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1954 Blons avalanches

January 01, 1970

The Blons avalanches took place in Austria in January 1954.[1] They occurred in the federal state of Vorarlberg, where they had a big impact on the Great Walser Valley region and specifically, the village of Blons.[2] The avalanches occurred over a two-day period beginning from 11 January 1954 and resulted in the death of 125 people, 57 of whom were killed specifically in Blons.[1] Two big avalanches struck Blons within 9 hours, the second of which buried rescue workers who were attempting to save civilians from the first avalanche.[2][3] The avalanches caused much destruction to the Blons village, damaging one third of housing infrastructure and killing one third of the population.[1] The Blons avalanches are considered to be one of the worst mass burials in Austrian history, resulting in one of the highest number of fatalities due to an avalanche.[3][4]

Blons Avalanches 1954
Blons, Austria.
Date11 January 1954 (1954-01-11)
Time9:36am and 7:00pm
LocationBlons, Austria
Coordinates47.216 9.816
CauseAvalanches
Deaths125
Alps in the Great Walser Valley region, Vorarlberg, Austria.

Geography edit

The village of Blons is located in the Bludenz district in the federal state of Vorarlberg, located on the western side of Austria.[5] On its western side, the state of Vorarlberg borders with the European country Liechtenstein.[5] Bludenz is a mountainous region with 525 mountains.[6] In Vorarlberg there are 1315 avalanche catchment zones.[7] The starting points of the Blons avalanches were Falvkopf and Mont-Calv.[2][3] These peaks are situated approximately 6,500 ft high and surround the village.[8] Falvkopf is 1849 meters above sea level.[1] The coordinates of the Blons avalanche locations are Latitude: 47.2160 Longitude: 9.8160.[9] The area of Blons is surrounded by rocks which are easily susceptible to erosion.[1]

The avalanches edit

On 11 January 1954 at 9:36am, the first avalanche began, starting at Flavkopf, where it struck the Blons village at 10:00am.[2][4] The first avalanche struck the eastern side of the village, burying 82 people and killing 34 people.[2] A second avalanche began later that night at 7:00pm starting at Mont-Calv.[2][4] The second avalanche struck the centre of the village of Blons where 43 people were buried and 22 people died.[2][3] Sixteen people who were rescued from the first avalanche were also later buried in the second avalanche.[2] Both avalanches were classified as catastrophic.[3] An avalanche classified at a catastrophic level means it has the potential to damage the surrounding landscape, the runout can cause damage and destruction to infrastructure in a valley and is large in size.[10][11] On the morning the avalanche occurred, the local radio announced the avalanche warning system cautioned "the danger of avalanches has become extremely serious and is still increasing."[2] A survivor, Robert Dobner, recounts the day as "a dark Monday, so full of snow."[2]

Rescue mission edit

The rescue response to the Blons avalanches was slow due to damaged power and telephone lines, which delayed rescuers hearing the news of the avalanches a day later.[2] The rescue mission to save victims trapped from these avalanches led to the first airlift in Austrian history.[1] Airlifts can quickly provide equipment and resources needed for a rescue mission site including transceivers, shovels and probes.[12] Rescue dogs can also be used as they use their sense of smell to search for humans.[12] The first Austrian responders started a rescue mission on 13 January 1954 and countries such as Germany, Switzerland and the United States also contributed to help rescue the civilians.[2] The US Air Force provided 99 helicopters and 11,000 kg of rescue supplies while The Swiss Air-Rescue sent 14 rescuers, 6 rescue dogs, 2 helicopters, doctors and 5 rescue paratroopers.[2] One of the main causes of death for victims impacted and trapped from an avalanche is asphyxia, which means people can still be alive while buried for a period of time and have the potential to survive.[13][14] Some survivors of the Blons avalanches had been trapped for up to 17 to 62 hours.[4][2] A Sydney Morning Herald article that reported on the Blons avalanches described the rescue crews as having to face a deep and narrow valley covered on both sides by tons of snow and that every capable man contribution to help.[8] It also recounts that flares were used to help the rescue workers as the avalanches damaged lights as well as cutting off water supply and roads and rail communication.[8]

