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Ælfthryth (wife of Edgar)

January 01, 1970

For other people with the same name, see Ælfthryth.

Ælfthryth (c. 945 – 1000 or 1001, also Alfrida, Elfrida or Elfthryth) was Queen of the English from her marriage to King Edgar in 964 or 965 until Edgar's death in 975. She was a leading figure in the regency during the minority of her son King Æthelred the Unready between 978 and 984.

Ælfthryth
Queen consort of the English
Tenure964/965 – 8 July 975
Coronation11 May 973
Bornc. 945
Died17 November 1000 or 1001
Spouse
Issue
FatherOrdgar, Ealdorman of Devon

Ælfthryth was the first wife of an English king known to have been crowned and anointed as queen. She had two sons with Edgar, the ætheling Edmund (who died young) and King Æthelred the Unready. Ælfthryth was a powerful political figure and possibly orchestrated the murder of her stepson, King Edward the Martyr, in order to place her son Æthelred on the throne. She appeared as a stereotypical bad queen and evil stepmother in many medieval histories.

Early life edit

Ælfthryth was the daughter of Ealdorman Ordgar. Her mother was a member of the royal family of Wessex. The family's power lay in the west of Wessex. Ordgar was buried in Exeter and his son Ordwulf founded, or refounded, Tavistock Abbey.[2]

Ælfthryth was first married to Æthelwald, son of Æthelstan Half-King as recorded by Byrhtferth of Ramsey in his Life of Saint Oswald of Worcester.[3] Later accounts, such as that preserved by William of Malmesbury and Geoffrey Gaimar, add vivid detail of unknown reliability.[4]

According to William and Geoffrey, the beauty of Ordgar's daughter Ælfthryth was reported to King Edgar. Edgar, looking for a Queen, sent Æthelwald to see Ælfthryth, ordering him "to offer her marriage [to Edgar] if her beauty were really equal to report." When she turned out to be just as beautiful as was said, Æthelwald married her himself and reported back to Edgar that she was quite unsuitable. Edgar was eventually told of this, and decided to repay Æthelwald's betrayal in like manner. He said that he would visit the poor woman, which alarmed Æthelwald. He asked Ælfthryth to make herself as unattractive as possible for the king's visit, but she did the opposite. According to William, Edgar, quite besotted with her, killed Æthelwald during a hunt.[5] Geoffrey instead states that Edgar posted Æthelwald to Northumbria where he was attacked and killed by outlaws.[6]

The historical record does not record the year of Æthelwald's death, let alone its manner. No children of Æthelwald and Ælfthryth are known.

Queen consort edit

Edgar had two children before he married Ælfthryth, both of uncertain legitimacy. Edward was probably the son of Æthelflæd, and Eadgifu, later known as Saint Edith of Wilton, was the daughter of Wulfthryth.[7] Sound political reasons encouraged the match between Edgar, whose power base was centred in Mercia, and Ælfthryth, whose family were powerful in Wessex. In addition to this, and her link with the family of Æthelstan Half-King, Ælfthryth also appears to have been connected to the family of Ælfhere, Ealdorman of Mercia.[8][9]

Edgar married Ælfthryth in either 964 or 965. In 966 Ælfthryth gave birth to a son who was named Edmund. In King Edgar's charter (S 745) regranting privileges to New Minster, Winchester that same year, the infant Edmund is called "clito legitimus" (legitimate ætheling), and appears before Edward in the list of witnesses. Edmund died young, c. 970, but in 968 Ælfthryth had given birth to a second son who was called Æthelred.[10]

King Edgar organised a second coronation on 11 May 973 at Bath, perhaps to bolster his claim to be ruler of all of Britain. Here Ælfthryth was also crowned and anointed, granting her a status higher than any recent queen.[11] The only model of a queen's coronation was that of Judith of Flanders, but this had taken place outside England.[12] One of the emphases of the new rite was her role as protector of religion and the nunneries in the realm. The queen's responsibility for the kingdom's nunneries had been established by the Regularis Concordia, a rule for religious life composed by Ælfthryth's close ally, Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester, as part of the wider English Benedictine Reform.[13][14] Ælfthryth took a close interest in the well-being of several abbeys, and is reported by Goscelin to have used her authority to depose and later reinstate the abbess of Barking Abbey.[15]

Ælfthryth played a large role as forespeca, or advocate, in at least six legal cases. As such, she formed a key part of the Anglo-Saxon legal system as a mediator between the individual and the crown, which was increasingly viewing its role in the courts as a symbol of its authority as protector of its subjects. Ælfthryth's actions as forespeca were largely for the benefit of female litigants, and her role as a mediator shows the possibilities for women to have legal and political power in late Anglo-Saxon England.[16]

Queen dowager edit

 
Edward the Martyr is offered a cup of mead by Ælfthryth, wife of Edgar, unaware that her attendant is about to murder him.

