → Italy → India → Iran → Indonesia → Japan → Israel.
Notable flag bearers in the opening ceremony featured the following athletes: seven-time Olympian and Star sailor Hubert Raudaschl (Austria); defending Olympic champions Evelyn Ashford (United States) in the women's 100-metre dash;[7]Jouko Salomaki (Finland) and Vasile Andrei (Romania) in Greco-Roman wrestling; Ernesto Canto (Mexico) in race walking; Agneta Andersson (Sweden) in the women's kayak sprinting; Matija Ljubek in the men's canoe sprinting; and six-time Olympian Reiner Klimke (Federal Republic of Germany), who led the West German team to a gold-medal victory in the equestrian dressage; synchronized swimmers Mikako Kotani (Japan) and Carolyn Waldo (Canada), who eventually topped the podium in both the solo and duet routines; eight-time Olympian and Star sailor Durward Knowles (the Bahamas); eventual gold medalists Ulf Timmermann (German Democratic Republic) in the men's shot put and Aleksandr Karelin (Soviet Union) in the super heavyweight Greco-Roman wrestling; five-time track sprinter and Moscow 1980 champion Pietro Mennea (Italy); long-distance runner Grete Andersen-Waitz (Norway), who bagged a silver medal in the inaugural women's marathon four years earlier; and world-number-three tennis player Gabriela Sabatini (Argentina) in the women's singles.[8]
ListEdit
The following is a list of each country's announced flag bearer. The names are given in their official designations by the IOC.
Some differences occurred between the official placard displays and the official announcements:
A number of designations were abbreviated on the placards, but announced in full.
The United States delegation was announced as "the United States of America" and appeared on the placard as "U.S.A.".
The Soviet Union delegation was abbreviated in both the announcements and the placard.
South Yemen's delegation was announced as "Yemen Democratic Republic", but appeared on the placard as "Dem. Rep. of Yemen".
Egypt's delegation was announced as the "Arab Republic of Egypt", but appeared on the placard as "Egypt".
The Central African Republic delegation was announced as "Central African Republic", but appeared on the placard as "Central Africa".
Côte d'Ivoire's delegation was announced as "Ivory Coast", but appeared on the placard as "Côte d'Ivoire".
Congo's delegation was announced as "People's Republic of Congo", but appeared on the placard as "Congo".
Fiji's delegation was announced as "Fiji Islands", but appeared on the placard as "Fiji".
The list is sorted by the order in which each nation appears in the parade of nations. This table is sortable by country name (in Korean and its Roman transliteration), the flag bearer's name, and the flag bearer's sport.
^"Seoul 1988". olympic.org. from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
^Seoul surprises Nagoya for Olympic bid, UPI (United Press International), Morley Myers, Sept. 30, 1981.
^John E. Findling; Kimberly D. Pelle (1996). Historical Dictionary of the Modern Olympic Movement. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 182–. ISBN978-0-313-28477-9.
^ ab"Seoul Olympics 1988". Retrieved 27 September 2017.