Aftermath edit

 
Damage from the avalanches in Blons 1954

The aftermath of the Blons avalanches resulted in "270 burials resulting in 125 deaths, 55 houses and hundreds of farm buildings [were] destroyed, and 500 cattle were killed."[2] The population of Blons in 1954 had a total of 376 people and a third (111 people) were killed outright by the avalanches.[15][4] Half of the men who worked at the Leduc mine in the area were also killed (Ruth, 1998; Davis, 2008). A third of the housing was also destroyed with 29 out of 90 homes in the village listed as demolished.[15][4] Thirty-three victims were able to get to safety by themselves, 31 were rescued by rescue teams and 47 were found dead.[4] One woman who was cooking in her home at the time the avalanche struck died from burns from coals in her oven that hit her on impact.[15][4] Another man who had been found alive by a rescue crew after 17 hours, later died of shock after finding out how long he had been buried in the snow, as reported by wire service reports. Of the civilians found alive, 8 later died and 2 were not found.[15][4]

Cause edit

Austrian alps are always susceptible to natural hazards such as avalanches.[7] In the lead up to the avalanches that targeted Blons, a combination of cold weather and a rapid increase in snowfall could not be sustained and was too much to hold.[11] The heavy snowfall resulted in more than 2 meters in depth of snow in less than 24 hours.[1] According to Holler (2009), two days prior to the first avalanche in the winter of January 1954, a "north westerly oriented frontal zone led to high new snow depth" particularly in Vorarlberg.[11] Following the heavy snowfall, temperatures started to rise.[2] After layers of snow accumulate and temperatures rise, snow cohesion can deteriorate and can cause an avalanche to release.[16]

Prior to January 1954, the protection measures against avalanches in Blons were first established between 1906 and 1908.[1] This included support structures of snow fences and walls of approximately 2 – 2.5 meters, which were destroyed during the 1954 avalanches and said to be inadequate.[1] In the mountains above Blons the trees were also spread out resulting in low forest cover and therefore reduced protection coverage for the village.[1] The civilians in the Blons village also took precautions to avoid the risk of an avalanche to surrounding areas. As winter approached, councilmen in Blons would remove a crucifix that was placed in a high-risk area to avoid any damage to it. At a particular ravine in Blons, the civilians would stop talking and walk in a single line spread apart when crossing a bridge.[15][4] This was done to avoid their voices causing vibrations in the area that could start an avalanche and if one was to release, they believed being spread apart would reduce the number of them taken by it.[15][4]

Response edit

The Blons avalanches in Austria in 1954 have "heralded modern avalanche protection in the alps."[1] Due to the high impact of these avalanches, along with others in Austria, measures have been put in place to protect the Blons village in Vorarlberg from potential avalanche threat in the future.[1]‘Catastrophic’ level avalanches have since decreased in Austria due to improved protection measures overall.[3]

Comprehensive investigation into forest cover and tree quality has been undertaken in the mountains above Blons in order to improve its effectiveness in protection against avalanches. The ‘Forest Engineering Service for Torrent and Avalanche Control’ is in charge of enforcing protection measures against natural hazards in Austria.[1] Since the Blons avalanches, there is much more forest cover compared to the coverage in 1954, due to extensive reforestation efforts.[1] In 1971 there was 520 hectares of forest coverage and by 2009 it had increased to 601 hectares of coverage.[1] Forest coverage can help improve protection against avalanches as it can slow down the speed of the snow and reduce the runout distance.[17] In the Blons area approximately half a million trees have been planted, four fifths of which are Picea abies. This abies tree species is effective in avalanche protection due its capability in ensuring stabilisation because of its deep root system that can reach a depth of up to 2 metres.[1] At the main starting points of avalanches in Blons, approximately 6.5 kilometres of defence mechanisms have since been put in place including steel snow bridges, hangings and steel-wood construction as well as 315 creeping snow constructions and 745 metres worth of wind drift barriers.[1]