Edgar died in 975 leaving two young sons, Edward and Æthelred. Edward was almost an adult, and his successful claim for the throne was supported by many key figures including Archbishops Dunstan and Oswald and the brother of Ælfthryth's first husband, Æthelwine, Ealdorman of East Anglia. Supporting the unsuccessful claim of Æthelred were Ælfthryth herself (now the Queen dowager) Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester, and Ælfhere, Ealdorman of Mercia.[17]

According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, King Edward was killed at Corfe Castle on 18 March 978, while visiting Ælfthryth. Accounts written over subsequent centuries suggest that he may have been killed by servants of the queen, leaving the way clear for her son Æthelred to be installed as king. As the king developed into a cult figure and martyr, a body of literature grew up around his murder, at first implying Ælfthryth's guilt and later accusing her outright.[18] The 12th century monastic chronicle the Liber Eliensis went so far as to accuse her of being a witch, claiming that she had murdered not only the king, but also Abbot Brihtnoth of Ely.[19]

Queen regent edit

Within a year of his brother's death Æthelred was confirmed as king of the English. Due to Æthelred's youth, Ælfthryth served as regent for her son until his coming of age around 984.[20] She was partnered in this regency by her allies Bishop Æthelwold and Ealdorman Ælfhere, but both had died by 984 and Æthelred rebelled against his old advisers, preferring a group of younger nobility.[21] In charter S 745, dated to 966, Ælfthryth was identified as 'legitimate wife of the king', after being crowned queen in 973 she witnessed charters as 'Ælfðryð regina'. She was absent as a witness during the reign of her step-son King Edward, and during the minority of her son King Æthelred, again witnessed charters as 'Ælfðryð regina' (see charter S 843). Towards the end of 983, when King Æthelred was beginning to assert his own authority, she began to sign charters as "Ælfthryth, mother of the king" (see charter S 845).

Later life edit

Ælfthryth disappears from the list of charter witnesses from around 984 (S 855). About this time Æthelred married and there was a new queen in the court, Ælfgifu. Ælfthryth reappears as a witness in 993 (S 876), again as 'mother of the king'. She remained an important figure, being responsible for the care of Æthelred's children by his first wife, Ælfgifu. Æthelred's eldest son, Æthelstan Ætheling, prayed for the soul of the grandmother 'who brought me up' in his will in 1014 (S 1503).[22]

Although her reputation was damaged by the murder of her stepson, Ælfthryth was a religious woman, taking an especial interest in monastic reform during her queenship. William of Malmesbury reports that she founded both Amesbury Abbey and Wherwell Abbey as Benedictine nunneries, though the foundation histories of both abbeys are poorly attested and there no extant endowment charters.[23][24] Late in life, according to Gaimar, Ælfthryth retired to Wherwell.[25][26]

Antonia Gransden comments: 'In their patronage of the monks both Cnut and Edward the Confessor were supported by their queens, Emma and Edith, who were worthy successors of Edgar's queen, Ælfthryth, as patronesses of the religious.'[27] She died at Wherwell on 17 November 999, 1000 or 1001.[26]

