fbpx
Wikipedia

Sack of Rome (1527)

March 03, 2023

For other uses, see Sack of Rome.

The Sack of Rome, then part of the Papal States, followed the capture of the city on 6 May 1527 by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor during the War of the League of Cognac. Despite not being ordered to storm the city, with Charles V intending to only use the threat of military action to make Pope Clement VII come to his terms, a largely unpaid Imperial army formed by 14,000 Germans, many of Lutheran faith, 6,000 Spaniards and some Italian contingents occupied the scarcely defended Rome and began looting, slaying and holding citizens for ransom in excess without any restraint.[4] Clement VII took refuge in Castel Sant'Angelo after the Swiss Guard were annihilated in a delaying rearguard action; he remained there until a ransom was paid to the pillagers. Benvenuto Cellini, eyewitness to the events, described the sack in his works. It was not until February 1528 that the spread of a plague and the approach of the League forces under Odet de Foix forced the army to withdraw towards Naples from the city. Rome's population had dropped from 55,000 to 10,000 due to the atrocities, famine, an outbreak of plague and flight from the city. The subsequent loss of the League army during the Siege of Naples secured a victory in the War of the League of Cognac for Charles V. The Emperor denied responsibility for the sack and was eventually absolved by Clement VII for the event. On the other hand, the Sack of Rome further exacerbated religious hatred and antagonism between Catholics and Lutherans.

Sack of Rome
Part of the War of the League of Cognac

The sack of Rome in 1527, by Johannes Lingelbach, 17th century (private collection)
Date6 May 1527; 495 years ago
Location
Rome, Papal States
Belligerents

Mutinous troops of Charles V:

Commanders and leaders
Strength
[1]

20,000+ (mutinous)

  • 14,000 German Landsknechte
  • 6,000 Spanish soldiers
  • Unclear number of Italian mercenaries
Casualties and losses
1,000 militiamen killed
458 Swiss Guards killed[1]		 unknown
45,000 civilians dead, wounded, or exiled[2][3]

Preceding events

The growing power of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V alarmed Pope Clement VII, who perceived Charles as attempting to dominate the Catholic Church and Italy. Clement VII formed an alliance with Charles V's arch-enemy, King Francis I of France, which came to be known as the League of Cognac, to resist the Habsburg dynasty in Italy.

The army of the Holy Roman Emperor defeated the French army in Italy, but funds were not available to pay the soldiers. The 34,000 Imperial troops mutinied and forced their commander, Charles III, Duke of Bourbon, to lead them towards Rome, which was an easy target for pillaging, due to the unstable political landscape at the time.

Aside from some 6,000 Spaniards under Duke Charles, the army included some 14,000 Landsknechte under Georg von Frundsberg; some Italian infantry led by Fabrizio Maramaldo; the powerful Italian cardinal Pompeo Colonna and Luigi Gonzaga; and some cavalry under the command of Ferdinando Gonzaga and Philibert, Prince of Orange. Though Martin Luther himself was against attacking Rome and Pope Clement VII, some who considered themselves followers of Luther's Protestant movement viewed the papal capital as a target for religious reasons. Numerous bandits, along with the League's deserters, joined the army during its march.

Duke Charles left Arezzo on 20 April 1527, taking advantage of chaos among the Venetians and their allies after a revolt broke out in Florence against Pope Clement VII's family, the Medici. His largely undisciplined troops sacked Acquapendente and San Lorenzo alle Grotte, and then occupied Viterbo and Ronciglione, reaching the walls of Rome on 5 May.

Sack

 
Sack of Rome. By Pieter Bruegel the Elder.

The imperial troops were 14,000 Germans, 6,000 Spanish, and an uncertain number of Italian infantry.[5] The troops defending Rome were not at all numerous, consisting of 5,000 militiamen led by Renzo da Ceri and 189[6] papal Swiss Guard. The city's fortifications included the massive walls, and it possessed a good artillery force, which the imperial army lacked. Duke Charles needed to conquer the city swiftly to avoid the risk of being trapped between the besieged city and the League's army.