^Janofsky, Michael (16 January 1988). "Cubans turn their back on the Seoul Olympics". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
^Dodds, Tracy (17 September 1988). "Day 1: The Seoul Games: Enthusiasm Hasn't Flagged; In Her Third Games, Ashford Excited to Be Front and Center at Opening Ceremony". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
1988, summer, olympics, parade, nations, during, parade, nations, portion, 1988, summer, olympics, opening, ceremony, athletes, from, each, country, participating, olympics, paraded, arena, preceded, their, flag, flag, borne, sportsperson, from, that, country,. During the Parade of Nations portion of the 1988 Summer Olympics opening ceremony athletes from each country participating in the Olympics paraded in the arena preceded by their flag The flag was borne by a sportsperson from that country chosen either by the National Olympic Committee or by the athletes themselves to represent their country Contents 1 Parade order 2 List 3 See also 4 ReferencesParade order EditAs the nation of the first modern Olympic Games Greece entered the stadium first whereas the host nation South Korea marched last Other countries entered in alphabetical order in the language of the host country Korean according with tradition and IOC guidelines The collation method used is based on the names as written in Hangul a traditional Korean alphabet 1 Whilst most countries entered under their short names a few entered under more formal or alternative names mostly due to political and naming disputes The Republic of China commonly known as Taiwan entered with the compromised name and flag of Chinese Taipei 차이니스 타이페이 under 타 ta while the conflicting People s Republic of China commonly known as China entered as 중화인민공화국 under 중 Among the nations with Korean names starting with 이 i several reorderings occurred because of the hostile relationship between the countries Hangul alphabetic order would have dictated Iraq Iran Israel Egypt Italy India Indonesia Japan Iran was moved three spaces later in the parade while Israel was moved five spaces later an additional two spaces past Iran changing the parade order into Iraq Egypt Italy India Iran Indonesia Japan Israel 160 nations entered the stadium with a combined total of 8 391 athletes 2 3 Eight nations made their Olympic debut Aruba American Samoa Brunei Cook Islands Maldives Vanuatu Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and South Yemen North Korea and its ally Cuba boycotted the games for the second consecutive time while Ethiopia Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC 4 allegedly in solidarity with North Korea 5 Madagascar did not participate due to financial considerations Nicaragua did not participate due to the ongoing civil war and South Africa was excluded due to its apartheid policies 6 5 Notable flag bearers in the opening ceremony featured the following athletes seven time Olympian and Star sailor Hubert Raudaschl Austria defending Olympic champions Evelyn Ashford United States in the women s 100 metre dash 7 Jouko Salomaki Finland and Vasile Andrei Romania in Greco Roman wrestling Ernesto Canto Mexico in race walking Agneta Andersson Sweden in the women s kayak sprinting Matija Ljubek in the men s canoe sprinting and six time Olympian