Notes edit

  1. ^ Firth, Early English Queens, pp. 135–137.
  2. ^ Stafford, Unification, pp. 52–53.
  3. ^ Firth, Early English Queens, pp. 128, 130-133; Stafford, Unification, pp. 52–53.
  4. ^ Firth, Early English Queens, pp. 163–165.
  5. ^ William of Malmesbury, Gesta regum Anglorum, pp. 256–259.
  6. ^ Gaimar, History of the English, pp. 208–211.
  7. ^ Cyril Hart, Edward the Martyr, Oxford Online DNB, 2004
  8. ^ Higham, pp. 6–7; Stafford, Unification, pp. 52–53.
  9. ^ Blanchard, "Beyond Corfe", pp. 1–20.
  10. ^ Higham, pp. 6–7; Miller, "Edgar"; Stafford, "Ælfthryth".
  11. ^ Miller, "Edgar"; Stafford, "Ælfthryth".
  12. ^ Firth, Early English Queens, pp. 179–182.
  13. ^ Yorke, "The Women in Edgar's Life", p. 148.
  14. ^ Firth, "Identifying Queenship", pp. 33–34.
  15. ^ Huneycutt, Matilda of Scotland, pp. 36–37.
  16. ^ Rabin, "Female Advocacy", pp. 261–288.
  17. ^ Higham, pp. 7–14; Stafford, Unification, pp. 57–59.
  18. ^ Firth, "The Character of the Treacherous Woman", pp. 14–16.
  19. ^ Firth, "Deconstructing the Female Antagonist", pp. 10–12.
  20. ^ Roach, Æthelred, pp. 77-89
  21. ^ Roach, Æthelred, pp. 91-97.
  22. ^ Higham, pp. 7–14; Stafford, "Ælfthryth"; Stafford, Unification, pp. 57–59, Lavelle, pp. 86–90
  23. ^ Wiiliam of Malmesbury, Gesta pontificum Anglorum, pp. 276–277, 296–297.
  24. ^ Foot, Veiled Women, pp. 21–23, 215–216.
  25. ^ Gaimar, History of the English, pp. 222–223.
  26. ^ a b Stafford, "Ælfthryth"
  27. ^ Gransden, Legends, p. 58

References edit

  • Blanchard, Mary (2020). "Beyond Corfe: Ælfthryth's Roles as Queen, Villain, and Former Sister-in-law". The Haskins Society Journal. 30: 1–20. doi:10.1017/9781787449060.002.
  • Firth, Matthew (2020). "The Character of the Treacherous Woman in the passiones of Early Medieval English Royal Martyrs". Royal Studies Journal. 7: 1–21. doi:10.21039/rsj.188.
  • Firth, Matthew (2022). "Deconstructing the Female Antagonist of the Coronation Scandal in B's Vita Dunstani". English Studies. 103: 527–546. doi:10.1080/0013838X.2021.1997477.
  • Firth, Matthew (2024). Early English Queens, 850-1000: Potestas Reginae. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003165453. ISBN 978-0-3677-6093-9.
  • Firth, Matthew (2023). "Identifying Queenship in Pre-Conquest England". In Norrie, Aidan; Harris, Carolyn; Laynesmith, J.L.; Messer, Danna R.; Woodacre, Elena (eds.). Norman to Early Plantagenet Consorts. Cham: Palgrave. pp. 17–45. ISBN 978-3-031-21068-6.
  • Foot, Sarah (2000). Veiled Women: Female Religious Communites in England, 871–1066. Vol. 2. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-0044-0.
  • Geffrei Gaimar, Estoire des Engleis: History of the English. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-956942-7
  • Gransden, Antonia (1992). Legends, Traditions and History in Medieval England. London: The Hambledon Press. ISBN 1-85285-016-7.
  • Higham, Nick, The Death of Anglo-Saxon England. Stroud: Sutton, 1997. ISBN 0-7509-2469-1
  • Huneycutt, Lois (2003). Matilda of Scotland: A Study in Medieval Queenship. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-994-X.
  • Lavelle, Ryan, Aethelred II: King of the English. Stroud: The History Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-7524-4678-3
  • Miller, Sean, "Edgar" in Michael Lapidge (ed.), The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Blackwell, 1999. ISBN 0-631-22492-0
  • Norton, Elizabeth, Elfrida: The First Crowned Queen of England. Amberley, 2013. ISBN 978-1-44561-486-1
  • Rabin, Andrew (2009). "Female Advocacy and Royal Protection in Tenth-Century England: The Legal Career of Queen Ælfthryth". Speculum. 84: 261–288. doi:10.1017/S0038713400018042.
  • Roach, Levi (2016). Æthelred the Unready. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9-780300-19629-0.
  • Stafford, Pauline, "Ælfthryth" in Michael Lapidge (ed.), The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Blackwell, 1999. ISBN 0-631-22492-0
  • Stafford, Pauline, Unification and Conquest: A Political and Social History of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries. London: Edward Arnold, 1989. ISBN 0-7131-6532-4
  • William of Malmesbury (2006). Winterbottom, M. (ed.). Gesta pontificum Anglorum. Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198207702.
  • William of Malmesbury (1998). Mynors, R.A.B; Thomson, R.M; Winterbottom, M. (eds.). Gesta regum Anglorum. Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-820678-X.

