1936 Tour de France
The 1936 Tour de France was the 30th edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 7 July to 2 August. It was composed of 21 stages with a total length of 4,442 km (2,760 mi). Because of health problems, Henri Desgrange stopped as Tour director, and was succeeded by Jacques Goddet.
Route of the 1936 Tour de France followed clockwise, starting in Paris | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Race details | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dates | 7 July – 2 August 1936 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stages | 21, including five split stages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Distance | 4,442 km (2,760 mi) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Winning time | 142h 47' 32" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Results | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
← 1935 1937 → | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
The race was won by Belgian cyclist Sylvère Maes. In the early stages, he battled with French Maurice Archambaud, until Archambaud lost many minutes on the eighth stage. Maes was then able to create a large margin with his new closest competitor Magne and teammate Vervaecke.[1]
The team classification was won by the Belgian team, and Spanish cyclist Julián Berrendero won the mountains classification. There was also a one-time classification, based on points, that was won by Sylvère Maes.
Innovations and changes edit
For the first time, a stage was divided into three parts.[2] The race director at the start of the race was still Henri Desgrange, who had been race director since the first Tour de France in 1903. Desgrange, who was already 71 years old, had had kidney surgery weeks before the start of the Tour, but was determined to follow the Tour, and rode in a car full of cushions.[3] After the second stage, he stopped, and made Jacques Goddet director.[4] The individuals category which had been used in 1935 was not used in 1936.
The introduction of the summer holiday in France in 1936 meant that the number of spectators on the roadside increased.[5]
The bonification system was the same as in 1935.[2] This meant that the winner of a stage received 90 seconds, and the second cyclist 45 seconds. In addition, the winner received a bonification equal to the margin between him and the second cyclist, with a maximum of 2 minutes. The last bonification system was also used for the first cyclist to reach a mountain top that counted for the mountains classification.
Teams edit
The riders were divided into two categories: the national teams and the touriste-routiers.[4] There were four big national teams with 10 cyclists each: the Belgian team, the German team, the Spanish/Luxembourgian team and the French team. There were also five small teams of 4 cyclists each: the Swiss team, the Dutch team, the Yugoslavian team, the Romanian team and the Austrian team.[6] For the Dutch, Yugoslavian and Romanian teams, it was the first participation ever.[7] The Italian team was absent for political reasons (the Second Italo-Abyssinian War).[4] An Italian team consisting of Italians living in France had been allowed to the race and even had jersey numbers designated, but finally the Tour organisers changed their minds.[3]
The teams entering the race were:
- Belgium
- Germany
- Spain/Luxembourg
- France
- Switzerland
- Netherlands
- Yugoslavia
- Romania
- Austria
Route and stages edit
Stages 13b, 14b, 18b, 19b and 20b were all run in the team-time-trial format. The highest point of elevation in the race was 2,556 m (8,386 ft) at the summit tunnel of the Col du Galibier mountain pass on stage 7.[8][9]
| Stage | Date | Course | Distance | Type[a] | Winner | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 July | Paris to Lille | 258 km (160 mi) | Plain stage | Paul Egli (SUI) | |
| 2 | 8 July | Lille to Charleville | 192 km (119 mi) | Plain stage | Robert Wierinckx (BEL) | |
| 3 | 9 July | Charleville to Metz | 161 km (100 mi) | Plain stage | Mathias Clemens (LUX) | |
| 4 | 10 July | Metz to Belfort | 220 km (140 mi) | Stage with mountain(s) | Maurice Archambaud (FRA) | |
| 5 | 11 July | Belfort to Évian-les-Bains | 298 km (185 mi) | Plain stage | René Le Grevès (FRA) | |
| 12 July | Évian-les-Bains | Rest day | ||||
| 6 | 13 July | Évian-les-Bains to Aix-les-Bains | 212 km (132 mi) | Stage with mountain(s) | Éloi Meulenberg (BEL) | |
| 7 | 14 July | Aix-les-Bains to Grenoble | 230 km (140 mi) | Stage with mountain(s) | Theo Middelkamp (NED) | |
