1896 United States presidential election in Georgia
The 1896 United States presidential election in Georgia took place on November 3, 1896, as part of the wider United States presidential election. Voters chose 13 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
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County Results
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Following Reconstruction, Georgia would be the first former Confederate state to substantially disenfranchise its newly enfranchised freedmen and many poor whites, doing so in the early 1870s.[1] This largely limited the Republican Party to a few North Georgia counties with substantial Civil War Unionist sentiment – chiefly Fannin but also to a lesser extent Pickens, Gilmer and Towns[2] – and in presidential elections to a small number of counties elsewhere where blacks were not yet fully disenfranchised. The Democratic Party served as the guardian of white supremacy against a Republican Party historically associated with memories of Reconstruction, and the main competition became Democratic primaries, which were restricted to whites on the grounds of the Democratic Party being legally a private club.[3] This restriction was done by local county laws, but combined with the highly efficacious cumulative poll tax introduced in 1877 meant that turnout declined steadily throughout the 1880s,[4] unlike any other former Confederate state except South Carolina.
Georgia was won by the Democratic and Populist nominees, former Representative William Jennings Bryan and his running mate Arthur Sewall of Maine. They defeated the Republican nominees, former Ohio Governor William McKinley and his running mate Garret Hobart of New Jersey. Bryan won the state by a margin of 21.22%.
However, politics after the first demobilization was always chaotic. Third-party movements, chiefly the Populist Party, gained support amongst the remaining poor white and black voters in opposition to the planter elite.[5] Whereas the Republican Party had not contested a statewide election seriously since 1876,[6] the Populists made significant runs for governor in 1892, 1894 and 1896, which would have been stronger but for large scale Black Belt electoral fraud.[7] In the presidential race the state was hit by a dispute between state Populist leader Thomas E. Watson and Maine shipbuilder Arthur Sewall over the vice-presidential nomination, which led to Watson’s frustration and fury increasing and failed to gain either candidate local support.[8]
The Populist political maneuvering, combined with past alliances of Republicans with the Populist movement, had the effect of increasing Georgia’s Republican vote to the highest level seen in any presidential election since 1872 at the height of Reconstruction.[9] Nonetheless, McKinley never campaigned in Georgia, and Bryan still carried the state by over twenty-one points.
Bryan would later win Georgia again against William McKinley four years later and would win the state again in 1908 against William Howard Taft.