On 6 May, the imperial army attacked the walls at the Gianicolo and Vatican Hills. Duke Charles was fatally wounded in the assault, allegedly shot by Benvenuto Cellini. The Duke was wearing his famous white cloak to mark him out to his troops, but it also had the unintended consequence of pointing him out as the leader to his enemies. The death of the last respected commander of authority among the Imperial army caused any restraint in the soldiers to disappear, and they easily captured the walls of Rome the same day. Philibert of Châlon took command of the armies, but he was not as popular or feared, leaving him with little authority.

In the event known as the Stand of the Swiss Guard, the Swiss, alongside the garrison's remnant, made their last stand in the Teutonic Cemetery within the Vatican. Their captain, Kaspar Röist, was wounded and later sought refuge in his house, where he was killed by Spanish soldiers in front of his wife.[6] The Swiss fought bitterly, but were hopelessly outnumbered and almost annihilated. Some survivors, accompanied by a band of refugees, fell back to the Basilica steps. Those who went toward the Basilica were massacred, and only 42 survived. This group of 42, under the command of Hercules Goldli, managed to stave off the Habsburg troops pursuing the Pope's entourage as it made its way across the Passetto di Borgo, which was a secure elevated passage that connects the Vatican City to Castel Sant'Angelo.[6]

 
Sack of Rome. 6 May 1527. By Martin van Heemskerck (1527).

After the execution of some 1,000 defenders of the papal capital and shrines, the pillage began. Churches and monasteries, as well as the palaces of prelates and cardinals, were looted and destroyed. Even pro-imperial cardinals had to pay to save their properties from the rampaging soldiers. On 8 May, Cardinal Pompeo Colonna, a personal enemy of Clement VII, entered the city. He was followed by peasants from his fiefs, who had come to avenge the sacks they had suffered at the hands of the papal armies. Colonna was touched by the pitiful conditions in the city and gave refuge to some Roman citizens in his palace.

The Vatican Library was saved because Philibert had set up his headquarters there.[7][better source needed][a] After three days of ravages, Philibert ordered the sack to cease, but few obeyed. In the meantime, Clement remained a prisoner in Castel Sant'Angelo. Francesco Maria della Rovere and Michele Antonio of Saluzzo arrived with troops on 1 June in Monterosi, north of the city. Their cautious behaviour prevented them from obtaining an easy victory against the now totally undisciplined imperial troops. On 6 June, Clement VII surrendered, and agreed to pay a ransom of 400,000 ducati in exchange for his life; conditions included the cession of Parma, Piacenza, Civitavecchia and Modena to the Holy Roman Empire (however, only the last would change hands). At the same time Venice took advantage of this situation to capture Cervia and Ravenna, while Sigismondo Malatesta returned to Rimini.

Aftermath and effects

Often cited as the end of the Italian High Renaissance, the Sack of Rome impacted the histories of Europe, Italy, and Christianity, creating lasting ripple effects throughout European culture and politics.[8]

Before the Sack, Pope Clement VII opposed the ambitions of Emperor Charles V and the Spanish, who he believed wished to dominate Italy and the Church. Afterward, he no longer had the military or financial resources to do so.[3] To avert more warfare, Clement adopted a conciliatory policy toward Charles. Charles then began exerting more control over the Church and Italy.[3][9]

The Sack had major repercussions for Italian society and culture, and in particular, for Rome. Clement's War of the League of Cognac would be the last fight for Italian independence until the nineteenth century.[10] Rome, which had been a center of Italian High Renaissance culture and patronage before the Sack, suffered depopulation and economic collapse, causing artists and thinkers to scatter.[11] The city's population dropped from over 55,000 before the attack to 10,000 afterward. An estimated 6,000 to 12,000 people were murdered. Among those who died from the sack was the papal secretary Paolo Valdabarini[12] and the professor of Natural History Augusto Valdo.[13]

Many Imperial soldiers also died in the aftermath, largely from diseases caused by masses of unburied corpses in the streets. Pillaging finally ended in February 1528, eight months after the initial attack, when the city's food supply ran out, there was no one left to ransom, and plague appeared.[2][3] Clement would continue artistic patronage and building projects in Rome, but a perceived Medicean golden age had passed.[8] The city did not recover its population losses until approximately 1560.[14]

