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Qira, Haifa

March 05, 2023

For other places with the same name, see Qira.

Qira (Arabic: قِيرة) was a Palestinian Arab village, located 23 kilometers southeast of Haifa. It was locally referred to as Qira wa Qamun.[5]

Qira
قِيرة
Village
Etymology: Kh. Kîreh, the ruin of pitch[1]
1870s map
1940s map
modern map
1940s with modern overlay map
A series of historical maps of the area around Qira, Haifa (click the buttons)
Qira
Location within Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 32°38′42″N 35°06′09″E / 32.64500°N 35.10250°E / 32.64500; 35.10250Coordinates: 32°38′42″N 35°06′09″E / 32.64500°N 35.10250°E / 32.64500; 35.10250
Palestine grid159/227
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictHaifa
Date of depopulationlate March 1948[2]
Area
[3]
 • Total14,062 dunams (14.062 km2 or 5.429 sq mi)
Population
 (1945)[4][3]
 • Total410
Cause(s) of depopulationWhispering campaign
Current LocalitiesYokneam Moshava, Yokneam Illit, HaZore'a

Its people were Arab tenants, some of whom from the Bedouin tribes of Ka'abiye and Sa'adih. They settled the land during the late 19th century. The land of the village was owned by three Christian families from Beirut and Haifa. The land was purchased by the Yishuv in the 1920s and the villagers began evacuating. Yokneam Moshava and HaZore'a were built on former village land.

The occupation of Qira by pre-state Israeli forces on 1 March 1948 finished the evacuation process.[5]

History

At least 19 archaeological sites were located within the village's territory, the most renowned of these being Tell Qira and Tell Qamun.[5]

Ottoman period

In a map made by Pierre Jacotin during the French campaign in Egypt and Syria, Tell Qamun appeared under the name of Chateau d'El Kireh (Castle of Qira), and Qira appeared as Qairah.[6] In his visit to Qamun and Qira, van de Velde found a church on Qamun, and then he searched for a castle in Qira, but when he arrived to the site, he only found ruins "which externally presented nothing of importance". He came to the conclusion Jacotine confounded the tell of Qamun with that of Qira.[7]

In 1872 the Ottoman government sold the lands of Qira to the Christian Sursock family from Beirut (modern-day Lebanon) and later their part of the land was shared with the Tueni family, also from Beirut. In that year the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine visited, and noted about Khurbet Kireh "Evidently an ancient site. There are traces of ruins and broken pottery on the hill; to the north are kokim tombs, caves, and a quarry; to the east are other tombs, caves, quarries, and a rock-cut water channel, Umm el Hashurah. There is a good supply of water in the valley at this point, and a small mill. A colony of Turcomans live in the caves; they pronounce the name Jireh."[8] The other part of the land was sold to the Khouri family from Haifa.[9] According to Peretz Levinger's study of the establishment of the nearby town of Yokneam Moshava, it is unknown if the villagers came before or after the land was sold to the families.[10] He assumes the Ottomans sold the land when it was uninhabited.[9]

The Palestinian community in Qira began during the 19th century. The residents were tenant farmers, paying fees to the families who owned the land. The population was made of two groups: Arab fellaheen, who came from the nearby Arab villages, and Bedouin nomads. The bedouins came from two tribes: Ka'abiye and Sa'adih, who arrived to the land, according to elderly traditions during the 1870s and possibly in the 1860s. At the time they arrived, they consisted of only twelve families.[10]

A population list from about 1887 showed that Kireh had about 65 inhabitants; all Muslims.[11]

British Mandate period

The area was acquired by the Jewish community as part of the Sursock Purchase. In 1924, Zionist activist Yehoshua Hankin bought the share of the land owned by the Sursock and Tueni families. In February 1934 the remaining share, owned by the Khouri family was bought after a decade of negotiations.[12]

The fellaheens were the first to evacuate their lands after receiving compensation[10] and thus the population Qira decreased from 134 in 1922[13] to 86 in 1931 (in a total of 21 houses).[14] The evacuation of the Bedouin tribes took much longer as they refused to leave their lands, especially after the fellaheens left the better parts of the territory, suitable for the Bedouin lifestyle.[10] It was also delayed because the Arab landowners did not want to take responsibility for the evacuation, due to political reasons.[15] In their lands they grew wheat, barley and sorghum.[10]