Results edit
| 1896 United States presidential election in Georgia[10] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes | |
| Democratic | William Jennings Bryan | 93,445 | 57.51% | 13 | |
| Populist | William Jennings Bryan | 440 | 0.27% | 0 | |
| Total | William Jennings Bryan | 93,885 | 57.78% | 13 | |
| Republican | William McKinley | 59,395 | 36.56% | 0 | |
| Prohibition | Joshua Levering | 5,483 | 3.37% | 0 | |
| National Democratic | John M. Palmer | 3,670 | 2.26% | 0 | |
| Write-ins | Scattered | 47[a] | 0.03% | 0 | |
Results by county edit
| County | William Jennings Bryan[11] Democratic | William McKinley[11] Republican | Joshua Levering[11] Prohibition | John McAuley Palmer[11] National Democratic | Margin | Total votes cast | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
| Appling | 996 | 66.89% | 488 | 32.77% | 0 | 0.00% | 5 | 0.34% | 508 | 34.12% | 1,489 |
| Baker | 527 | 88.87% | 62 | 10.46% | 3 | 0.51% | 1 | 0.17% | 465 | 78.41% | 593 |
| Baldwin | 516 | 52.98% | 410 | 42.09% | 38 | 3.90% | 10 | 1.03% | 106 | 10.88% | 974 |
| Banks | 579 | 55.73% | 389 | 37.44% | 60 | 5.77% | 11 | 1.06% | 190 | 18.29% | 1,039 |
| Bartow | 1,026 | 54.40% | 808 | 42.84% | 31 | 1.64% | 21 | 1.11% | 218 | 11.56% | 1,886 |
| Berrien | 606 | 65.80% | 250 | 27.14% | 36 | 3.91% | 29 | 3.15% | 356 | 38.65% | 921 |
| Bibb | 1,854 | 50.81% | 670 | 18.36% | 134 | 3.67% | 991 | 27.16% | 863[b] | 23.65% | 3,649 |
| Brooks | 528 | 51.56% | 423 | 41.31% | 55 | 5.37% | 18 | 1.76% | 105 | 10.25% | 1,024 |
| Bryan | 259 | 59.00% | 171 | 38.95% | 3 | 0.68% | 6 | 1.37% | 88 | 20.05% | 439 |
| Bulloch | 1,042 | 65.04% | 511 | 31.90% | 40 | 2.50% | 9 | 0.56% | 531 | 33.15% | 1,602 |
| Burke | 1,414 | 86.70% | 193 | 11.83% | 14 | 0.86% | 10 | 0.61% | 1,221 | 74.86% | 1,631 |
| Butts | 586 | 59.92% | 317 | 32.41% | 75 | 7.67% | 0 | 0.00% | 269 | 27.51% | 978 |
| Calhoun | 406 | 97.13% | 5 | 1.20% | 0 | 0.00% | 7 | 1.67% | 399[b] | 95.45% | 418 |
| Camden | 190 | 44.08% | 209 | 48.49% | 5 | 1.16% | 27 | 6.26% | -19 | -4.41% | 431 |
| Campbell | 434 | 50.58% | 377 | 43.94% | 42 | 4.90% | 5 | 0.58% | 57 | 6.64% | 858 |
| Carroll | 1,490 | 64.81% | 733 | 31.88% | 71 | 3.09% | 5 | 0.22% | 757 | 32.93% | 2,299 |
| Catoosa | 557 | 74.17% | 161 | 21.44% | 25 | 3.33% | 8 | 1.07% | 396 | 52.73% | 751 |
| Chatham | 2,506 | 52.64% | 1,697 | 35.64% | 42 | 0.88% | 516 | 10.84% | 809 | 16.99% | 4,761 |
| Chattahoochee | 157 | 30.66% | 349 | 68.16% | 6 | 1.17% | 0 | 0.00% | -192 | -37.50% | 512 |
| Chattooga | 911 | 62.06% | 500 | 34.06% | 46 | 3.13% | 11 | 0.75% | 411 | 28.00% | 1,468 |
| Cherokee | 712 | 47.91% | 702 | 47.24% | 72 | 4.85% | 0 | 0.00% | 10 | 0.67% | 1,486 |
| Clarke | 707 | 60.17% | 419 | 35.66% | 19 | 1.62% | 30 | 2.55% | 288 | 24.51% | 1,175 |
| Clay | 240 | 28.14% | 534 | 62.60% | 70 | 8.21% | 9 | 1.06% | -294 | -34.47% | 853 |
| Clayton | 516 | 50.74% | 472 | 46.41% | 24 | 2.36% | 5 | 0.49% | 44 | 4.33% | 1,017 |
| Clinch | 257 | 53.10% | 212 | 43.80% | 5 | 1.03% | 10 | 2.07% | 45 | 9.30% | 484 |