A power shift – away from the Pope, toward the Emperor – also produced lasting consequences for Catholicism. After learning of the Sack, Emperor Charles professed great embarrassment that his troops had imprisoned Pope Clement; however, he had ordered troops to Italy to bring Clement under his control, albeit he wanted to avoid destruction within the city of Rome, which damaged his reputation. Charles eventually came to terms with the Pope with the treaty of Barcelona and the coronation of Bologna. This done, Charles molded the Church in his own image.[9] Clement, never again to directly oppose the Emperor, rubber-stamped Charles' demands – among them naming cardinals nominated by the latter; crowning Charles Holy Roman Emperor at Bologna in 1530 and refusing to annul the marriage of Charles' beloved aunt, Catherine of Aragon, to King Henry VIII of England, prompting the English Reformation.[15][8][16][17] Cumulatively, these actions changed the complexion of the Catholic Church, steering it away from Renaissance freethought personified by the Medici Popes, toward the religious orthodoxy exemplified by the Counterreformation. After Clement's death in 1534, under the influence of Charles and later his son King Philip II of Spain (1556–1598), the Inquisition became pervasive, and the humanism encouraged by Renaissance culture came to be viewed as contrary to the teachings of the Church.[18][3]

The Sack also contributed to making permanent the split between Catholics and Protestants. Before the Sack, Charles and Clement disagreed over how to address Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation, which was spreading throughout Germany. Charles advocated for calling a Church Council to settle the matter. Clement opposed this, believing that monarchs shouldn't dictate Church policy; and also fearing a revival of conciliarism, which had exacerbated the Western Schism during the 14th–15th centuries, and deposed numerous Popes.[19][20] Clement advocated for fighting a Holy War to unite Christendom. Charles opposed this because his armies and treasury were occupied in fighting other wars. After the Sack, Clement acceded to Charles' wishes, agreeing to call a Church Council and naming the city of Trent, Italy as its site. He did not convene the Council of Trent during his lifetime, fearing that the event would be a dangerous powerplay, and perhaps even a death-trap. In 1545, eleven years after Clement's death, his successor Pope Paul III convened the Council of Trent. As Charles predicted, it reformed the corruption present in certain orders of the Catholic Church.[21] However, by 1545, the moment for reconciliation between Catholics and Protestants – arguably a possibility during the 1520s, given cooperation between the Pope and Emperor – had passed. In assessing the effects of the Sack of Rome, Martin Luther commented: "Christ reigns in such a way that the Emperor who persecutes Luther for the Pope is forced to destroy the Pope for Luther" (LW 49:169).

In commemoration of the Swiss Guard's bravery in defending Pope Clement VII during the Sack of Rome, recruits to the Swiss Guard are sworn in on 6 May every year.[22]

Notes

  1. ^ The library was not, however, undamaged or unmolested. The Sack is thought to have been the occasion of the loss or destruction of Nicolaus Germanus's globes of the terrestrial and celestial spheres, the first modern globes.