Reiner Klimke Federal Republic of Germany who led the West German team to a gold medal victory in the equestrian dressage synchronized swimmers Mikako Kotani Japan and Carolyn Waldo Canada who eventually topped the podium in both the solo and duet routines eight time Olympian and Star sailor Durward Knowles the Bahamas eventual gold medalists Ulf Timmermann German Democratic Republic in the men s shot put and Aleksandr Karelin Soviet Union in the super heavyweight Greco Roman wrestling five time track sprinter and Moscow 1980 champion Pietro Mennea Italy long distance runner Grete Andersen Waitz Norway who bagged a silver medal in the inaugural women s marathon four years earlier and world number three tennis player Gabriela Sabatini Argentina in the women s singles 8 List EditThe following is a list of each country s announced flag bearer The names are given in their official designations by the IOC Some differences occurred between the official placard displays and the official announcements A number of designations were abbreviated on the placards but announced in full The United States delegation was announced as the United States of America and appeared on the placard as U S A The Soviet Union delegation was abbreviated in both the announcements and the placard South Yemen s delegation was announced as Yemen Democratic Republic but appeared on the placard as Dem Rep of Yemen Egypt s delegation was announced as the Arab Republic of Egypt but appeared on the placard as Egypt The Central African Republic delegation was announced as Central African Republic but appeared on the placard as Central Africa Cote d Ivoire s delegation was announced as Ivory Coast but appeared on the placard as Cote d Ivoire Congo s delegation was announced as People s Republic of Congo but appeared on the placard as Congo Fiji s delegation was announced as Fiji Islands but appeared on the placard as Fiji The list is sorted by the order in which each nation appears in the parade of nations This table is sortable by country name in Korean and its Roman transliteration the flag bearer s name and the flag bearer s sport Order Nation Hangul Roman transliteration Flag bearer Sport1 nbsp Greece GRE 그리스 Geuriseu Babis Kholidis Wrestling2 nbsp Ghana GHA 가나 Gana John Myles Mills Athletics3 nbsp Gabon GAB 가봉 Gabong Gisele Ongollo Athletics4 nbsp Guyana GUY 가이아나 Gaiana Alfred Thomas Boxing5 nbsp Gambia GAM 감비아 Gambia Dawda Jallow Athletics6 nbsp Guatemala GUA 과테말라 Gwatemalla Carlos Silva Shooting7 nbsp Guam GUM 괌 Gwam Ricardo Blas Judo8 nbsp Grenada GRN 그레나다 Geurenada Agnes Griffith Athletics9 nbsp Guinea GUI 기니 Gini Ousmane Diallo Wrestling10 nbsp Equatorial Guinea GEQ 적도 기니 Jeokdo Gini Manuel Rondo Athletics11 nbsp Nigeria NGR 나이지리아 Naijiria Yusuf Alli Athletics12 nbsp Netherlands NED 네덜란드 Nedeollandeu Eric Swinkels Shooting13 nbsp Nepal NEP 네팔 Nepal Krishna Bahadur Basnet Athletics14 nbsp Norway NOR 노르웨이 Noreuwei Grete Andersen Waitz Athletics15 nbsp Papua New Guinea PNG 파푸아뉴기니 Papua Nyugini Pinye Malaibi Weightlifting16 nbsp New Zealand NZL 뉴질랜드 Nyujillandeu Ian Ferguson Canoeing17 nbsp Niger NIG 니제르 Nijereu Hassan Karimou Athletics18 nbsp Denmark DEN 덴마크 Denmakeu Anne Grethe Jensen Equestrian19 nbsp Dominican Republic DOM 도미니카 공화국 Dominika Gonghwaguk Juan Nunez Athletics20 