| Cobb | 1,387 | 61.97% | 758 | 33.87% | 79 | 3.53% | 14 | 0.63% | 629 | 28.11% | 2,238 |
| Coffee | 428 | 31.96% | 873 | 65.20% | 38 | 2.84% | 0 | 0.00% | -445 | -33.23% | 1,339 |
| Colquitt | 361 | 60.47% | 135 | 22.61% | 62 | 10.39% | 39 | 6.53% | 226 | 37.86% | 597 |
| Columbia | 192 | 31.68% | 401 | 66.17% | 10 | 1.65% | 3 | 0.50% | -209 | -34.49% | 606 |
| Coweta | 1,196 | 66.74% | 571 | 31.86% | 23 | 1.28% | 2 | 0.11% | 625 | 34.88% | 1,792 |
| Crawford | 367 | 82.47% | 62 | 13.93% | 16 | 3.60% | 0 | 0.00% | 305 | 68.54% | 445 |
| Dade | 325 | 62.02% | 110 | 20.99% | 17 | 3.24% | 72 | 13.74% | 215 | 41.03% | 524 |
| Dawson | 324 | 51.67% | 290 | 46.25% | 13 | 2.07% | 0 | 0.00% | 34 | 5.42% | 627 |
| DeKalb | 815 | 60.24% | 439 | 32.45% | 62 | 4.58% | 37 | 2.73% | 376 | 27.79% | 1,353 |
| Decatur | 972 | 55.57% | 700 | 40.02% | 57 | 3.26% | 20 | 1.14% | 272 | 15.55% | 1,749 |
| Dodge | 568 | 59.66% | 315 | 33.09% | 57 | 5.99% | 12 | 1.26% | 253 | 26.58% | 952 |
| Dooly | 956 | 68.73% | 365 | 26.24% | 68 | 4.89% | 2 | 0.14% | 591 | 42.49% | 1,391 |
| Dougherty | 404 | 76.23% | 120 | 22.64% | 1 | 0.19% | 5 | 0.94% | 284 | 53.58% | 530 |
| Douglas | 463 | 41.30% | 641 | 57.18% | 17 | 1.52% | 0 | 0.00% | -178 | -15.88% | 1,121 |
| Early | 591 | 57.94% | 336 | 32.94% | 45 | 4.41% | 48 | 4.71% | 255 | 25.00% | 1,020 |
| Echols | 174 | 76.65% | 52 | 22.91% | 1 | 0.44% | 0 | 0.00% | 122 | 53.74% | 227 |
| Effingham | 372 | 60.29% | 209 | 33.87% | 22 | 3.57% | 14 | 2.27% | 163 | 26.42% | 617 |
| Elbert | 134 | 33.50% | 155 | 38.75% | 96 | 24.00% | 15 | 3.75% | -21 | -5.25% | 400 |
| Emanuel | 690 | 51.69% | 507 | 37.98% | 112 | 8.39% | 26 | 1.95% | 183 | 13.71% | 1,335 |
| Fannin | 507 | 35.43% | 920 | 64.29% | 4 | 0.28% | 0 | 0.00% | -413 | -28.86% | 1,431 |
| Fayette | 562 | 58.06% | 345 | 35.64% | 59 | 6.10% | 2 | 0.21% | 217 | 22.42% | 968 |
| Floyd | 2,150 | 64.68% | 1,117 | 33.60% | 23 | 0.69% | 34 | 1.02% | 1,033 | 31.08% | 3,324 |
| Forsyth | 482 | 62.60% | 259 | 33.64% | 29 | 3.77% | 0 | 0.00% | 223 | 28.96% | 770 |
| Franklin | 599 | 56.46% | 392 | 36.95% | 64 | 6.03% | 6 | 0.57% | 207 | 19.51% | 1,061 |
| Fulton | 4,504 | 57.01% | 3,005 | 38.04% | 150 | 1.90% | 241 | 3.05% | 1,499 | 18.97% | 7,900 |
| Gilmer | 706 | 58.40% | 503 | 41.60% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 203 | 16.79% | 1,209 |
| Glascock | 154 | 45.83% | 122 | 36.31% | 58 | 17.26% | 2 | 0.60% | 32 | 9.52% | 336 |
| Glynn | 592 | 60.72% | 353 | 36.21% | 8 | 0.82% | 22 | 2.26% | 239 | 24.51% | 975 |
| Gordon | 875 | 61.36% | 523 | 36.68% | 27 | 1.89% | 1 | 0.07% | 352 | 24.68% | 1,426 |
| Greene | 575 | 37.03% | 910 | 58.60% | 59 | 3.80% | 9 | 0.58% | -335 | -21.57% | 1,553 |
| Gwinnett | 1,250 | 57.84% | 773 | 35.77% | 115 | 5.32% | 23 | 1.06% | 477 | 22.07% | 2,161 |
| Habersham | 782 | 71.81% | 242 | 22.22% | 57 | 5.23% | 8 | 0.73% | 540 | 49.59% | 1,089 |
| Hall | 1,134 | 61.36% | 582 | 31.49% | 107 | 5.79% | 25 | 1.35% | 552 | 29.87% | 1,848 |
| Hancock | 952 | 85.69% | 122 | 10.98% | 37 | 3.33% | 0 | 0.00% | 830 | 74.71% | 1,111 |