Studies of the Blons avalanches have helped to improve the knowledge and understanding of avalanche cycles in Austria, which in turn have helped result in more efficient forecasting of avalanches.[2] A study has revealed that of the biggest avalanches in Austrian history "about two-thirds [of the avalanches] occurred as a result of a north-westerly oriented frontal zone."[11] It also found that higher levels of snowfall played a large contributing role in the cause of these ‘catastrophic’ avalanches.[11] The study was able to deduce that certain weather situations are related to the avalanche cycles and patterns occurring in Austria and has helped better predict when an avalanche might be expected.[11] Avalanche warning systems are also now available online. The ‘European Avalanche Warning Services’ aims to provide "society with efficient and effective avalanche forecasting and warning services"[18] and can inform and warn people of any potential avalanche risks in areas all across Europe, including Blons. Avalanche detection has been developed which looks at features such as infrasound, seismic and radar signals.[19] Modern avalanche simulation technology has also been made, which makes it possible to simulate potential hazardous scenarios in high risk avalanche hazard-zones and detect where there may be protection measures against avalanches. In regard to the Blons avalanches, this technology was able to help highlight the lack of defensive constructions at the starting points of each of the avalanches that released.[1]

In terms of avalanche rescue strategies, there has been little change since the Blons avalanches. Approximately 50% of people do not carry avalanche transceivers. If they were to be buried by an avalanche original tools and strategies are still in use to rescue buried victims.[2]

In the Media edit

Several books and films have been produced which have recounted the experience of those involved. The book titled "Avalanche!" written by author Joseph Wechsberg in 1958 provides coverage on the events of the Blons avalanches, civilians stories, the impact it had on the whole community and the rehabilitation efforts the community has adopted. He describes the events as "no other recorded avalanche in modern history has done so much to so many in so short a time and so small a place."[20][21] The film and novel called "Der Atem des Himmels" is also based on the 1954 avalanches in Blons. It depicts the build-up and how the events of the avalanches unfolded. The incident of the avalanches is also featured in the documentary series "Disasters of the Century" in season 4, episode 9 which includes personal recounts from residents of Blons at the time, what they experienced as well as reenactments.[22] An avalanche documentation centre in Blons exhibits facts and photographs about the events that occurred during the 1954 avalanches and what protection measures have been put in place to increase safety to the area.[23]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Drexel, A.,ggd G., & Kessler, J. (2018). Blons in Vorarlberg, Austria- 60 Years Sustainable Avalanche Protection: Experience, Setbacks and Lessons Learned (pp. 1-8). Retrieved from https://arc.lib.montana.edu/snow-science/objects/ISSW2018_P03.5.pdf
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r RECCO. (2014). The White Death: An avalanche disaster from 1954. Retrieved 23 April 2020, from https://reccoprofessionals.wordpress.com
  3. ^ a b c d e f Holler, P. (2016). The Most Disastrous Avalanche Events in Austria since 1946/7(pp. 410-412). Retrieved from https://arc.lib.montana.edu/snow-science/objects/ISSW16_O18.01.pdf
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Davis, L. (2008). Natural Disasters (p. 7). New York: Infobase Publishing.