References

  1. ^ a b Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed. ISBN 9780786474707.
  2. ^ a b Watson, Peter – Boorstin, Op. cit., p. 180[full citation needed].
  3. ^ a b c d e "Did the Sack of Rome in 1527 end the Renaissance in Italy? – DailyHistory.org".
  4. ^ Eggenberger, David (1985). An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present. Courier Corporation. p. 366. ISBN 978-1-4503-2783-1.
  5. ^ Dandeler, "Spanish Rome" New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001, p. 57.
  6. ^ a b c . vatican.va. Archived from the original on 31 December 2008.
  7. ^ Durant, Will. 1953. The Renaissance. Simon & Schuster.[page needed]
  8. ^ a b c "Sack of Rome | Encyclopedia.com". encyclopedia.com.
  9. ^ a b Chastel, Andre (1983). The Sack of Rome, 1527. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 73.
  10. ^ "The Italian Monarchist: A Case for Italian Unification". 10 June 2015.
  11. ^ Ruggiero, Guido (2017). The Renaissance in Italy: a Social and Cultural History of the Rinascimento. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-521-71938-4.
  12. ^ Nuovo Dizionario Istorico, Va = Uz, Tomo XXI, translated from French, Remondini of Venice (1796); pages 13.
  13. ^ Nuovo Dizionario Istorico pages 15.
  14. ^ Partner, Peter (1976). Renaissance Rome 1500–1559: A Portrait of a Society Portrait of a Society 1500–1559. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 83. ISBN 0-520-03945-9.
  15. ^ "Clement Vii | Encyclopedia.com". encyclopedia.com.
  16. ^ Holmes (1993). p. 192.
  17. ^ Froude (1891), pp. 35, 90–91, 96–97 6 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  18. ^ "Spanish Inquisition | Definition, History, & Facts".
  19. ^ "The Mad Monarchist: Papal Profile: Pope Clement VII". 9 July 2012.
  20. ^ "Clement VII in "Enciclopedia dei Papi"". treccani.it.
  21. ^ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope Paul III".
  22. ^ "May 6 & the Swiss Guard Induction Ceremony | Papal Artifacts".

Bibliography

  • Buonaparte, Jacopo (1830). Sac de Rome, écrit en 1527 par Jacques Bonaparte, témion oculaire: traduction de l'italien par N. L. B. (Napoléon-Louis Bonaparte). Florence: Imprimerie granducale.
  • Guicciardini, Francesco (2019). Celli, Carlo (ed.). The Defeat of a Renaissance Intellectual: selected writings of Francesco Guicciardini. Early Modern Studies. Translated by Carlo Celli. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press. doi:10.5325/j.ctv14gp5bf. ISBN 9780271084312. JSTOR 10.5325/j.ctv14gp5bf. OCLC 1103917389. S2CID 243528893.
  • Arborio di Gattinara, Mercurino (Marchese) (1866). Il sacco di Roma nel 1527: relazione. Ginevra: G.-G. Fick.
  • Carlo Milanesi, ed. (1867). Il Sacco di Roma del MDXXVII: narrazione di contemporanei (in Italian). Firenze: G. Barbèra.
  • Schulz, Hans (1894). Der Sacco di Roma: Karls V. Truppen in Rom, 1527–1528. Hallesche Abhandlungen zur neueren Geschichte (in German). Heft 32. Halle: Max Niemeyer.
  • Lenzi, Maria Ludovica (1978). Il sacco di Roma del 1527. Firenze: La nuova Italia.
  • Chamberlin, E. R. (1979). The Sack of Rome. New York: Dorset.
  • Dos Santos Davim, Damien (2021). Charles Quint maître de la péninsule italienne aux temps de la ligue de Cognac (in French). La Bruyère éditions. ISBN 9782750016524.
  • Pitts, Vincent Joseph (1993). The man who sacked Rome: Charles de Bourbon, constable of France (1490–1527). American university studies / 9, Series 9, History, Vol. 142. New York: P. Lang. ISBN 978-0-8204-2456-9.
  • Gouwens, Kenneth (1998). Remembering the Renaissance: Humanist Narratives of the Sack of Rome. Leiden-New York: Brill ISBN 90-04-10969-2.
  • Gouwens, Kenneth; Reiss, Sheryl E. (2005). The Pontificate of Clement VII: History, Politics, Culture ((collected papers) ed.). Aldershot (UK); Burlington (Vermont): Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-0680-2.
  • Froude, James Anthony (1891). The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon. Kessinger Publishing, reprint 2005. ISBN 1-4179-7109-6.
  • Holmes, David L. (1993). A Brief History of the Episcopal Church. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 1-56338-060-9.
  • Hook, Judith (2004). The Sack of Rome 1527 (2nd ed.). Macmillan Palsgrave. ISBN 978-1403917690.
  • Tuchman, Barbara W. (1985). The March of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam. Random House Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 0-345-30823-9.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sack of Rome (1527).
  • Pope's guards celebrate 500 years, BBC News Online; dated and retrieved 22 January 2006
  • Vatican's honour to Swiss Guards, BBC News Online; dated and retrieved 6 May 2006