Further negotiations in 1935 and 1936, including the intervention of influential Arab figures were interrupted by the break of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt. The act of selling lands to Jews was seen in the Arab community as treason, punishable by death.[16] After the revolt, both tribes showed interest in the renewal of the negotiations after their leaders no longer felt a threat to their lives. The evacuation continued in 1936 and later that year the rest of the Ka'abiye tribe left.[17] The last evacuation took place in 1945 when the leader of the Sa'adih tribe left for a large amount of money. The last of Qira's Muslim population lived between Yokneam Moshava and HaZore'a.[18]

1948 and aftermath

According to Ilan Pappe in The Israel/Palestine Question (1999), the 140 tenant farmers of Qira wa Qamun evacuated the village in March on the "friendly advice" of the local Haganah intelligence officer at Yokneam, Yehuda Burstein.[19] Benny Morris notes that Burnstein received the orders for the evacuation from Yosef Weitz.[20] The Haganah Intelligence Report attributes the flight to "fear and the influence of attacks in the area," which Morris notes is "not really the same thing."[19] Subsequent to the depopulation of the village, Weitz and his colleagues from the Jewish National Fund in the North, "decided to raze the tenants' houses, to destroy their crops, and to pay the evictees compensation."[20]

Qira wa Qamun's inhabitants joined the first wave of the 1948 Palestinian exodus, displaced prior to the outbreak of the 1948 Arab-Israeli war.[20] Today, the villagers and their descendants remain refugees.[5] Following the war the area was incorporated into the State of Israel; Yokneam Illit was later established on the former lands of Qira.[5]

See also

References

  1. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 149
  2. ^ Morris, 2004, p. xviii, village #154 "Qira wa Qamun". Also gives cause of depopulation, with a "?"
  3. ^ a b Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 49
  4. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 15
  5. ^ a b c d e "Welcome to Qira". Palestine Remembered. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
  6. ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 163
  7. ^ Van de Velde, 1854, vol. 1, p. 331–332
  8. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 60
  9. ^ a b Levinger, 1987, p.154
  10. ^ a b c d e Levinger, 1987, p.158
  11. ^ Schumacher, 1888, p. 178
  12. ^ Levinger, 1987, p.155
  13. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p. 34
  14. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 94
  15. ^ Levinger, 1987, p.159
  16. ^ Levinger, 1987, p.162–163
  17. ^ Levinger, 1987, p.166
  18. ^ Levinger, 1987, p.167
  19. ^ a b Pappe, 1999, p. 206.
  20. ^ a b c Morris, 2004, p. 131