| Haralson | 469 | 39.48% | 686 | 57.74% | 32 | 2.69% | 1 | 0.08% | -217 | -18.27% | 1,188 |
| Harris | 919 | 67.57% | 402 | 29.56% | 39 | 2.87% | 0 | 0.00% | 517 | 38.01% | 1,360 |
| Hart | 738 | 62.92% | 339 | 28.90% | 91 | 7.76% | 5 | 0.43% | 399 | 34.02% | 1,173 |
| Heard | 620 | 80.42% | 138 | 17.90% | 11 | 1.43% | 2 | 0.26% | 482 | 62.52% | 771 |
| Henry | 569 | 46.64% | 568 | 46.56% | 68 | 5.57% | 15 | 1.23% | 1 | 0.08% | 1,220 |
| Houston | 875 | 80.35% | 192 | 17.63% | 0 | 0.00% | 22 | 2.02% | 683 | 62.72% | 1,089 |
| Irwin | 626 | 55.15% | 486 | 42.82% | 15 | 1.32% | 8 | 0.70% | 140 | 12.33% | 1,135 |
| Jackson | 1,205 | 56.36% | 700 | 32.74% | 206 | 9.64% | 27 | 1.26% | 505 | 23.62% | 2,138 |
| Jasper | 628 | 83.96% | 110 | 14.71% | 2 | 0.27% | 8 | 1.07% | 518 | 69.25% | 748 |
| Jefferson | 541 | 58.17% | 223 | 23.98% | 148 | 15.91% | 18 | 1.94% | 318 | 34.19% | 930 |
| Johnson | 213 | 45.03% | 239 | 50.53% | 21 | 4.44% | 0 | 0.00% | -26 | -5.50% | 473 |
| Jones | 521 | 57.13% | 377 | 41.34% | 9 | 0.99% | 5 | 0.55% | 144 | 15.79% | 912 |
| Laurens | 570 | 49.61% | 514 | 44.73% | 65 | 5.66% | 0 | 0.00% | 56 | 4.87% | 1,149 |
| Lee | 285 | 63.62% | 163 | 36.38% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 122 | 27.23% | 448 |
| Liberty | 237 | 26.60% | 646 | 72.50% | 0 | 0.00% | 8 | 0.90% | -409 | -45.90% | 891 |
| Lincoln | 239 | 61.28% | 73 | 18.72% | 78 | 20.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 161[c] | 41.28% | 390 |
| Lowndes | 586 | 49.87% | 536 | 45.62% | 0 | 0.00% | 53 | 4.51% | 50 | 4.26% | 1,175 |
| Lumpkin | 436 | 48.39% | 456 | 50.61% | 5 | 0.55% | 4 | 0.44% | -20 | -2.22% | 901 |
| Macon | 511 | 58.87% | 286 | 32.95% | 52 | 5.99% | 19 | 2.19% | 225 | 25.92% | 868 |
| Madison | 672 | 80.96% | 141 | 16.99% | 0 | 0.00% | 17 | 2.05% | 531 | 63.98% | 830 |
| Marion | 223 | 33.28% | 409 | 61.04% | 32 | 4.78% | 6 | 0.90% | -186 | -27.76% | 670 |
| McDuffie | 138 | 23.35% | 401 | 67.85% | 31 | 5.25% | 21 | 3.55% | -263 | -44.50% | 591 |
| McIntosh | 234 | 29.25% | 538 | 67.25% | 9 | 1.13% | 19 | 2.38% | -304 | -38.00% | 800 |
| Meriwether | 991 | 48.60% | 946 | 46.40% | 91 | 4.46% | 11 | 0.54% | 45 | 2.21% | 2,039 |
| Miller | 315 | 80.56% | 55 | 14.07% | 20 | 5.12% | 1 | 0.26% | 260 | 66.50% | 391 |
| Milton | 428 | 62.48% | 227 | 33.14% | 26 | 3.80% | 4 | 0.58% | 201 | 29.34% | 685 |
| Mitchell | 437 | 54.56% | 268 | 33.46% | 65 | 8.11% | 31 | 3.87% | 169 | 21.10% | 801 |
| Monroe | 729 | 56.47% | 419 | 32.46% | 129 | 9.99% | 14 | 1.08% | 310 | 24.01% | 1,291 |
| Montgomery | 503 | 51.22% | 441 | 44.91% | 28 | 2.85% | 10 | 1.02% | 62 | 6.31% | 982 |
| Morgan | 629 | 42.13% | 819 | 54.86% | 41 | 2.75% | 4 | 0.27% | -190 | -12.73% | 1,493 |
| Murray | 557 | 62.44% | 323 | 36.21% | 12 | 1.35% | 0 | 0.00% | 234 | 26.23% | 892 |
| Muscogee | 1,365 | 68.28% | 501 | 25.06% | 25 | 1.25% | 108 | 5.40% | 864 | 43.22% | 1,999 |
| Newton | 973 | 60.47% | 580 | 36.05% | 29 | 1.80% | 27 | 1.68% | 393 | 24.43% | 1,609 |