nbsp German Dem Rep GDR 독일 민주 공화국 Dogil Minju Gonghwaguk Ulf Timmermann Athletics21 nbsp F R of Germany FRG 독일 연방 공화국 Dogil Yeonbang Gonghwaguk Reiner Klimke Equestrian22 nbsp Laos LAO 라오스 Raoseu Sitthixay Sacpraseuth Athletics23 nbsp Liberia LBR 라이베리아 Raiberia Samuel Birch Athletics24 nbsp Lebanon LIB 레바논 Rebanon Toni Khouri Official25 nbsp Lesotho LES 레소토 Resoto Noheku Nteso Athletics26 nbsp Rumania ROM 루마니아 Rumania Vasile Andrei Wrestling27 nbsp Luxembourg LUX 룩셈부르크 Ruksembureukeu Roland Jacoby Shooting28 nbsp Rwanda RWA 르완다 Reuwanda Mathias Ntawulikura Athletics29 nbsp Libyan Arab Jamahiriya LBA 리비아 Ribia Said Farouk Al Turki Athletics30 nbsp Liechtenstein LIE 리히텐슈타인 Rihitensyutain Yvonne Elkuch Cycling31 nbsp Malawi MAW 말라위 Mallawi George Mambosasa Athletics32 nbsp Malaysia MAS 말레이시아 Malleisia Nordin Mohamed Jadi Athletics33 nbsp Mali MLI 말리 Malli Mamadou Keita Judo34 nbsp Mexico MEX 멕시코 Meksiko Ernesto Canto Athletics35 nbsp Monaco MON 모나코 Monako Stephane Operto Cycling36 nbsp Morocco MAR 모로코 Moroko Faouzi Lahbi Athletics37 nbsp Mauritius MRI 모리셔스 Morisyeoseu Navind Ramsaran Wrestling38 nbsp Mauritania MTN 모리타니 Moritani Oumar Samba Sy Wrestling39 nbsp Mozambique MOZ 모잠비크 Mojambikeu Sergio Fafitine Swimming40 nbsp Maldives MDV 몰디브 Moldibeu Hussein Haleem Athletics41 nbsp Malta MLT 몰타 Molta Joanna Agius Archery42 nbsp Mongolia MGL 몽고 Monggo Badmaanyambuugiin Bat Erdene Judo43 nbsp U S A USA 미국 Miguk Evelyn Ashford Athletics44 nbsp Vanuatu VAN 바누아투 Banuatu Olivette Daruhi Athletics45 nbsp Bahrain BRN 바레인 Barein Ahmed Hamada Jassim Athletics46 nbsp Barbados BAR 바베이도스 Babeidoseu Elvis Forde Athletics47 nbsp Bahamas BAH 바하마 Bahama Durward Knowles Sailing48 nbsp Bangladesh BAN 방글라데시 Banggeulladesi Bazlur Mohamed Rahman Swimming49 nbsp Burma BIR 버마 Beoma Latt Zaw Boxing50 nbsp Bermuda BER 버뮤다 Beomyuda Clarence Saunders Athletics51 nbsp Virgin Isl ISV 버진 제도 Beojin Jedo Peter Holmberg Sailing52 nbsp British Virgin Isl IVB 영국령 버진 제도 Yeonggungnyeong Beojin Jedo Willis Todman Athletics53 nbsp Benin BEN 베냉 Benaeng Felicite Bada Athletics54 nbsp Venezuela VEN 베네수엘라 Benesuella Elizabeth Popper Table tennis55 nbsp Vietnam VIE 베트남 Beteunam Nguyễn Đinh Minh Athletics56 nbsp Belgium BEL 벨기에 Belgie Dirk Crois Rowing57 nbsp Belize BIZ 벨리즈 Bellijeu Fitzgerald Joseph Cycling58 nbsp Botswana BOT 보츠와나 Bocheuwana Shakes Kubuitsile Boxing59 nbsp Bolivia BOL 볼리비아 Bollibia Katerine Moreno Swimming60 nbsp Burkina Faso BUR 부르키나파소 Bureukinapaso Sounaila Sagnon Boxing61 nbsp Bhutan BHU 부탄 Butan Pema Tshering Archery62 nbsp Bulgaria BUL 불가리아 Bulgaria Vasil Etropolski Fencing63 nbsp Brazil BRA 브라질 Beurajil Walter Carmona Judo64 nbsp Brunei Darussalam BRU 브루나이 Beurunai65 nbsp American Samoa ASA 미국령 사모아 Migungnyeong Samoa Maselino Masoe Boxing66 nbsp Western Samoa SAM 서사모아 Seo Samoa Henry Smith Athletics67 nbsp Saudi Arabia KSA 사우디아라비아 Saudiarabia Salah Al Mar Official68 nbsp Cyprus CYP 사이프러스 Saipeureoseu Mikhalakis Tymbios Shooting69 nbsp San Marino SMR 산마리노 Sanmarino Gian Nicola Berti Shooting70 nbsp El Salvador ESA 엘살바도르 Elsalbadoreu Gustavo Manzur Wrestling71 nbsp Senegal SEN 세네갈 Senegal Amadou Dia Ba Athletics72 nbsp St Vincent amp the Grenadines VIN 세인트빈센트 그레나딘 Seinteubinsenteu Geurenadin Orde Ballantyne Athletics73 nbsp U S S R URS 소련 Soryeon Alexander Karelin