Lymphotoxin beta is a type II membrane protein of the TNF family. It anchors lymphotoxin-alpha to the cell surface through heterotrimer formation. The predominant form on the lymphocyte surface is the lymphotoxin-alpha 1/beta 2 complex (e.g. 1 molecule alpha/2 molecules beta) and this complex is the primary ligand for the lymphotoxin-beta receptor. The minor complex is lymphotoxin-alpha 2/beta 1. LTB is an inducer of the inflammatory response system and involved in normal development of lymphoid tissue. Lymphotoxin-beta isoform b is unable to complex with lymphotoxin-alpha suggesting a function for lymphotoxin-beta which is independent of lymphotoxin-alpha. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.[7]
Pro-tumorigenic function of membrane LT is clearly established: mice with overexpression of LTα or LTβ showed increased tumor growth and metastasis in several models of cancer. However, these studies utilized mice with complete LTα gene deficiency that did not allow to distinguish effects of soluble versus membrane-associated LT.[8]
^ abcGRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000024399 - Ensembl, May 2017
^"Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^"Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^Browning JL, Ngam-ek A, Lawton P, DeMarinis J, Tizard R, Chow EP, Hession C, O'Brine-Greco B, Foley SF, Ware CF (Mar 1993). "Lymphotoxin beta, a novel member of the TNF family that forms a heteromeric complex with lymphotoxin on the cell surface". Cell. 72 (6): 847–56. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90574-A. PMID 7916655. S2CID 28961163.
^Browning JL, Androlewicz MJ, Ware CF (Aug 1991). "Lymphotoxin and an associated 33-kDa glycoprotein are expressed on the surface of an activated human T cell hybridoma". Journal of Immunology. 147 (4): 1230–7. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.147.4.1230. PMID 1714477. S2CID 6160376.
^ ab"Entrez Gene: LTB lymphotoxin beta (TNF superfamily, member 3)".
^Korneev, KV; Atretkhany, KN; Drutskaya, MS; Grivennikov, SI; Kuprash, DV; Nedospasov, SA (January 2017). "TLR-signaling and proinflammatory cytokines as drivers of tumorigenesis". Cytokine. 89: 127–135. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2016.01.021. PMID 26854213.
^Williams-Abbott L, Walter BN, Cheung TC, Goh CR, Porter AG, Ware CF (Aug 1997). "The lymphotoxin-alpha (LTalpha) subunit is essential for the assembly, but not for the receptor specificity, of the membrane-anchored LTalpha1beta2 heterotrimeric ligand". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (31): 19451–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.31.19451. PMID 9235946.
^Browning JL, Sizing ID, Lawton P, Bourdon PR, Rennert PD, Majeau GR, Ambrose CM, Hession C, Miatkowski K, Griffiths DA, Ngam-ek A, Meier W, Benjamin CD, Hochman PS (Oct 1997). "Characterization of lymphotoxin-alpha beta complexes on the surface of mouse lymphocytes". Journal of Immunology. 159 (7): 3288–98. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.159.7.3288. PMID 9317127. S2CID 25608697.
^Browning JL, Dougas I, Ngam-ek A, Bourdon PR, Ehrenfels BN, Miatkowski K, Zafari M, Yampaglia AM, Lawton P, Meier W (Jan 1995). "Characterization of surface lymphotoxin forms. Use of specific monoclonal antibodies and soluble receptors". Journal of Immunology. 154 (1): 33–46. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.154.1.33. PMID 7995952. S2CID 22313274.
Further reading
Messer G, Spengler U, Jung MC, Honold G, Blömer K, Pape GR, Riethmüller G, Weiss EH (Jan 1991). "Polymorphic structure of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) locus: an NcoI polymorphism in the first intron of the human TNF-beta gene correlates with a variant amino acid in position 26 and a reduced level of TNF-beta production". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 173 (1): 209–19. doi:10.1084/jem.173.1.209. PMC2118757. PMID 1670638.
Abraham LJ, Du DC, Zahedi K, Dawkins RL, Whitehead AS (1991). "Haplotypic polymorphisms of the TNFB gene". Immunogenetics. 33 (1): 50–3. doi:10.1007/BF00211695. PMID 1671667. S2CID 38756894.
Holzinger I, de Baey A, Messer G, Kick G, Zwierzina H, Weiss EH (1995). "Cloning and genomic characterization of LST1: a new gene in the human TNF region". Immunogenetics. 42 (5): 315–22. doi:10.1007/BF00179392. PMID 7590964. S2CID 19916860.
Peelman LJ, Chardon P, Nunes M, Renard C, Geffrotin C, Vaiman M, Van Zeveren A, Coppieters W, van de Weghe A, Bouquet Y (Mar 1995). "The BAT1 gene in the MHC encodes an evolutionarily conserved putative nuclear RNA helicase of the DEAD family". Genomics. 26 (2): 210–8. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(95)80203-X. PMID 7601445.
Browning JL, Dougas I, Ngam-ek A, Bourdon PR, Ehrenfels BN, Miatkowski K, Zafari M, Yampaglia AM, Lawton P, Meier W (Jan 1995). "Characterization of surface lymphotoxin forms. Use of specific monoclonal antibodies and soluble receptors". Journal of Immunology. 154 (1): 33–46. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.154.1.33. PMID 7995952. S2CID 22313274.
Albertella MR, Campbell RD (May 1994). "Characterization of a novel gene in the human major histocompatibility complex that encodes a potential new member of the I kappa B family of proteins". Human Molecular Genetics. 3 (5): 793–9. doi:10.1093/hmg/3.5.793. PMID 8081366.