  5. ^ a b Encyclopedia Britannica. (2011). Vorarlberg | state, Austria. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Vorarlberg
  6. ^ PeakVisor. (2020). Bludenz Mountains. Retrieved 22 April 2020, from https://peakvisor.com/adm/bludenz.html
  7. ^ a b Holler, P. (2007). Avalanche hazards and mitigation in Austria: a review. (Author abstract)(Report). Natural Hazards, 43(1), 81–101.Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-007-9109-2
  8. ^ a b c The Sydney Morning Herald. (1954). 200 Dead Missing in Avalanches. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 27 May 2020, from https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/18404463/1071967
  9. ^ Latitude. (2020). GPS coordinates of 1954 Blons avalanches, Austria. Latitude: 47.2160 Longitude: 9.8160. Retrieved 21 April 2020,  from https://latitude.to/articles-by-country/at/austria/106475/1954-blons-avalanches
  10. ^ SLF. (2020). Avalanche sizes - SLF. Retrieved 24 April 2020, from https://www.slf.ch/en/avalanche-bulletin-and-snow-situation/about-the-avalanche-bulletin/avalanche-sizes.html
  11. ^ a b c d e f Holler, P. (2009). Avalanche cycles in Austria: an analysis of the major events in the last 50 years. Natural Hazards, 48(3), 399–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-008-9271-1
  12. ^ a b Hohlrieder, M., Thaler, S., Wuert, W., Voelckel, W., Ulmer, H., Brugger, H., & Mair, P. (2008). Rescue missions for totally buried avalanche victims: conclusions from 12 years of experience.(Report). High Altitude Medicine & Biology, 9(3), 229–233. https://doi.org/10.1089/ham.2007.1061
  13. ^ Boyd, J., Haegeli, P., Abu-Laban, R., Shuster, M., & Butt, J. (2009). Patterns of death among avalanche fatalities: a 21-year review. (Research)(Report). CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal, 180(5), 507–50712. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.081327
  14. ^ Mcintosh, S., Grissom, C., Olivares, C., Kim, H., & Tremper, B. (2007). Cause of Death in Avalanche Fatalities. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 18(4), 293–297. https://doi.org/10.1580/07-WEME-OR-092R1.1
  15. ^ a b c d e f Ruth, K. (1998). Snow (pp. 201-202). William Morrow and Company.
  16. ^ Snow Avalanches. (2013). In Environmental Geomechanics (pp. 39–71).
  17. ^ Teich, M., Bartelt, P., Grêt-Regamey, A., & Bebi, P. (2012). Snow Avalanches in Forested Terrain: Influence of Forest Parameters, Topography, and Avalanche Characteristics on Runout Distance. Arctic, Antarctic, And Alpine Research, 44(4), 509-519. Retrieved from https://bioone.org/journals/arctic-antarctic-and-alpine-research/volume-44/issue-4/1938-4246-44.4.509/Snow-Avalanches-in-Forested-Terrain--Influence-of-Forest-Parameters/10.1657/1938-4246-44.4.509.full
  18. ^ European Avalanche Warning Services (2020). About EAWS. Retrieved 23 April 2020, from https://www.avalanches.org/about/
  19. ^ Schimmel, A., Hubl, J., Koschuch, R., & Reiweger, I. (2017). Automatic detection of avalanches: evaluation of three different approaches. (Report). Natural Hazards, 87(1), 83–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-017-2754-1
  20. ^ Perla, R., & Martinelli, M. (1976). Avalanche handbook. Retrieved 25 May 2020, from http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uiug.30112019255675
  21. ^ Kirkus Reviews. (2020). Avalanche!. Retrieved 24 May 2020, from https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/a/joseph-wechsberg-2/avalanche-5/
  22. ^ IMDb. (2020). "Disasters of the Century" The Blons Avalanche (TV Episode) - IMDb. Retrieved 27 May 2020, from https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5475426/
  23. ^ Alpenregion Vorarlberg. (2018). Avalanche Documentation Centre Blons. Retrieved 26 May 2020, from https://www.vorarlberg-alpenregion.at/en/walsertal/avalanche-documentation-centre-blons-gwt.html 8 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine

January 01, 1970
1954, blons, avalanches, blons, avalanches, took, place, austria, january, 1954, they, occurred, federal, state, vorarlberg, where, they, impact, great, walser, valley, region, specifically, village, blons, avalanches, occurred, over, period, beginning, from, . The Blons avalanches took place in Austria in January 1954 1 They occurred in the federal state of Vorarlberg where they had a big impact on the Great Walser Valley region and specifically the village of Blons 2 The avalanches occurred over a two day period beginning from 11 January 1954 and resulted in the death of 125 people 57 of whom were killed specifically in Blons 1 Two big avalanches struck Blons within 9 hours the second of which buried rescue workers who were attempting to save civilians from the first avalanche 2 3 The avalanches caused much destruction to the Blons village damaging one third of housing infrastructure and killing one third of the population 1 The Blons avalanches are considered to be one of the worst mass burials in Austrian history resulting in one of the highest number of fatalities due to an avalanche 3 4 Blons Avalanches 1954Blons Austria Date11 January 1954 1954 01 11 Time9 36am and 7 00pmLocationBlons AustriaCoordinates47 216 9 816CauseAvalanchesDeaths125Alps in the Great Walser Valley region Vorarlberg Austria Contents 1 Geography 2 The avalanches 3 Rescue mission 4 Aftermath 5 Cause 6 Response 7 In the Media 8 ReferencesGeography editThe village of Blons is located in the Bludenz district in the federal state of Vorarlberg located on the western side of Austria 5 On its western side the state of Vorarlberg borders with the European country Liechtenstein 5 Bludenz is a mountainous region with 525 mountains 6 In Vorarlberg there are 1315 avalanche catchment zones 7 The starting points of the Blons avalanches were Falvkopf and Mont Calv 2 3 These peaks are situated approximately 6 500 ft high and surround the village 8 Falvkopf is 1849 meters above sea level 1 The coordinates of the Blons avalanche locations are Latitude 47 2160 Longitude 9 8160 9 The area of Blons is surrounded by rocks which are easily susceptible to erosion 1 The avalanches editOn 11 January 1954 at 9 36am the first avalanche began starting at Flavkopf where it struck the Blons village at 10 00am 2 4 The first avalanche struck the eastern side of the village burying 82 people and killing 34 people 2 A second avalanche began later that night at 7 00pm starting at Mont Calv 2 4 The second avalanche struck the centre of the village of Blons where 43 people were buried and 22 people died 2 3 Sixteen people who were rescued from the first avalanche were also later buried in the second avalanche 2 Both avalanches were classified as catastrophic 3 An avalanche classified at a catastrophic level means it has the potential to damage the surrounding landscape the runout can cause damage and destruction to infrastructure in a valley and is large in size 10 11 On the morning the avalanche occurred the local radio announced the avalanche warning system cautioned the danger of avalanches has become extremely serious and is still increasing 2 A survivor Robert Dobner recounts the day as a dark Monday so full of snow 2 Rescue mission editThe rescue response to the Blons avalanches was slow due to damaged power and telephone lines which delayed rescuers hearing the news of the avalanches a day later 2 The rescue mission to save victims trapped from these avalanches led to the first airlift in Austrian history 1 Airlifts can quickly provide equipment and resources needed for a rescue mission site including transceivers shovels and probes 12 Rescue dogs can also be used as they use their sense of smell to search for humans 12 The first Austrian responders started a rescue mission on 13 January 1954 and countries such as Germany Switzerland and the United States also contributed to help rescue the civilians 2 The US Air Force provided 99 helicopters and 11 000 kg of rescue supplies while The Swiss Air Rescue sent 14 rescuers 6 rescue dogs 2 helicopters doctors and 5 rescue paratroopers 2 One of the main causes of death for victims impacted and trapped from an avalanche is asphyxia which means people can still be alive while buried for a period of time and have the potential to survive 13 14 Some survivors of the Blons avalanches had been trapped for up to 17 to 62 hours 4 2 A Sydney Morning Herald article that reported on the Blons avalanches described the rescue crews as having to face a deep and narrow valley covered on both sides by tons of snow and that every capable man contribution to help 8 It also recounts that flares were used to help the rescue workers as the avalanches damaged lights as well as cutting off water supply and roads and rail communication 8 Aftermath edit nbsp Damage from the avalanches in Blons 1954 The aftermath of the Blons avalanches resulted in 270 burials resulting in 125 deaths 55 houses and hundreds of farm buildings were destroyed and 500 cattle were killed 2 The population of Blons in 1954 had a total of 376 people and a third 111 people were killed outright by the avalanches 15 4 Half of the men who worked at the Leduc mine in the area were also killed Ruth 1998 Davis 2008 A third of the housing was also destroyed with 29 out of 90 homes in the village listed as demolished 15 4 Thirty three victims were able to get to safety by themselves 31 were rescued by rescue teams and 47 were found dead 4 