Bibliography

External links

March 05, 2023
qira, haifa, other, places, with, same, name, qira, qira, arabic, يرة, palestinian, arab, village, located, kilometers, southeast, haifa, locally, referred, qira, qamun, qira, يرةvillageetymology, kîreh, ruin, pitch, 1870s, 1940s, modern, 1940s, with, modern, . For other places with the same name see Qira Qira Arabic ق يرة was a Palestinian Arab village located 23 kilometers southeast of Haifa It was locally referred to as Qira wa Qamun 5 Qira ق يرةVillageEtymology Kh Kireh the ruin of pitch 1 1870s map 1940s map modern map 1940s with modern overlay mapA series of historical maps of the area around Qira Haifa click the buttons QiraLocation within Mandatory PalestineCoordinates 32 38 42 N 35 06 09 E 32 64500 N 35 10250 E 32 64500 35 10250 Coordinates 32 38 42 N 35 06 09 E 32 64500 N 35 10250 E 32 64500 35 10250Palestine grid159 227Geopolitical entityMandatory PalestineSubdistrictHaifaDate of depopulationlate March 1948 2 Area 3 Total14 062 dunams 14 062 km2 or 5 429 sq mi Population 1945 4 3 Total410Cause s of depopulationWhispering campaignCurrent LocalitiesYokneam Moshava Yokneam Illit HaZore aIts people were Arab tenants some of whom from the Bedouin tribes of Ka abiye and Sa adih They settled the land during the late 19th century The land of the village was owned by three Christian families from Beirut and Haifa The land was purchased by the Yishuv in the 1920s and the villagers began evacuating Yokneam Moshava and HaZore a were built on former village land The occupation of Qira by pre state Israeli forces on 1 March 1948 finished the evacuation process 5 Contents 1 History 1 1 Ottoman period 1 2 British Mandate period 1 3 1948 and aftermath 2 See also 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 External linksHistory EditAt least 19 archaeological sites were located within the village s territory the most renowned of these being Tell Qira and Tell Qamun 5 Ottoman period Edit In a map made by Pierre Jacotin during the French campaign in Egypt and Syria Tell Qamun appeared under the name of Chateau d El Kireh Castle of Qira and Qira appeared as Qairah 6 In his visit to Qamun and Qira van de Velde found a church on Qamun and then he searched for a castle in Qira but when he arrived to the site he only found ruins which externally presented nothing of importance He came to the conclusion Jacotine confounded the tell of Qamun with that of Qira 7 In 1872 the Ottoman government sold the lands of Qira to the Christian Sursock family from Beirut modern day Lebanon and later their part of the land was shared with the Tueni family also from Beirut In that year the PEF s Survey of Western Palestine visited and noted about Khurbet Kireh Evidently an ancient site There are traces of ruins and broken pottery on the hill to the north are kokim tombs caves and a quarry to the east are other tombs caves quarries and a rock cut water channel Umm el Hashurah There is a good supply of water in the valley at this point and a small mill A colony of Turcomans live in the caves they pronounce the name Jireh 8 The other part of the land was sold to the Khouri family from Haifa 9 According to Peretz Levinger s study of the establishment of the nearby town of Yokneam Moshava it is unknown if the villagers came before or after the land was sold to the families 10 He assumes the Ottomans sold the land when it was uninhabited 9 The Palestinian community in Qira began during the 19th century The residents were tenant farmers paying fees to the families who owned the land The population was made of two groups Arab fellaheen who came from the nearby Arab villages and Bedouin nomads The bedouins came from two tribes Ka abiye and Sa adih who arrived to the land according to elderly traditions during the 1870s and possibly in the 1860s At the time they arrived they consisted of only twelve families 10 A population list from about 1887 showed that Kireh had about 65 inhabitants all Muslims 11 British Mandate period Edit The area was acquired by the Jewish community as part of the Sursock Purchase In 1924 Zionist activist Yehoshua Hankin bought the share of the land owned by the Sursock and Tueni families In February 1934 the remaining share owned by the Khouri family was bought after a decade of negotiations 12 The fellaheens were the first to evacuate their lands after receiving compensation 10 and thus the population Qira decreased from 134 in 1922 13 to 86 in 1931 in a total of 21 houses 14 The evacuation of the Bedouin tribes took much longer as they refused to leave their lands especially after the fellaheens left the better parts of the territory suitable for the Bedouin lifestyle 10 It was also delayed because the Arab landowners did not want to take responsibility for the evacuation due to political reasons 15 In their lands they grew wheat barley and sorghum 10 Further negotiations in 1935 and 1936 including the intervention of influential Arab figures were interrupted by the break of the 1936 1939 Arab revolt The act of selling lands to Jews was seen in the Arab community as treason punishable by death 