| 8 | 15 July | Grenoble to Briançon | 194 km (121 mi) | Stage with mountain(s) | Jean-Marie Goasmat (FRA) | |
| 9 | 16 July | Briançon to Digne | 220 km (140 mi) | Stage with mountain(s) | Léon Level (FRA) | |
| 17 July | Digne | Rest day | ||||
| 10 | 18 July | Digne to Nice | 156 km (97 mi) | Plain stage | Paul Maye (FRA) | |
| 11 | 19 July | Nice to Cannes | 126 km (78 mi) | Stage with mountain(s) | Fédérico Ezquerra (ESP) | |
| 20 July | Cannes | Rest day | ||||
| 12 | 21 July | Cannes to Marseille | 195 km (121 mi) | Plain stage | René Le Grevès (FRA) | |
| 13a | 22 July | Marseille to Nîmes | 112 km (70 mi) | Plain stage | René Le Grevès (FRA) | |
| 13b | Nîmes to Montpellier | 52 km (32 mi) | Individual time trial | Sylvère Maes (BEL) | ||
| 14a | 23 July | Montpellier to Narbonne | 103 km (64 mi) | Plain stage | René Le Grevès (FRA) | |
| 14b | Narbonne to Perpignan | 63 km (39 mi) | Individual time trial | Sylvère Maes (BEL) | ||
| 24 July | Perpignan | Rest day | ||||
| 15 | 25 July | Perpignan to Luchon | 325 km (202 mi) | Stage with mountain(s) | Sauveur Ducazeaux (FRA) | |
| 14 July | Luchon | Rest day | ||||
| 16 | 27 July | Luchon to Pau | 194 km (121 mi) | Stage with mountain(s) | Sylvère Maes (BEL) | |
| 28 July | Pau | Rest day | ||||
| 17 | 29 July | Pau to Bordeaux | 229 km (142 mi) | Plain stage | René Le Grevès (FRA) | |
| 18a | 30 July | Bordeaux to Saintes | 117 km (73 mi) | Plain stage | Éloi Meulenberg (BEL) | |
| 18b | Saintes to La Rochelle | 75 km (47 mi) | Individual time trial | Sylvère Maes (BEL) | ||
| 19a | 31 July | La Rochelle to La Roche-sur-Yon | 81 km (50 mi) | Plain stage | Marcel Kint (BEL) | |
| 19b | La Roche-sur-Yon to Cholet | 65 km (40 mi) | Individual time trial | Félicien Vervaecke (BEL) | ||
| 19c | Cholet to Angers | 67 km (42 mi) | Plain stage | Paul Maye (FRA) | ||
| 20a | 1 August | Angers to Vire | 204 km (127 mi) | Plain stage | René Le Grevès (FRA) | |
| 20b | Vire to Caen | 55 km (34 mi) | Individual time trial | Antonin Magne (FRA) | ||
| 21 | 2 August | Caen to Paris | 234 km (145 mi) | Plain stage | Arsène Mersch (LUX) | |
| Total | 4,442 km (2,760 mi)[12] | |||||
Race overview edit
Swiss Paul Egli won the first stage, and thereby became the first Swiss cyclist to lead the general classification in the Tour de France.[4] That first stage was run in terrible rain.[3] In the second stage, the cyclists were split in two parts, and Egli was in the second part. Archambaud then took over the lead.[3] Archambaud lost it to Luxembourgian Mersch in the next stage, but recaptured the lead when he won the fourth stage.
The competition really started in the mountains of the seventh stage. Belgian Romain Maes, the winner of the 1935 Tour, was first over the first mountain, but then gave up, a victim of chronic bronchitis.[3] On the next climb, Georges Speicher, winner of the 1930 Tour, gave up. Archambaud was still in the lead after that stage. The stage was won by Theo Middelkamp, who became the first Dutch cyclist to win a Tour stage. Before the 1936 Tour, Middelkamp had never seen a mountain in his life.[13]
In the eighth stage, Archambaud could not follow anymore, and Sylvère Maes took over the lead. In third place was Antonin Magne, who had a good chance to win the race.[3] Magne attacked on the next stage, but could not drop Maes. Later, Magne had to let the leading group get away, and lost a minute to Maes.[3]
The stages between the Alps and the Pyrenees were partly run as team time trials. The Belgian team was superior here, and Magne lost more time. When it was time for the Pyrenees, he was eight minutes behind Maes.[3]
In stage 15, the podium did not change, so it had to happen in stage 16, the last mountain stage. Magne attacked, but was unable to win back time. Maes was better, and including time bonuses Maes won eighteen minutes on Magne in that stage.[3]
In that stage, Belgian Félicien Vervaecke had borrowed a bicycle with derailleur. It was allowed for touriste-routiers, but not for national team members, and he was fined with ten minutes penalty time in the general classification. Magne also got 10 minutes penalty time, for having received food when it was not allowed.[3] Due to this penalty, Vervaecke lost his second place in the general classification, which Magne took over.[2]
In the last part of the race, Maes extended his lead thanks to the team time trials, although the French team was finally also able to win one.