Coordinates: 41°50′N 12°30′E / 41.833°N 12.500°E / 41.833; 12.500

March 03, 2023
sack, rome, 1527, other, uses, sack, rome, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, more, precise, citations, september, 2021, learn, when, remov. For other uses see Sack of Rome This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations September 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Sack of Rome then part of the Papal States followed the capture of the city on 6 May 1527 by the mutinous troops of Charles V Holy Roman Emperor during the War of the League of Cognac Despite not being ordered to storm the city with Charles V intending to only use the threat of military action to make Pope Clement VII come to his terms a largely unpaid Imperial army formed by 14 000 Germans many of Lutheran faith 6 000 Spaniards and some Italian contingents occupied the scarcely defended Rome and began looting slaying and holding citizens for ransom in excess without any restraint 4 Clement VII took refuge in Castel Sant Angelo after the Swiss Guard were annihilated in a delaying rearguard action he remained there until a ransom was paid to the pillagers Benvenuto Cellini eyewitness to the events described the sack in his works It was not until February 1528 that the spread of a plague and the approach of the League forces under Odet de Foix forced the army to withdraw towards Naples from the city Rome s population had dropped from 55 000 to 10 000 due to the atrocities famine an outbreak of plague and flight from the city The subsequent loss of the League army during the Siege of Naples secured a victory in the War of the League of Cognac for Charles V The Emperor denied responsibility for the sack and was eventually absolved by Clement VII for the event On the other hand the Sack of Rome further exacerbated religious hatred and antagonism between Catholics and Lutherans Sack of RomePart of the War of the League of CognacThe sack of Rome in 1527 by Johannes Lingelbach 17th century private collection Date6 May 1527 495 years agoLocationRome Papal StatesBelligerentsPapal States FranceMutinous troops of Charles V Holy Roman Empire Spain County of GuastallaCommanders and leadersClement VII POW Kaspar Roist Renzo da Ceri Michele Antonio of SaluzzoCharles de Bourbon Philibert of Chalon WIA Ferrante GonzagaStrength5 000 militiamen 500 Swiss Guards 1 20 000 mutinous 14 000 German Landsknechte 6 000 Spanish soldiers Unclear number of Italian mercenariesCasualties and losses1 000 militiamen killed458 Swiss Guards killed 1 unknown45 000 civilians dead wounded or exiled 2 3 Contents 1 Preceding events 2 Sack 3 Aftermath and effects 4 Notes 5 References 5 1 Bibliography 6 External linksPreceding events EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed September 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message The growing power of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V alarmed Pope Clement VII who perceived Charles as attempting to dominate the Catholic Church and Italy Clement VII formed an alliance with Charles V s arch enemy King Francis I of France which came to be known as the League of Cognac to resist the Habsburg dynasty in Italy The army of the Holy Roman Emperor defeated the French army in Italy but funds were not available to pay the soldiers The 34 000 Imperial troops mutinied and forced their commander Charles III Duke of Bourbon to lead them towards Rome which was an easy target for pillaging due to the unstable political landscape at the time Aside from some 6 000 Spaniards under Duke Charles the army included some 14 000 Landsknechte under Georg von Frundsberg some Italian infantry led by Fabrizio Maramaldo the powerful Italian cardinal Pompeo Colonna and Luigi Gonzaga and some cavalry under the command of Ferdinando Gonzaga and Philibert Prince of Orange Though Martin Luther himself was against attacking Rome and Pope Clement VII some who considered themselves followers of Luther s Protestant movement viewed the papal capital as a target for religious reasons Numerous bandits along with the League s deserters joined the army during its march Duke Charles left Arezzo on 20 April 1527 taking advantage of chaos among the Venetians and their allies after a revolt broke out in Florence against Pope Clement VII s family the Medici His largely undisciplined troops sacked Acquapendente and San Lorenzo