One woman who was cooking in her home at the time the avalanche struck died from burns from coals in her oven that hit her on impact 15 4 Another man who had been found alive by a rescue crew after 17 hours later died of shock after finding out how long he had been buried in the snow as reported by wire service reports Of the civilians found alive 8 later died and 2 were not found 15 4 Cause editAustrian alps are always susceptible to natural hazards such as avalanches 7 In the lead up to the avalanches that targeted Blons a combination of cold weather and a rapid increase in snowfall could not be sustained and was too much to hold 11 The heavy snowfall resulted in more than 2 meters in depth of snow in less than 24 hours 1 According to Holler 2009 two days prior to the first avalanche in the winter of January 1954 a north westerly oriented frontal zone led to high new snow depth particularly in Vorarlberg 11 Following the heavy snowfall temperatures started to rise 2 After layers of snow accumulate and temperatures rise snow cohesion can deteriorate and can cause an avalanche to release 16 Prior to January 1954 the protection measures against avalanches in Blons were first established between 1906 and 1908 1 This included support structures of snow fences and walls of approximately 2 2 5 meters which were destroyed during the 1954 avalanches and said to be inadequate 1 In the mountains above Blons the trees were also spread out resulting in low forest cover and therefore reduced protection coverage for the village 1 The civilians in the Blons village also took precautions to avoid the risk of an avalanche to surrounding areas As winter approached councilmen in Blons would remove a crucifix that was placed in a high risk area to avoid any damage to it At a particular ravine in Blons the civilians would stop talking and walk in a single line spread apart when crossing a bridge 15 4 This was done to avoid their voices causing vibrations in the area that could start an avalanche and if one was to release they believed being spread apart would reduce the number of them taken by it 15 4 Response editThe Blons avalanches in Austria in 1954 have heralded modern avalanche protection in the alps 1 Due to the high impact of these avalanches along with others in Austria measures have been put in place to protect the Blons village in Vorarlberg from potential avalanche threat in the future 1 Catastrophic level avalanches have since decreased in Austria due to improved protection measures overall 3 Comprehensive investigation into forest cover and tree quality has been undertaken in the mountains above Blons in order to improve its effectiveness in protection against avalanches The Forest Engineering Service for Torrent and Avalanche Control is in charge of enforcing protection measures against natural hazards in Austria 1 Since the Blons avalanches there is much more forest cover compared to the coverage in 1954 due to extensive reforestation efforts 1 In 1971 there was 520 hectares of forest coverage and by 2009 it had increased to 601 hectares of coverage 1 Forest coverage can help improve protection against avalanches as it can slow down the speed of the snow and reduce the runout distance 17 In the Blons area approximately half a million trees have been planted four fifths of which are Picea abies This abies tree species is effective in avalanche protection due its capability in ensuring stabilisation because of its deep root system that can reach a depth of up to 2 metres 1 At the main starting points of avalanches in Blons approximately 6 5 kilometres of defence mechanisms have since been put in place including steel snow bridges hangings and steel wood construction as well as 315 creeping snow constructions and 745 metres worth of wind drift barriers 1 Studies of the Blons avalanches have helped to improve the knowledge and understanding of avalanche cycles in Austria which in turn have helped result in more efficient forecasting of avalanches 2 A study has revealed that of the biggest avalanches in Austrian history about two thirds of the avalanches occurred as a result of a north westerly oriented frontal zone 11 It also found that higher levels of snowfall played a large contributing role in the cause of these catastrophic avalanches 11 The study was able to deduce that certain weather situations are related to the avalanche cycles and patterns occurring in Austria and has helped better predict when an avalanche might be expected 11 Avalanche warning systems are also now available online The European Avalanche Warning Services aims to provide society with efficient and effective avalanche forecasting and warning services 18 and can inform and warn people of any potential avalanche risks in areas all across Europe including Blons Avalanche detection has been developed which looks at features such as infrasound seismic and radar signals 19 Modern avalanche simulation technology has also been made which makes it possible to simulate potential hazardous scenarios in high risk avalanche hazard zones and detect where there may be protection measures against avalanches In regard to the Blons avalanches this technology was able to help highlight the lack of defensive constructions at the starting points of each of the avalanches that released 1 In terms of avalanche rescue strategies there has been little change since the Blons avalanches Approximately 50 of people do not carry avalanche