Classification leadership and minor prizes edit
The time that each cyclist required to finish each stage was recorded, and these times were added together for the general classification. If a cyclist had received a time bonus, it was subtracted from this total; all time penalties were added to this total. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey.
For the mountain classification, 16 mountains were selected by the Tour organisation. On the top of these mountains, ten points were given for the first cyclist to pass, nine points to the second cyclist, and so on, until the tenth cyclist who got one point.
There was also a points classification, for which the winner received 100.000 French Francs.[14]
The team classification was calculated in 1936 by adding up the times of the best three cyclists of a team; the team with the least time was the winner. The other teams that started the race, the German, Swiss, Yugoslavian, Romanian and Austrian teams, did not finish with the minimum three cyclists to be eligible for the team classification.[2]
| Stage | Winner | General classification | Mountains classification[b] | Classification for touriste-routiers | Team classification |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Paul Egli | Paul Egli | no award | Décimo Bettini | France |
| 2 | Robert Wierinckx | Maurice Archambaud | Belgium | ||
| 3 | Mathias Clemens | Arsène Mersch | Yvan Marie | ||
| 4 | Maurice Archambaud | Maurice Archambaud | Fédérico Ezquerra | ||
| 5 | René Le Grevès | Sylvain Marcaillou | |||
| 6 | Éloi Meulenberg | Yvan Marie | |||
| 7 | Theo Middelkamp | ||||
| 8 | Jean-Marie Goasmat | Sylvère Maes | Jean-Marie Goasmat | ||
| 9 | Léon Level | Julián Berrendero | Léon Level | Luxembourg/Spain | |
| 10 | Paul Maye | ||||
| 11 | Fédérico Ezquerra | Fédérico Ezquerra | |||
| 12 | René Le Grevès | Belgium | |||
| 13a | René Le Grevès | ||||
| 13b | Sylvère Maes | ||||
| 14a | René Le Grevès | ||||
| 14b | Sylvère Maes | ||||
| 15 | Sauveur Ducazeaux | Julián Berrendero | |||
| 16 | Sylvère Maes | ||||
| 17 | René Le Grevès | ||||
| 18a | Éloi Meulenberg | ||||
| 18b | Sylvère Maes | ||||
| 19a | Marcel Kint | ||||
| 19b | Félicien Vervaecke | ||||
| 19c | Paul Maye | ||||
| 20a | René Le Grevès | ||||
| 20b | Antonin Magne | ||||
| 21 | Arsène Mersch | ||||
| Final | Sylvère Maes | Julián Berrendero | Léon Level | Belgium | |
Final standings edit
General classification edit
| Rank | Rider | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sylvère Maes (BEL) | Belgium | 142h 47' 32" |
| 2 | Antonin Magne (FRA) | France | + 26' 55" |
| 3 | Félicien Vervaecke (BEL) | Belgium | + 27' 53" |
| 4 | Pierre Clemens (LUX) | Spain/Luxembourg | + 42' 42" |
| 5 | Arsène Mersch (LUX) | Spain/Luxembourg | + 52' 52" |
| 6 | Mariano Cañardo (ESP) | Spain/Luxembourg | + 1h 03' 04" |
| 7 | Mathias Clemens (LUX) | Spain/Luxembourg | + 1h 10' 44" |
| 8 | Leo Amberg (SUI) | Switzerland | + 1h 19' 13" |
| 9 | Marcel Kint (BEL) | Belgium | + 1h 22' 25" |
| 10 | Léon Level (FRA) | Touriste-routier | + 1h 27' 57" |
| Final general classification (11–43)[17] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Rider | Team | Time |
| 11 | Julián Berrendero (ESP) | Spain/Luxembourg | + 1h 34' 37" |
| 12 | Sylvain Marcaillou (FRA) | Touriste-routier | + 1h 38' 06" |
| 13 | Louis Thiétard (FRA) | Touriste-routier | + 1h 47' 47" |