alle Grotte and then occupied Viterbo and Ronciglione reaching the walls of Rome on 5 May Sack EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed September 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Sack of Rome By Pieter Bruegel the Elder The imperial troops were 14 000 Germans 6 000 Spanish and an uncertain number of Italian infantry 5 The troops defending Rome were not at all numerous consisting of 5 000 militiamen led by Renzo da Ceri and 189 6 papal Swiss Guard The city s fortifications included the massive walls and it possessed a good artillery force which the imperial army lacked Duke Charles needed to conquer the city swiftly to avoid the risk of being trapped between the besieged city and the League s army On 6 May the imperial army attacked the walls at the Gianicolo and Vatican Hills Duke Charles was fatally wounded in the assault allegedly shot by Benvenuto Cellini The Duke was wearing his famous white cloak to mark him out to his troops but it also had the unintended consequence of pointing him out as the leader to his enemies The death of the last respected commander of authority among the Imperial army caused any restraint in the soldiers to disappear and they easily captured the walls of Rome the same day Philibert of Chalon took command of the armies but he was not as popular or feared leaving him with little authority In the event known as the Stand of the Swiss Guard the Swiss alongside the garrison s remnant made their last stand in the Teutonic Cemetery within the Vatican Their captain Kaspar Roist was wounded and later sought refuge in his house where he was killed by Spanish soldiers in front of his wife 6 The Swiss fought bitterly but were hopelessly outnumbered and almost annihilated Some survivors accompanied by a band of refugees fell back to the Basilica steps Those who went toward the Basilica were massacred and only 42 survived This group of 42 under the command of Hercules Goldli managed to stave off the Habsburg troops pursuing the Pope s entourage as it made its way across the Passetto di Borgo which was a secure elevated passage that connects the Vatican City to Castel Sant Angelo 6 Sack of Rome 6 May 1527 By Martin van Heemskerck 1527 After the execution of some 1 000 defenders of the papal capital and shrines the pillage began Churches and monasteries as well as the palaces of prelates and cardinals were looted and destroyed Even pro imperial cardinals had to pay to save their properties from the rampaging soldiers On 8 May Cardinal Pompeo Colonna a personal enemy of Clement VII entered the city He was followed by peasants from his fiefs who had come to avenge the sacks they had suffered at the hands of the papal armies Colonna was touched by the pitiful conditions in the city and gave refuge to some Roman citizens in his palace The Vatican Library was saved because Philibert had set up his headquarters there 7 better source needed a After three days of ravages Philibert ordered the sack to cease but few obeyed In the meantime Clement remained a prisoner in Castel Sant Angelo Francesco Maria della Rovere and Michele Antonio of Saluzzo arrived with troops on 1 June in Monterosi north of the city Their cautious behaviour prevented them from obtaining an easy victory against the now totally undisciplined imperial troops On 6 June Clement VII surrendered and agreed to pay a ransom of 400 000 ducati in exchange for his life conditions included the cession of Parma Piacenza Civitavecchia and Modena to the Holy Roman Empire however only the last would change hands At the same time Venice took advantage of this situation to capture Cervia and Ravenna while Sigismondo Malatesta returned to Rimini Aftermath and effects Edit Sack of Rome by Francisco Javier Amerigo 1884 Biblioteca Museu Victor Balaguer Often cited as the end of the Italian High Renaissance the Sack of Rome impacted the histories of Europe Italy and Christianity creating lasting ripple effects throughout European culture and politics 8 Before the Sack Pope Clement VII opposed the ambitions of Emperor Charles V and the Spanish who he believed wished to dominate Italy and the Church Afterward he no longer had the military or financial resources to do so 3 To avert more warfare Clement adopted a conciliatory policy toward Charles Charles then began exerting more control over the Church and Italy 3 9 The Sack had major