16 After the revolt both tribes showed interest in the renewal of the negotiations after their leaders no longer felt a threat to their lives The evacuation continued in 1936 and later that year the rest of the Ka abiye tribe left 17 The last evacuation took place in 1945 when the leader of the Sa adih tribe left for a large amount of money The last of Qira s Muslim population lived between Yokneam Moshava and HaZore a 18 1948 and aftermath Edit According to Ilan Pappe in The Israel Palestine Question 1999 the 140 tenant farmers of Qira wa Qamun evacuated the village in March on the friendly advice of the local Haganah intelligence officer at Yokneam Yehuda Burstein 19 Benny Morris notes that Burnstein received the orders for the evacuation from Yosef Weitz 20 The Haganah Intelligence Report attributes the flight to fear and the influence of attacks in the area which Morris notes is not really the same thing 19 Subsequent to the depopulation of the village Weitz and his colleagues from the Jewish National Fund in the North decided to raze the tenants houses to destroy their crops and to pay the evictees compensation 20 Qira wa Qamun s inhabitants joined the first wave of the 1948 Palestinian exodus displaced prior to the outbreak of the 1948 Arab Israeli war 20 Today the villagers and their descendants remain refugees 5 Following the war the area was incorporated into the State of Israel Yokneam Illit was later established on the former lands of Qira 5 See also EditVassals of the Kingdom of JerusalemReferences Edit Palmer 1881 p 149 Morris 2004 p xviii village 154 Qira wa Qamun Also gives cause of depopulation with a a b Government of Palestine Department of Statistics Village Statistics April 1945 Quoted in Hadawi 1970 p 49 Government of Palestine Department of Statistics 1945 p 15 a b c d e Welcome to Qira Palestine Remembered Retrieved 2007 12 04 Karmon 1960 p 163 Van de Velde 1854 vol 1 p 331 332 Conder and Kitchener 1882 SWP II p 60 a b Levinger 1987 p 154 a b c d e Levinger 1987 p 158 Schumacher 1888 p 178 Levinger 1987 p 155 Barron 1923 Table XI Sub district of Haifa p 34 Mills 1932 p 94 Levinger 1987 p 159 Levinger 1987 p 162 163 Levinger 1987 p 166 Levinger 1987 p 167 a b Pappe 1999 p 206 a b c Morris 2004 p 131Bibliography EditBarron J B ed 1923 Palestine Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 Government of Palestine Conder C R 1878 Tent work in Palestine A record of discovery and adventure Vol 1 London R Bentley amp Son Conder C R Kitchener H H 1882 The Survey of Western Palestine Memoirs of the Topography Orography Hydrography and Archaeology Vol 2 London Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund Government of Palestine Department of Statistics 1945 Village Statistics April 1945 Hadawi S 1970 Village Statistics of 1945 A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center Hanauer J E 2002 Folklore of the Holy Land Moslem Christian and Jewish Courier Dover ISBN 0 486 42493 6 Khalidi W 1992 All That Remains The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948 Washington D C Institute for Palestine Studies ISBN 0 88728 224 5 Karmon Y 1960 An Analysis of Jacotin s Map of Palestine PDF Israel Exploration Journal 10 3 4 155 173 244 253 Levinger Perez 1987 Land purchase in Yokenam area affair פרשת רכישת הקרקעות באזור יקנעם Catedra p 153 170 Le Strange G 1890 Palestine Under the Moslems A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A D 650 to 1500 London Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund OCLC 1004386 Mills E ed 1932 Census of Palestine 1931 Population of Villages Towns and Administrative Areas Jerusalem Government of Palestine Morris B 2004 The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 00967 6 Palmer E H 1881 The Survey of Western Palestine Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener R E Transliterated and Explained by E H Palmer Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund Pappe I 1999 The Israel Palestine Question Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 16947 9 Petersen Andrew 2001 A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine British Academy Monographs in Archaeology Vol I Oxford University Press p 254 ISBN 978 0 19 727011 0 Robinson E 1856 Later Biblical Researches in Palestine and in the Adjacent Regions Harvard University Runciman S 1987 A history of the crusades Vol 3 Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521347726 Schumacher G 1888 Population list of the Liwa of Akka Quarterly Statement Palestine Exploration Fund 20 169 191 Schwarz Joseph Schwarz Leeser 1850 A descriptive geography and brief historical sketch of Palestine Oxford University Velde van de C W M 1854 Narrative of a journey through Syria and Palestine in 1851 and 1852 Vol 1 William Blackwood and son External links EditWelcome to Qira Qira Qira and Qamun Zochrot Survey of Western Palestine Map 8 IAA Wikimedia commons Qira from the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Qira Haifa amp oldid 1060054080, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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