External links edit

January 01, 1970
Ælfthryth, wife, edgar, other, people, with, same, name, Ælfthryth, Ælfthryth, 1000, 1001, also, alfrida, elfrida, elfthryth, queen, english, from, marriage, king, edgar, until, edgar, death, leading, figure, regency, during, minority, king, Æthelred, unready,. For other people with the same name see AElfthryth AElfthryth c 945 1000 or 1001 also Alfrida Elfrida or Elfthryth was Queen of the English from her marriage to King Edgar in 964 or 965 until Edgar s death in 975 She was a leading figure in the regency during the minority of her son King AEthelred the Unready between 978 and 984 AElfthrythQueen consort of the EnglishTenure964 965 8 July 975Coronation11 May 973Bornc 945Died17 November 1000 or 1001SpouseAEthelwald Ealdorman of East Anglia Edgar King of the EnglishIssueEdmund 1 King AEthelred the UnreadyFatherOrdgar Ealdorman of Devon AElfthryth was the first wife of an English king known to have been crowned and anointed as queen She had two sons with Edgar the aetheling Edmund who died young and King AEthelred the Unready AElfthryth was a powerful political figure and possibly orchestrated the murder of her stepson King Edward the Martyr in order to place her son AEthelred on the throne She appeared as a stereotypical bad queen and evil stepmother in many medieval histories Contents 1 Early life 2 Queen consort 3 Queen dowager 4 Queen regent 5 Later life 6 Notes 7 References 8 External linksEarly life editAElfthryth was the daughter of Ealdorman Ordgar Her mother was a member of the royal family of Wessex The family s power lay in the west of Wessex Ordgar was buried in Exeter and his son Ordwulf founded or refounded Tavistock Abbey 2 AElfthryth was first married to AEthelwald son of AEthelstan Half King as recorded by Byrhtferth of Ramsey in his Life of Saint Oswald of Worcester 3 Later accounts such as that preserved by William of Malmesbury and Geoffrey Gaimar add vivid detail of unknown reliability 4 According to William and Geoffrey the beauty of Ordgar s daughter AElfthryth was reported to King Edgar Edgar looking for a Queen sent AEthelwald to see AElfthryth ordering him to offer her marriage to Edgar if her beauty were really equal to report When she turned out to be just as beautiful as was said AEthelwald married her himself and reported back to Edgar that she was quite unsuitable Edgar was eventually told of this and decided to repay AEthelwald s betrayal in like manner He said that he would visit the poor woman which alarmed AEthelwald He asked AElfthryth to make herself as unattractive as possible for the king s visit but she did the opposite According to William Edgar quite besotted with her killed AEthelwald during a hunt 5 Geoffrey instead states that Edgar posted AEthelwald to Northumbria where he was attacked and killed by outlaws 6 The historical record does not record the year of AEthelwald s death let alone its manner No children of AEthelwald and AElfthryth are known Queen consort editEdgar had two children before he married AElfthryth both of uncertain legitimacy Edward was probably the son of AEthelflaed and Eadgifu later known as Saint Edith of Wilton was the daughter of Wulfthryth 7 Sound political reasons encouraged the match between Edgar whose power base was centred in Mercia and AElfthryth whose family were powerful in Wessex In addition to this and her link with the family of AEthelstan Half King AElfthryth also appears to have been connected to the family of AElfhere Ealdorman of Mercia 8 9 Edgar married AElfthryth in either 964 or 965 In 966 AElfthryth gave birth to a son who was named Edmund In King Edgar s charter S 745 regranting privileges to New Minster Winchester that same year the infant Edmund is called clito legitimus legitimate aetheling and appears before Edward in the list of witnesses Edmund died young c 970 but in 968 AElfthryth had given birth to a second son who was called AEthelred 10 King Edgar organised a second coronation on 11 May 973 at Bath perhaps to bolster his claim to be ruler of all of Britain Here AElfthryth was also crowned and anointed granting her a status higher than any recent queen 11 The only model of a queen s coronation was that of Judith of Flanders but this had taken place outside England 12 One of the