repercussions for Italian society and culture and in particular for Rome Clement s War of the League of Cognac would be the last fight for Italian independence until the nineteenth century 10 Rome which had been a center of Italian High Renaissance culture and patronage before the Sack suffered depopulation and economic collapse causing artists and thinkers to scatter 11 The city s population dropped from over 55 000 before the attack to 10 000 afterward An estimated 6 000 to 12 000 people were murdered Among those who died from the sack was the papal secretary Paolo Valdabarini 12 and the professor of Natural History Augusto Valdo 13 Many Imperial soldiers also died in the aftermath largely from diseases caused by masses of unburied corpses in the streets Pillaging finally ended in February 1528 eight months after the initial attack when the city s food supply ran out there was no one left to ransom and plague appeared 2 3 Clement would continue artistic patronage and building projects in Rome but a perceived Medicean golden age had passed 8 The city did not recover its population losses until approximately 1560 14 A power shift away from the Pope toward the Emperor also produced lasting consequences for Catholicism After learning of the Sack Emperor Charles professed great embarrassment that his troops had imprisoned Pope Clement however he had ordered troops to Italy to bring Clement under his control albeit he wanted to avoid destruction within the city of Rome which damaged his reputation Charles eventually came to terms with the Pope with the treaty of Barcelona and the coronation of Bologna This done Charles molded the Church in his own image 9 Clement never again to directly oppose the Emperor rubber stamped Charles demands among them naming cardinals nominated by the latter crowning Charles Holy Roman Emperor at Bologna in 1530 and refusing to annul the marriage of Charles beloved aunt Catherine of Aragon to King Henry VIII of England prompting the English Reformation 15 8 16 17 Cumulatively these actions changed the complexion of the Catholic Church steering it away from Renaissance freethought personified by the Medici Popes toward the religious orthodoxy exemplified by the Counterreformation After Clement s death in 1534 under the influence of Charles and later his son King Philip II of Spain 1556 1598 the Inquisition became pervasive and the humanism encouraged by Renaissance culture came to be viewed as contrary to the teachings of the Church 18 3 The Sack also contributed to making permanent the split between Catholics and Protestants Before the Sack Charles and Clement disagreed over how to address Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation which was spreading throughout Germany Charles advocated for calling a Church Council to settle the matter Clement opposed this believing that monarchs shouldn t dictate Church policy and also fearing a revival of conciliarism which had exacerbated the Western Schism during the 14th 15th centuries and deposed numerous Popes 19 20 Clement advocated for fighting a Holy War to unite Christendom Charles opposed this because his armies and treasury were occupied in fighting other wars After the Sack Clement acceded to Charles wishes agreeing to call a Church Council and naming the city of Trent Italy as its site He did not convene the Council of Trent during his lifetime fearing that the event would be a dangerous powerplay and perhaps even a death trap In 1545 eleven years after Clement s death his successor Pope Paul III convened the Council of Trent As Charles predicted it reformed the corruption present in certain orders of the Catholic Church 21 However by 1545 the moment for reconciliation between Catholics and Protestants arguably a possibility during the 1520s given cooperation between the Pope and Emperor had passed In assessing the effects of the Sack of Rome Martin Luther commented Christ reigns in such a way that the Emperor who persecutes Luther for the Pope is forced to destroy the Pope for Luther LW 49 169 In commemoration of the Swiss Guard s bravery in defending Pope Clement VII during the Sack of Rome recruits to the Swiss Guard are sworn in on 6 May every year 22 Notes Edit The library was not however undamaged or unmolested The Sack is thought to have been the occasion of the loss or destruction of Nicolaus Germanus s globes of the terrestrial