| 14 | Raoul Lesueur (FRA) | France | + 1h 50' 15" |
| 15 | Albert van Schendel (NED) | Netherlands | + 1h 52' 23" |
| 16 | Pierre Cogan (FRA) | France | + 1h 52' 48" |
| 17 | Fédérico Ezquerra (ESP) | Touriste-routier | + 1h 54' 39" |
| 18 | Robert Tanneveau (FRA) | France | + 1h 57' 09" |
| 19 | François Neuville (BEL) | Belgium | + 2h 01' 16" |
| 20 | René Le Grevès (FRA) | France | + 2h 07' 45" |
| 21 | Yvan Marie (FRA) | Touriste-routier | + 2h 08' 46" |
| 22 | Pierre Cloarec (FRA) | Touriste-routier | + 2h 13' 53" |
| 23 | Theo Middelkamp (NED) | Netherlands | + 2h 16' 33" |
| 24 | Emiliano Álvarez (ESP) | Spain/Luxembourg | + 2h 26' 00" |
| 25 | Charles Berty (FRA) | Touriste-routier | + 2h 28' 48" |
| 26 | Cyriel Van Overberghe (BEL) | Belgium | + 2h 30' 14" |
| 27 | Alphonse Antoine (FRA) | Touriste-routier | + 2h 31' 27" |
| 28 | Jean-Marie Goasmat (FRA) | Touriste-routier | + 2h 34' 22" |
| 29 | Arthur Debruyckere (FRA) | France | + 2h 34' 38" |
| 30 | Fernand Lemay (FRA) | Touriste-routier | + 2h 51' 49" |
| 31 | Albert Hendrickx (BEL) | Belgium | + 2h 57' 26" |
| 32 | Antoon van Schendel (NED) | Netherlands | + 3h 14' 57" |
| 33 | Paul Maye (FRA) | France | + 3h 15' 58" |
| 34 | Éloi Meulenberg (BEL) | Belgium | + 3h 27' 32" |
| 35 | Marcel Walle (FRA) | Touriste-routier | + 3h 29' 14" |
| 36 | Raymond Passat (FRA) | Touriste-routier | + 3h 33' 58" |
| 37 | Sauveur Ducazeaux (FRA) | Touriste-routier | + 3h 38' 18" |
| 38 | Edmond Pagès (FRA) | Touriste-routier | + 3h 48' 26" |
| 39 | Gabriel Dubois (FRA) | Touriste-routier | + 4h 09' 18" |
| 40 | Fabien Galateau (FRA) | Touriste-routier | + 4h 21' 35" |
| 41 | Antoine Latorre (FRA) | Touriste-routier | + 4h 23' 16" |
| 42 | Abd-el-Kader Abbes (ALG) | Touriste-routier | + 4h 43' 33" |
| 43 | Aldo Bertocco (FRA) | Touriste-routier | + 4h 49' 07" |
Mountains classification edit
| Stage | Rider | Height | Mountain range | Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | Ballon d'Alsace | 1,178 metres (3,865 ft) | Vosges | Fédérico Ezquerra |
| 6 | Aravis | 1,498 metres (4,915 ft) | Alps | Fédérico Ezquerra |
| 7 | Galibier | 2,556 metres (8,386 ft) | Alps | Fédérico Ezquerra |
| 8 | Côte de Laffrey | 900 metres (3,000 ft) | Alps | Julián Berrendero |
| 9 | Izoard | 2,361 metres (7,746 ft) | Alps | Sylvère Maes |
| 9 | Vars | 2,110 metres (6,920 ft) | Alps | Julián Berrendero |
| 9 | Allos | 2,250 metres (7,380 ft) | Alps | Julián Berrendero |
| 11 | Braus | 1,002 metres (3,287 ft) | Alps-Maritimes | Félicien Vervaecke |
| 11 | La Turbie | 555 metres (1,821 ft) | Alps-Maritimes | Fédérico Ezquerra |
| 15 | Puymorens | 1,920 metres (6,300 ft) | Pyrenees | Fédérico Ezquerra |
| 15 | Port | 1,249 metres (4,098 ft) | Pyrenees | Félicien Vervaecke |
| 15 | Portet d'Aspet | 1,069 metres (3,507 ft) | Pyrenees | Sauveur Ducazeaux |
| 16 | Peyresourde | 1,569 metres (5,148 ft) | Pyrenees | Julián Berrendero |
| 16 | Aspin | 1,489 metres (4,885 ft) | Pyrenees | Yvan Marie |
| 16 | Tourmalet | 2,115 metres (6,939 ft) | Pyrenees | Sylvère Maes |
| 16 | Aubisque | 1,709 metres (5,607 ft) | Pyrenees | Sylvère Maes |
| Rank | Rider | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Julián Berrendero (ESP) | Spain/Luxembourg | 132 |
| 2 | Sylvère Maes (BEL) | Belgium | 112 |
| 3 | Fédérico Ezquerra (ESP) | Spain/Luxembourg | 99 |
| 4 | Félicien Vervaecke (BEL) | Belgium | 95 |
| 5 | Antonin Magne (FRA) | France | 65 |