transceivers If they were to be buried by an avalanche original tools and strategies are still in use to rescue buried victims 2 In the Media editSeveral books and films have been produced which have recounted the experience of those involved The book titled Avalanche written by author Joseph Wechsberg in 1958 provides coverage on the events of the Blons avalanches civilians stories the impact it had on the whole community and the rehabilitation efforts the community has adopted He describes the events as no other recorded avalanche in modern history has done so much to so many in so short a time and so small a place 20 21 The film and novel called Der Atem des Himmels is also based on the 1954 avalanches in Blons It depicts the build up and how the events of the avalanches unfolded The incident of the avalanches is also featured in the documentary series Disasters of the Century in season 4 episode 9 which includes personal recounts from residents of Blons at the time what they experienced as well as reenactments 22 An avalanche documentation centre in Blons exhibits facts and photographs about the events that occurred during the 1954 avalanches and what protection measures have been put in place to increase safety to the area 23 References edit a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Drexel A ggd G amp Kessler J 2018 Blons in Vorarlberg Austria 60 Years Sustainable Avalanche Protection Experience Setbacks and Lessons Learned pp 1 8 Retrieved from https arc lib montana edu snow science objects ISSW2018 P03 5 pdf a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r RECCO 2014 The White Death An avalanche disaster from 1954 Retrieved 23 April 2020 from https reccoprofessionals wordpress com a b c d e f Holler P 2016 The Most Disastrous Avalanche Events in Austria since 1946 7 pp 410 412 Retrieved from https arc lib montana edu snow science objects ISSW16 O18 01 pdf a b c d e f g h i j k Davis L 2008 Natural Disasters p 7 New York Infobase Publishing a b Encyclopedia Britannica 2011 Vorarlberg state Austria Retrieved from https www britannica com place Vorarlberg PeakVisor 2020 Bludenz Mountains Retrieved 22 April 2020 from https peakvisor com adm bludenz html a b Holler P 2007 Avalanche hazards and mitigation in Austria a review Author abstract Report Natural Hazards 43 1 81 101 Retrieved from https doi org 10 1007 s11069 007 9109 2 a b c The Sydney Morning Herald 1954 200 Dead Missing in Avalanches The Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved 27 May 2020 from https trove nla gov au newspaper article 18404463 1071967 Latitude 2020 GPS coordinates of 1954 Blons avalanches Austria Latitude 47 2160 Longitude 9 8160 Retrieved 21 April 2020 from https latitude to articles by country at austria 106475 1954 blons avalanches SLF 2020 Avalanche sizes SLF Retrieved 24 April 2020 from https www slf ch en avalanche bulletin and snow situation about the avalanche bulletin avalanche sizes html a b c d e f Holler P 2009 Avalanche cycles in Austria an analysis of the major events in the last 50 years Natural Hazards 48 3 399 424 https doi org 10 1007 s11069 008 9271 1 a b Hohlrieder M Thaler S Wuert W Voelckel W Ulmer H Brugger H amp Mair P 2008 Rescue missions for totally buried avalanche victims conclusions from 12 years of experience Report High Altitude Medicine amp Biology 9 3 229 233 https doi org 10 1089 ham 2007 1061 Boyd J Haegeli P Abu Laban R Shuster M amp Butt J 2009 Patterns of death among avalanche fatalities a 21 year review Research Report CMAJ Canadian Medical Association Journal 180 5 507 50712 Retrieved from https doi org 10 1503 cmaj 081327 Mcintosh S Grissom C Olivares C Kim H amp Tremper B 2007 Cause of Death in Avalanche Fatalities Wilderness amp Environmental Medicine 18 4 293 297 https doi org 10 1580 07 WEME OR 092R1 1 a b c d e f Ruth K 1998 Snow pp 201 202 William Morrow and Company Snow Avalanches 2013 In Environmental Geomechanics pp 39 71 Teich M Bartelt P Gret Regamey A amp Bebi P 2012 Snow Avalanches in Forested Terrain Influence of Forest Parameters Topography and Avalanche Characteristics on Runout Distance Arctic Antarctic And Alpine Research 44 4 509 519 Retrieved from https bioone org journals arctic antarctic and alpine research volume 44 issue 4 1938 4246 44 4 509 Snow Avalanches in Forested Terrain Influence of Forest Parameters 10 1657 1938 4246 44 4 509 full European Avalanche Warning Services 2020 About EAWS Retrieved 23 April 2020 from https www avalanches org about Schimmel A Hubl J Koschuch R amp Reiweger I 2017 Automatic detection of avalanches evaluation of three different approaches Report Natural Hazards 87 1 83 102 https doi org 10 1007 s11069 017 2754 1 Perla R amp Martinelli M 1976 Avalanche handbook Retrieved 25 May 2020 from http hdl handle net 2027 uiug 30112019255675 Kirkus Reviews 2020 Avalanche Retrieved 24 May 2020 from https www kirkusreviews com book reviews a joseph wechsberg 2 avalanche 5 IMDb 2020 Disasters of the Century The Blons Avalanche TV Episode IMDb Retrieved 27 May 2020 from https www imdb com title tt5475426 Alpenregion Vorarlberg 2018 Avalanche Documentation Centre Blons Retrieved 26 May 2020 from https www vorarlberg alpenregion at en walsertal avalanche documentation centre blons gwt html Archived 8 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1954 Blons avalanches amp oldid 1162712160, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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