and celestial spheres the first modern globes References Edit a b Clodfelter Micheal 2017 Warfare and Armed Conflicts A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures 1492 2015 4th ed ISBN 9780786474707 a b Watson Peter Boorstin Op cit p 180 full citation needed a b c d e Did the Sack of Rome in 1527 end the Renaissance in Italy DailyHistory org Eggenberger David 1985 An Encyclopedia of Battles Accounts of Over 1 560 Battles from 1479 B C to the Present Courier Corporation p 366 ISBN 978 1 4503 2783 1 Dandeler Spanish Rome New Haven Yale University Press 2001 p 57 a b c The Swiss Guard History vatican va Archived from the original on 31 December 2008 Durant Will 1953 The Renaissance Simon amp Schuster page needed a b c Sack of Rome Encyclopedia com encyclopedia com a b Chastel Andre 1983 The Sack of Rome 1527 Princeton Princeton University Press p 73 The Italian Monarchist A Case for Italian Unification 10 June 2015 Ruggiero Guido 2017 The Renaissance in Italy a Social and Cultural History of the Rinascimento Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 73 ISBN 978 0 521 71938 4 Nuovo Dizionario Istorico Va Uz Tomo XXI translated from French Remondini of Venice 1796 pages 13 Nuovo Dizionario Istorico pages 15 Partner Peter 1976 Renaissance Rome 1500 1559 A Portrait of a Society Portrait of a Society 1500 1559 Berkeley University of California Press p 83 ISBN 0 520 03945 9 Clement Vii Encyclopedia com encyclopedia com Holmes 1993 p 192 Froude 1891 pp 35 90 91 96 97 Archived 6 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine Spanish Inquisition Definition History amp Facts The Mad Monarchist Papal Profile Pope Clement VII 9 July 2012 Clement VII in Enciclopedia dei Papi treccani it Catholic Encyclopedia Pope Paul III May 6 amp the Swiss Guard Induction Ceremony Papal Artifacts Bibliography Edit Buonaparte Jacopo 1830 Sac de Rome ecrit en 1527 par Jacques Bonaparte temion oculaire traduction de l italien par N L B Napoleon Louis Bonaparte Florence Imprimerie granducale Guicciardini Francesco 2019 Celli Carlo ed The Defeat of a Renaissance Intellectual selected writings of Francesco Guicciardini Early Modern Studies Translated by Carlo Celli University Park PA The Pennsylvania State University Press doi 10 5325 j ctv14gp5bf ISBN 9780271084312 JSTOR 10 5325 j ctv14gp5bf OCLC 1103917389 S2CID 243528893 Arborio di Gattinara Mercurino Marchese 1866 Il sacco di Roma nel 1527 relazione Ginevra G G Fick Carlo Milanesi ed 1867 Il Sacco di Roma del MDXXVII narrazione di contemporanei in Italian Firenze G Barbera Schulz Hans 1894 Der Sacco di Roma Karls V Truppen in Rom 1527 1528 Hallesche Abhandlungen zur neueren Geschichte in German Heft 32 Halle Max Niemeyer Lenzi Maria Ludovica 1978 Il sacco di Roma del 1527 Firenze La nuova Italia Chamberlin E R 1979 The Sack of Rome New York Dorset Dos Santos Davim Damien 2021 Charles Quint maitre de la peninsule italienne aux temps de la ligue de Cognac in French La Bruyere editions ISBN 9782750016524 Pitts Vincent Joseph 1993 The man who sacked Rome Charles de Bourbon constable of France 1490 1527 American university studies 9 Series 9 History Vol 142 New York P Lang ISBN 978 0 8204 2456 9 Gouwens Kenneth 1998 Remembering the Renaissance Humanist Narratives of the Sack of Rome Leiden New York Brill ISBN 90 04 10969 2 Gouwens Kenneth Reiss Sheryl E 2005 The Pontificate of Clement VII History Politics Culture collected papers ed Aldershot UK Burlington Vermont Ashgate ISBN 978 0 7546 0680 2 Froude James Anthony 1891 The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon Kessinger Publishing reprint 2005 ISBN 1 4179 7109 6 Holmes David L 1993 A Brief History of the Episcopal Church Continuum International Publishing Group ISBN 1 56338 060 9 Hook Judith 2004 The Sack of Rome 1527 2nd ed Macmillan Palsgrave ISBN 978 1403917690 Tuchman Barbara W 1985 The March of Folly From Troy to Vietnam Random House Trade Paperbacks ISBN 0 345 30823 9 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sack of Rome 1527 Pope s guards celebrate 500 years BBC News Online dated and retrieved 22 January 2006 Vatican s honour to Swiss Guards BBC News Online dated and retrieved 6 May 2006Coordinates 41 50 N 12 30 E 41 833 N 12 500 E 41 833 12 500 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sack of Rome 1527 amp oldid 1141404449, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.