emphases of the new rite was her role as protector of religion and the nunneries in the realm The queen s responsibility for the kingdom s nunneries had been established by the Regularis Concordia a rule for religious life composed by AElfthryth s close ally Bishop AEthelwold of Winchester as part of the wider English Benedictine Reform 13 14 AElfthryth took a close interest in the well being of several abbeys and is reported by Goscelin to have used her authority to depose and later reinstate the abbess of Barking Abbey 15 AElfthryth played a large role as forespeca or advocate in at least six legal cases As such she formed a key part of the Anglo Saxon legal system as a mediator between the individual and the crown which was increasingly viewing its role in the courts as a symbol of its authority as protector of its subjects AElfthryth s actions as forespeca were largely for the benefit of female litigants and her role as a mediator shows the possibilities for women to have legal and political power in late Anglo Saxon England 16 Queen dowager edit nbsp Edward the Martyr is offered a cup of mead by AElfthryth wife of Edgar unaware that her attendant is about to murder him Edgar died in 975 leaving two young sons Edward and AEthelred Edward was almost an adult and his successful claim for the throne was supported by many key figures including Archbishops Dunstan and Oswald and the brother of AElfthryth s first husband AEthelwine Ealdorman of East Anglia Supporting the unsuccessful claim of AEthelred were AElfthryth herself now the Queen dowager Bishop AEthelwold of Winchester and AElfhere Ealdorman of Mercia 17 According to the Anglo Saxon Chronicle King Edward was killed at Corfe Castle on 18 March 978 while visiting AElfthryth Accounts written over subsequent centuries suggest that he may have been killed by servants of the queen leaving the way clear for her son AEthelred to be installed as king As the king developed into a cult figure and martyr a body of literature grew up around his murder at first implying AElfthryth s guilt and later accusing her outright 18 The 12th century monastic chronicle the Liber Eliensis went so far as to accuse her of being a witch claiming that she had murdered not only the king but also Abbot Brihtnoth of Ely 19 Queen regent editWithin a year of his brother s death AEthelred was confirmed as king of the English Due to AEthelred s youth AElfthryth served as regent for her son until his coming of age around 984 20 She was partnered in this regency by her allies Bishop AEthelwold and Ealdorman AElfhere but both had died by 984 and AEthelred rebelled against his old advisers preferring a group of younger nobility 21 In charter S 745 dated to 966 AElfthryth was identified as legitimate wife of the king after being crowned queen in 973 she witnessed charters as AElfdryd regina She was absent as a witness during the reign of her step son King Edward and during the minority of her son King AEthelred again witnessed charters as AElfdryd regina see charter S 843 Towards the end of 983 when King AEthelred was beginning to assert his own authority she began to sign charters as AElfthryth mother of the king see charter S 845 Later life editAElfthryth disappears from the list of charter witnesses from around 984 S 855 About this time AEthelred married and there was a new queen in the court AElfgifu AElfthryth reappears as a witness in 993 S 876 again as mother of the king She remained an important figure being responsible for the care of AEthelred s children by his first wife AElfgifu AEthelred s eldest son AEthelstan AEtheling prayed for the soul of the grandmother who brought me up in his will in 1014 S 1503 22 Although her reputation was damaged by the murder of her stepson AElfthryth was a religious woman taking an especial interest in monastic reform during her queenship William of Malmesbury reports that she founded both Amesbury Abbey and Wherwell Abbey as Benedictine nunneries though the foundation histories of both abbeys are poorly attested and there no extant endowment charters 23 24 Late in life according to Gaimar AElfthryth retired to Wherwell 25 26 Antonia Gransden comments In their patronage of the monks both Cnut and Edward the Confessor were supported by their queens Emma and Edith who