Wrestling74 nbsp Somalia SOM 소말리아 Somallia Aboukar Hassan Adani Athletics75 nbsp Solomon Isl SOL 솔로몬 제도 Sollomon Jedo Gustave Mansad Chef de mission76 nbsp Sudan SUD 수단 Sudan Omer Khalifa Athletics77 nbsp Surinam SUR 수리남 Surinam Realdo Jessurun Cycling78 nbsp Sri Lanka SRI 스리랑카 Seurirangka Daya Rajasinghe Nadarajasingham Shooting79 nbsp Swaziland SWZ 스와질란드 Seuwajillandeu Sizwe Sydney Mdluli Athletics80 nbsp Sweden SWE 스웨덴 Seuweden Agneta Andersson Canoeing81 nbsp Switzerland SUI 스위스 Seuwiseu Cornelia Burki Athletics82 nbsp Syria SYR 시리아 Siria Hafez El Hussein Athletics83 nbsp Sierra Leone SLE 시에라리온 Sierarion Baba Ibrahim Suma Keita Athletics84 nbsp Singapore SIN 싱가포르 Singgaporeu Ang Peng Siong Swimming85 nbsp United Arab Emirates UAE 아랍에미리트 Arap Emiriteu Sultan Khalifa Cycling86 nbsp Aruba ARU 아루바 Aruba Bito Maduro Judo87 nbsp Argentina ARG 아르헨티나 Areuhentina Gabriela Sabatini Tennis88 nbsp Iceland ISL 아이슬란드 Aiseullandeu Bjarni Fridriksson Judo89 nbsp Haiti HAI 아이티 Aiti Deborah Saint Phard Athletics90 nbsp Ireland IRL 아일랜드 Aillaendeu Wayne McCullough Boxing91 nbsp Afghanistan AFG 아프가니스탄 Apeuganiseutan Mohammad Razigul Wrestling92 nbsp Andorra AND 안도라 Andora Josep Graells Athletics93 nbsp Antigua ANT 안티과 Antigwa Jocelyn Joseph Athletics94 nbsp Netherlands Antilles AHO 네덜란드령 안틸레스 Nedeollandeuryeong Antilleseu Jan Boersma Sailing95 nbsp Algeria ALG 알제리 Aljeri Noureddine Tadjine Athletics96 nbsp Angola ANG 앙골라 Anggolla Joao N Tyamba Athletics97 nbsp Spain ESP 에스파냐 Eseupanya Infanta Cristina Sailing98 nbsp Ecuador ECU 에콰도르 Ekwadoreu Liliana Chala Athletics99 nbsp Great Britain GBR 영국 Yeongguk Ian C B Taylor Field hockey100 nbsp Dem Rep of Yemen YMD 예멘 민주 공화국 Yemen Minju Gonghwaguk Sahim Saleh Mehdi Athletics101 nbsp Yemen Arab Rep YAR 예멘 아랍 공화국 Yemen Arap Gonghwaguk Abdullah Al Shamsi Wrestling102 nbsp Oman OMA 오만 Oman Abdul Latif Al Bulushi Shooting103 nbsp Australia AUS 오스트레일리아 Oseuteureillia Ric Charlesworth Field hockey104 nbsp Austria AUT 오스트리아 Oseuteuria Hubert Raudaschl Sailing105 nbsp Honduras HON 온두라스 Onduraseu Santiago Fonseca Athletics106 nbsp Jordan JOR 요르단 Yoreudan Muneir Al Masri Wrestling107 nbsp Uganda UGA 우간다 Uganda Patrick Lihanda Boxing108 nbsp Uruguay URU 우루과이 Urugwai Jesus Posse Rowing109 nbsp Yugoslavia YUG 유고슬라비아 Yugoseullabia Matija Ljubek Canoeing110 nbsp Iraq IRQ 이라크 Irakeu Abdul Wahab Ali Table tennis111 nbsp Egypt EGY 이집트 Ijipteu Mohamed Khorshed Shooting112 nbsp Italy ITA 이탈리아 Itallia Pietro Mennea Athletics113 nbsp India IND 인도 Indo Kartar Dhillon Singh Wrestling114 nbsp Islamic Republic of Iran IRI 이란 Iran Mohamed Reza Tupchi Wrestling115 nbsp Indonesia INA 인도네시아 Indonesia Tonny Maringgi Table tennis116 nbsp Japan JPN 일본 Ilbon Mikako Kotani Synchronized swimming117 nbsp Israel ISR 이스라엘 Iseura el Itzhak Yonassi Shooting118 nbsp Jamaica JAM 자메이카 Jameika Merlene Ottey Athletics119 nbsp Zaire ZAI 자이르 Jaireu Dikanda Diba Athletics120 nbsp Zambia ZAM 잠비아 Jambia Samuel Matete Athletics121 nbsp Central Africa CAF 중앙아프리카 Jung ang Apeurika Fidele Mohinga Boxing122 nbsp P R of China CHN 중화 인민 공화국 Junghwa Inmin Gonghwaguk Song Tao Basketball123 nbsp Djibouti DJI 지부티 Jibuti Hussein Ahmed Salah Athletics124 nbsp Zimbabwe ZIM 짐바브웨 Jimbabeuwe James Gombedza Athletics125 nbsp Chad CHA 차드 Chadeu Paul Ngadjadoum Athletics126 nbsp