Classification for 100.000 francs edit
| Rank | Rider | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sylvère Maes (BEL) | Belgium | 11 |
| 2 | Fédérico Ezquerra (ESP) | Spain/Luxembourg | 8 |
| 2 | Jean-Marie Goasmat (FRA) | Touriste-routier | 8 |
Aftermath edit
The stage victory of the Dutch team convinced the Tour organisation to invite them in 1937 again.
Notes edit
- ^ The icons shown here indicate whether the stage was run as a team time trial, the stage was flat or the stage included mountains that counted for the mountains classifications.
- ^ No jersey was awarded to the leader of the mountains classification until a white jersey with red polka dots was introduced in 1975.[16]
References edit
- ^ Barry Boyce (2004). "Belgian Team Strength – Sylvere Wins!". Cycling revealed. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g (in French). Mémoire du cyclisme. Archived from the original on 9 July 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j McGann & McGann 2006, pp. 120–125.
- ^ a b c d e Augendre 2016, p. 34.
- ^ Dauncey & Hare 2003, p. 169.
- ^ "The history of the Tour de France – Year 1936 – The starters". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- ^ a b Michiel van Lonkhuyzen. "Tour-giro-vuelta". Retrieved 8 January 2010.
- ^ Augendre 2016, pp. 177–178.
- ^ "De Ronde van Frankrijk" [The Tour de France]. Limburger Koerier (in Dutch). 17 July 1936. p. 3 – via Delpher.
- ^ Arian Zwegers. "Tour de France GC top ten". CVCC. from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2009.
- ^ "The history of the Tour de France – Year 1936 – The stage winners". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- ^ Augendre 2016, p. 108.
- ^ . Tourdefrance.nl. 22 March 2006. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
- ^ "Clasificación para la prima de los 100.000 francos" (in Spanish). El mundo deportivo. 3 July 1935. p. 1. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
- ^ van den Akker, Pieter. "Informatie over de Tour de France van 1936" [Information about the Tour de France from 1936]. TourDeFranceStatistieken.nl (in Dutch). from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ Nauright & Parrish 2012, p. 454.
- ^ a b . Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- ^ Augendre 2016, pp. 175–192.
- ^ "La Vuelta a Francia desde M. Garin, 1903, a Sylvere Maes" (PDF). Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 5 August 1936. p. 2. (PDF) from the original on 31 July 2012.
- ^ Tom James (15 August 2003). "1936: Sylvère takes over where Romain left off". Retrieved 5 October 2009.
Bibliography edit
- Augendre, Jacques (2016). Guide historique [Historical guide] (PDF) (in French). Paris: Amaury Sport Organisation. (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - Dauncey, Hugh; Hare, Geoff (2003). The Tour de France, 1903–2003: A Century of Sporting Structures, Meanings and Values. London: Frank Cass & Co. ISBN 978-0-203-50241-9.
- McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2006). The Story of the Tour de France: 1903–1964. Vol. 1. Indianapolis: Dog Ear Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59858-180-5.
- Nauright, John; Parrish, Charles (2012). Sports Around the World: History, Culture, and Practice. Vol. 2. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-300-2.
External links edit
Media related to Tour de France 1936 at Wikimedia Commons