were worthy successors of Edgar s queen AElfthryth as patronesses of the religious 27 She died at Wherwell on 17 November 999 1000 or 1001 26 Notes edit Firth Early English Queens pp 135 137 Stafford Unification pp 52 53 Firth Early English Queens pp 128 130 133 Stafford Unification pp 52 53 Firth Early English Queens pp 163 165 William of Malmesbury Gesta regum Anglorum pp 256 259 Gaimar History of the English pp 208 211 Cyril Hart Edward the Martyr Oxford Online DNB 2004 Higham pp 6 7 Stafford Unification pp 52 53 Blanchard Beyond Corfe pp 1 20 Higham pp 6 7 Miller Edgar Stafford AElfthryth Miller Edgar Stafford AElfthryth Firth Early English Queens pp 179 182 Yorke The Women in Edgar s Life p 148 Firth Identifying Queenship pp 33 34 Huneycutt Matilda of Scotland pp 36 37 Rabin Female Advocacy pp 261 288 Higham pp 7 14 Stafford Unification pp 57 59 Firth The Character of the Treacherous Woman pp 14 16 Firth Deconstructing the Female Antagonist pp 10 12 Roach AEthelred pp 77 89 Roach AEthelred pp 91 97 Higham pp 7 14 Stafford AElfthryth Stafford Unification pp 57 59 Lavelle pp 86 90 Wiiliam of Malmesbury Gesta pontificum Anglorum pp 276 277 296 297 Foot Veiled Women pp 21 23 215 216 Gaimar History of the English pp 222 223 a b Stafford AElfthryth Gransden Legends p 58References editBlanchard Mary 2020 Beyond Corfe AElfthryth s Roles as Queen Villain and Former Sister in law The Haskins Society Journal 30 1 20 doi 10 1017 9781787449060 002 Firth Matthew 2020 The Character of the Treacherous Woman in the passiones of Early Medieval English Royal Martyrs Royal Studies Journal 7 1 21 doi 10 21039 rsj 188 Firth Matthew 2022 Deconstructing the Female Antagonist of the Coronation Scandal in B s Vita Dunstani English Studies 103 527 546 doi 10 1080 0013838X 2021 1997477 Firth Matthew 2024 Early English Queens 850 1000 Potestas Reginae London Routledge doi 10 4324 9781003165453 ISBN 978 0 3677 6093 9 Firth Matthew 2023 Identifying Queenship in Pre Conquest England In Norrie Aidan Harris Carolyn Laynesmith J L Messer Danna R Woodacre Elena eds Norman to Early Plantagenet Consorts Cham Palgrave pp 17 45 ISBN 978 3 031 21068 6 Foot Sarah 2000 Veiled Women Female Religious Communites in England 871 1066 Vol 2 Aldershot Ashgate ISBN 0 7546 0044 0 Geffrei Gaimar Estoire des Engleis History of the English Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 956942 7 Gransden Antonia 1992 Legends Traditions and History in Medieval England London The Hambledon Press ISBN 1 85285 016 7 Higham Nick The Death of Anglo Saxon England Stroud Sutton 1997 ISBN 0 7509 2469 1 Huneycutt Lois 2003 Matilda of Scotland A Study in Medieval Queenship Woodbridge Boydell Press ISBN 0 85115 994 X Lavelle Ryan Aethelred II King of the English Stroud The History Press 2008 ISBN 978 0 7524 4678 3 Miller Sean Edgar in Michael Lapidge ed The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo Saxon England Oxford Blackwell 1999 ISBN 0 631 22492 0 Norton Elizabeth Elfrida The First Crowned Queen of England Amberley 2013 ISBN 978 1 44561 486 1 Rabin Andrew 2009 Female Advocacy and Royal Protection in Tenth Century England The Legal Career of Queen AElfthryth Speculum 84 261 288 doi 10 1017 S0038713400018042 Roach Levi 2016 AEthelred the Unready New Haven Yale University Press ISBN 9 780300 19629 0 Stafford Pauline AElfthryth in Michael Lapidge ed The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo Saxon England Oxford Blackwell 1999 ISBN 0 631 22492 0 Stafford Pauline Unification and Conquest A Political and Social History of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries London Edward Arnold 1989 ISBN 0 7131 6532 4 William of Malmesbury 2006 Winterbottom M ed Gesta pontificum Anglorum Vol 1 Oxford Clarendon Press ISBN 9780198207702 William of Malmesbury 1998 Mynors R A B Thomson R M Winterbottom M eds Gesta regum Anglorum Vol 1 Oxford Clarendon Press ISBN 0 19 820678 X External links editAElfthryth 8 at Prosopography of Anglo Saxon England Preceded byAElfgifu wife of Eadwig Queen consort of the English965 975 Succeeded byAElfgifu of York Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title AElfthryth wife of Edgar amp oldid 1226083008, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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