Czechoslovakia TCH 체코슬로바키아 Chekoseullobakia Imrich Bugar Athletics127 nbsp Chile CHI 칠레 Chille Gert Weil Athletics128 nbsp Cameroon CMR 카메룬 Kamerun Frederic Ebong Salle Athletics129 nbsp Qatar QAT 카타르 Katareu Mohamed Al Kaabi Sailing130 nbsp Canada CAN 캐나다 Kaenada Carolyn Waldo Synchronized swimming131 nbsp Kenya KEN 케냐 Kenya Patrick Waweru Boxing132 nbsp Cayman Isl CAY 케이맨 제도 Keiman Jedo Alfred Ebanks Cycling133 nbsp Costa Rica CRC 코스타리카 Koseutarika Sigrid Niehaus Swimming134 nbsp Cote D Ivoire CIV 코트디부아르 Koteudibuareu Clement N Goran Tennis135 nbsp Colombia COL 콜롬비아 Kollombia Jorge Molina Shooting136 nbsp Congo CGO 콩고 Konggo Jean Didiace Bemou Athletics137 nbsp Kuwait KUW 쿠웨이트 Kuweiteu Jasem Al Dowaila Athletics138 nbsp Cook Islands COK 쿡 제도 Kuk Jedo William Taramai Athletics139 nbsp Chinese Taipei TPE 차이니스 타이페이 Chainiseu Taipei Lee Fu an Athletics140 nbsp Thailand THA 타이 Tai Somchai Chanthavanich Shooting141 nbsp Tanzania TAN 탄자니아 Tanjania Ikaji Salum Athletics142 nbsp Turkey TUR 터키 Teoki Necmi Gencalp Wrestling143 nbsp Togo TOG 토고 Togo Akossi Gnalo Athletics144 nbsp Tonga TGA 통가 Tongga Siololovau Ikavuka Athletics145 nbsp Tunisia TUN 튀니지 Twiniji Sofiane Ben Letaief Table tennis146 nbsp Trinidad and Tobago TRI 트리니다드 토바고 Teurinidadeu Tobago Ian Morris Athletics147 nbsp Panama PAN 파나마 Panama Manuel Gutierrez Swimming148 nbsp Paraguay PAR 파라과이 Paragwai Ramon Jimenez Gaona Athletics149 nbsp Pakistan PAK 파키스탄 Pakiseutan Nasir Ali Field hockey150 nbsp Peru PER 페루 Peru Rodrigo Ranguna Official151 nbsp Portugal POR 포르투갈 Poreutugal Joao Rebelo Shooting152 nbsp Poland POL 폴란드 Pollandeu Bogdan Daras Wrestling153 nbsp Puerto Rico PUR 푸에르토리코 Puereutoriko Jesus Feliciano Baseball154 nbsp France FRA 프랑스 Peurangseu Philippe Riboud Fencing155 nbsp Fiji FIJ 피지 Piji Sharon Pickering Swimming156 nbsp Finland FIN 핀란드 Pillandeu Jouko Salomaki Wrestling157 nbsp Philippines PHI 필리핀 Pillipin Joseph Eric Buhain Swimming158 nbsp Hungary HUN 헝가리 Heonggari Istvan Vaskuti Canoeing159 nbsp Hong Kong HKG 홍콩 Hongkong Liu Fuk Man Table tennis160 nbsp Korea KOR 대한민국 Daehan Minguk Cho Yong chul JudoSee also Edit1984 Summer Olympics national flag bearers 1992 Summer Olympics national flag bearersReferences Edit Technical Manual on Ceremonies PDF International Olympic Committee November 2005 p 40 Retrieved 2019 10 06 Seoul 1988 olympic org Archived from the original on 4 October 2009 Retrieved 12 March 2010 Seoul surprises Nagoya for Olympic bid UPI United Press International Morley Myers Sept 30 1981 John E Findling Kimberly D Pelle 1996 Historical Dictionary of the Modern Olympic Movement Greenwood Publishing Group pp 182 ISBN 978 0 313 28477 9 a b Seoul Olympics 1988 Retrieved 27 September 2017 Janofsky Michael 16 January 1988 Cubans turn their back on the Seoul Olympics The New York Times Retrieved 27 September 2017 Dodds Tracy 17 September 1988 Day 1 The Seoul Games Enthusiasm Hasn t Flagged In Her Third Games Ashford Excited to Be Front and Center at Opening Ceremony The New York Times Retrieved 8 October 2022 UnitedBy energy Gabriela Sabatini International Olympic Committee 31 March 2021 Retrieved 8 October 2022 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1988 Summer Olympics Parade of Nations amp oldid 1170599502, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