| Oconee | 330 | 47.90% | 358 | 51.96% | 1 | 0.15% | 0 | 0.00% | -28 | -4.06% | 689 |
| Oglethorpe | 1,242 | 88.21% | 106 | 7.53% | 53 | 3.76% | 7 | 0.50% | 1,136 | 80.68% | 1,408 |
| Paulding | 627 | 50.56% | 552 | 44.52% | 58 | 4.68% | 3 | 0.24% | 75 | 6.05% | 1,240 |
| Pickens | 458 | 39.79% | 693 | 60.21% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | -235 | -20.42% | 1,151 |
| Pierce | 329 | 52.98% | 215 | 34.62% | 35 | 5.64% | 42 | 6.76% | 114 | 18.36% | 621 |
| Pike | 890 | 52.05% | 724 | 42.34% | 69 | 4.04% | 27 | 1.58% | 166 | 9.71% | 1,710 |
| Polk | 567 | 39.79% | 810 | 56.84% | 13 | 0.91% | 35 | 2.46% | -243 | -17.05% | 1,425 |
| Pulaski | 755 | 82.60% | 132 | 14.44% | 16 | 1.75% | 11 | 1.20% | 623 | 68.16% | 914 |
| Putnam | 438 | 92.41% | 2 | 0.42% | 19 | 4.01% | 15 | 3.16% | 419[c] | 88.40% | 474 |
| Quitman | 181 | 37.32% | 280 | 57.73% | 19 | 3.92% | 5 | 1.03% | -99 | -20.41% | 485 |
| Rabun | 404 | 78.14% | 101 | 19.54% | 5 | 0.97% | 7 | 1.35% | 303 | 58.61% | 517 |
| Randolph | 627 | 58.00% | 384 | 35.52% | 49 | 4.53% | 21 | 1.94% | 243 | 22.48% | 1,081 |
| Richmond | 3,716 | 65.78% | 1,698 | 30.06% | 96 | 1.70% | 139 | 2.46% | 2,018 | 35.72% | 5,649 |
| Rockdale | 473 | 48.96% | 483 | 50.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 10 | 1.04% | -10 | -1.04% | 966 |
| Schley | 266 | 44.11% | 327 | 54.23% | 10 | 1.66% | 0 | 0.00% | -61 | -10.12% | 603 |
| Screven | 585 | 48.67% | 542 | 45.09% | 75 | 6.24% | 0 | 0.00% | 43 | 3.58% | 1,202 |
| Spalding | 612 | 68.76% | 239 | 26.85% | 13 | 1.46% | 26 | 2.92% | 373 | 41.91% | 890 |
| Stewart | 635 | 72.82% | 213 | 24.43% | 13 | 1.49% | 11 | 1.26% | 422 | 48.39% | 872 |
| Sumter | 1,094 | 72.07% | 371 | 24.44% | 28 | 1.84% | 25 | 1.65% | 723 | 47.63% | 1,518 |
| Talbot | 472 | 72.84% | 156 | 24.07% | 14 | 2.16% | 6 | 0.93% | 316 | 48.77% | 648 |
| Taliaferro | 221 | 41.23% | 261 | 48.69% | 52 | 9.70% | 2 | 0.37% | -40 | -7.46% | 536 |
| Tattnall | 517 | 40.71% | 600 | 47.24% | 85 | 6.69% | 68 | 5.35% | -83 | -6.54% | 1,270 |
| Taylor | 237 | 41.00% | 309 | 53.46% | 30 | 5.19% | 2 | 0.35% | -72 | -12.46% | 578 |
| Telfair | 580 | 58.88% | 350 | 35.53% | 54 | 5.48% | 1 | 0.10% | 230 | 23.35% | 985 |
| Terrell | 809 | 60.42% | 467 | 34.88% | 54 | 4.03% | 9 | 0.67% | 342 | 25.54% | 1,339 |
| Thomas | 600 | 42.13% | 620 | 43.54% | 75 | 5.27% | 129 | 9.06% | -20 | -1.40% | 1,424 |
| Towns | 340 | 53.21% | 299 | 46.79% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 41 | 6.42% | 639 |
| Troup | 878 | 79.67% | 199 | 18.06% | 22 | 2.00% | 3 | 0.27% | 679 | 61.62% | 1,102 |
| Twiggs | 397 | 75.62% | 128 | 24.38% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 269 | 51.24% | 525 |
| Union | 560 | 56.06% | 419 | 41.94% | 20 | 2.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 141 | 14.11% | 999 |
| Upson | 591 | 52.53% | 498 | 44.27% | 35 | 3.11% | 1 | 0.09% | 93 | 8.27% | 1,125 |
| Walker | 1,045 | 62.99% | 569 | 34.30% | 26 | 1.57% | 19 | 1.15% | 476 | 28.69% | 1,659 |
| Walton | 1,001 | 56.24% | 726 | 40.79% | 34 | 1.91% | 19 | 1.07% | 275 | 15.45% | 1,780 |
| Ware | 545 | 59.63% | 330 | 36.11% | 15 | 1.64% | 24 | 2.63% | 215 | 23.52% | 914 |
| Warren | 279 | 32.33% | 458 | 53.07% | 126 | 14.60% | 0 | 0.00% | -179 | -20.74% | 863 |
| Washington | 925 | 45.72% | 1,023 | 50.57% | 64 | 3.16% | 11 | 0.54% | -98 | -4.84% | 2,023 |
| Wayne | 477 | 61.79% | 266 | 34.46% | 29 | 3.76% | 0 | 0.00% | 211 | 27.33% | 772 |
| Webster | 246 | 55.91% | 191 | 43.41% | 0 | 0.00% | 3 | 0.68% | 55 | 12.50% | 440 |
| White | 274 | 59.05% | 159 | 34.27% | 26 | 5.60% | 5 | 1.08% | 115 | 24.78% | 464 |
| Whitfield | 857 | 59.51% | 494 | 34.31% | 56 | 3.89% | 33 | 2.29% | 363 | 25.21% | 1,440 |
| Wilcox | 623 | 79.87% | 145 | 18.59% | 5 | 0.64% | 7 | 0.90% | 478 | 61.28% | 780 |
| Wilkes | 1,063 | 81.64% | 104 | 7.99% | 100 | 7.68% | 35 | 2.69% | 959 | 73.66% | 1,302 |
| Wilkinson | 610 | 55.61% | 476 | 43.39% | 9 | 0.82% | 2 | 0.18% | 134 | 12.22% | 1,097 |
| Worth | 528 | 48.93% | 447 | 41.43% | 91 | 8.43% | 13 | 1.20% | 81 | 7.51% | 1,079 |
| Totals | 93,445 | 57.68% | 59,395 | 36.67% | 5,483 | 3.38% | 3,670 | 2.27% | 34,050 | 21.02% | 161,993 |
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ These scattered write-in votes were not separated by county but given only as a state-wide total.[11]
- ^ a b In this county where Palmer ran second ahead of McKinley, margin given is Bryan vote minus Palmer vote and percentage margin Bryan percentage minus Palmer percentage.
- ^ a b In this county where Levering ran second ahead of McKinley, margin given is Bryan vote minus Levering vote and percentage margin Bryan percentage minus Levering percentage.
References edit
- ^ Mickey, Robert W.; Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Authoritarian Enclaves in America's Deep South, 1944-1972, p. 76 ISBN 1400838789
- ^ Phillips, Kevin P.; The Emerging Republican Majority, pp. 208, 210 ISBN 9780691163246
- ^ Springer, Melanie Jean; How the States Shaped the Nation: American Electoral Institutions and Voter Turnout, 1920-2000, p. 155 ISBN 022611435X
- ^ Kousser, J. Morgan; The Shaping of Southern Politics Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910, p. 213 ISBN 0-300-01973-4
- ^ Mickey, Robert W.; ‘The Beginning of the End for Authoritarian Rule in America: Smith v. Allwright and the Abolition of the White Primary in the Deep South, 1944-1948’; Studies in American Political Development, Vol. 22 (Fall 2008), pp. 143-182.
- ^ Kousser; The Shaping of Southern Politics, p. 211
- ^ Kousser; The Shaping of Southern Politics, p. 214
- ^ Durden, Robert Franklin. The Climax of Populism: The Election of 1896, pp. 52-56 ISBN 0813162653
- ^ Lindeen, James W.; ‘Longitudinal Analysis of Republican Presidential Electoral Trends, 1896-1968’; Midwest Journal of Political Science, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Feb., 1972), pp. 102-122
- ^ "1896 Presidential General Election Results – Georgia". Dave Leip’s U.S. Election Atlas.
- ^ a b c d e "Popular Vote at the Presidential Election for 1896". Géoelections. (.xlsx file for €30 including full minor party figures)