Iris FJ, Bougueleret L, Prieur S, Caterina D, Primas G, Perrot V, Jurka J, Rodriguez-Tome P, Claverie JM, Dausset J (Feb 1993). "Dense Alu clustering and a potential new member of the NF kappa B family within a 90 kilobase HLA class III segment". Nature Genetics. 3 (2): 137–45. doi:10.1038/ng0293-137. PMID 8499947. S2CID 33041319.
Nakamura T, Tashiro K, Nazarea M, Nakano T, Sasayama S, Honjo T (Nov 1995). "The murine lymphotoxin-beta receptor cDNA: isolation by the signal sequence trap and chromosomal mapping". Genomics. 30 (2): 312–9. doi:10.1006/geno.1995.9872. hdl:2433/202166. PMID 8586432.
Utans U, Quist WC, McManus BM, Wilson JE, Arceci RJ, Wallace AF, Russell ME (May 1996). "Allograft inflammatory factory-1. A cytokine-responsive macrophage molecule expressed in transplanted human hearts". Transplantation. 61 (9): 1387–92. doi:10.1097/00007890-199605150-00018. PMID 8629302.
Nalabolu SR, Shukla H, Nallur G, Parimoo S, Weissman SM (Jan 1996). "Genes in a 220-kb region spanning the TNF cluster in human MHC". Genomics. 31 (2): 215–22. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0034. PMID 8824804.
Laham N, Van Dunné F, Abraham LJ, Farrugia W, Bendtzen K, Brennecke SP, Rice GE (Apr 1997). "Tumor necrosis factor-beta in human pregnancy and labor". Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 33 (1): 53–69. doi:10.1016/S0165-0378(97)01012-7. PMID 9185077.
Warzocha K, Renard N, Charlot C, Bienvenu J, Coiffier B, Salles G (Sep 1997). "Identification of two lymphotoxin beta isoforms expressed in human lymphoid cell lines and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 238 (2): 273–6. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.7277. PMID 9299492.
Browning JL, Sizing ID, Lawton P, Bourdon PR, Rennert PD, Majeau GR, Ambrose CM, Hession C, Miatkowski K, Griffiths DA, Ngam-ek A, Meier W, Benjamin CD, Hochman PS (Oct 1997). "Characterization of lymphotoxin-alpha beta complexes on the surface of mouse lymphocytes". Journal of Immunology. 159 (7): 3288–98. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.159.7.3288. PMID 9317127. S2CID 25608697.
de Baey A, Fellerhoff B, Maier S, Martinozzi S, Weidle U, Weiss EH (Nov 1997). "Complex expression pattern of the TNF region gene LST1 through differential regulation, initiation, and alternative splicing". Genomics. 45 (3): 591–600. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4963. PMID 9367684.
Shiina T, Tamiya G, Oka A, Yamagata T, Yamagata N, Kikkawa E, Goto K, Mizuki N, Watanabe K, Fukuzumi Y, Taguchi S, Sugawara C, Ono A, Chen L, Yamazaki M, Tashiro H, Ando A, Ikemura T, Kimura M, Inoko H (Feb 1998). "Nucleotide sequencing analysis of the 146-kilobase segment around the IkBL and MICA genes at the centromeric end of the HLA class I region". Genomics. 47 (3): 372–82. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.5114. PMID 9480751.
Bodor J, Habener JF (Apr 1998). "Role of transcriptional repressor ICER in cyclic AMP-mediated attenuation of cytokine gene expression in human thymocytes". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (16): 9544–51. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.16.9544. PMID 9545284.
Neville MJ, Campbell RD (Apr 1999). "A new member of the Ig superfamily and a V-ATPase G subunit are among the predicted products of novel genes close to the TNF locus in the human MHC". Journal of Immunology. 162 (8): 4745–54. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.162.8.4745. PMID 10202016. S2CID 46517924.
February 22, 2023
lymphotoxin, beta, lymphotoxin, beta, beta, also, known, tumor, necrosis, factor, protein, that, humans, encoded, gene, ltbavailable, structurespdbortholog, search, pdbe, rcsblist, codes4mxwidentifiersaliasesltb, tnfc, tnfsf3, tnlg1cexternal, idsomim, 600978, . Lymphotoxin beta LT beta also known as tumor necrosis factor C TNF C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LTB gene 5 6 7 LTBAvailable structuresPDBOrtholog search PDBe RCSBList of PDB id codes4MXWIdentifiersAliasesLTB TNFC TNFSF3 p33 Lymphotoxin beta TNLG1CExternal IDsOMIM 600978 MGI 104796 HomoloGene 1752 GeneCards LTBGene location Human Chr Chromosome 6 human 1 Band6p21 33Start31 580 525 bp 1 End31 582 522 bp 1 Gene location Mouse Chr Chromosome 17 mouse 2 Band17 B1 17 18 59 cMStart35 413 415 bp 2 End35 415 296 bp 2 RNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse ortholog Top expressed inspleenlymph nodebloodappendixmonocytebone marrowbone marrow cellsduodenumgallbladderthymusTop expressed inspleenthymusbone marrowjejunumcolonileumlungduodenumpancreasmorulaMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular functiontumor necrosis factor receptor binding cytokine activity signaling receptor bindingCellular componentintegral component of membrane plasma membrane membrane extracellular space cellular componentBiological processcell cell signaling tumor necrosis factor mediated signaling pathway lymph node development gene expression immune response signal transduction skin development regulation of signaling receptor activitySources Amigo QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez405016994EnsemblENSG00000223448ENSG00000238114ENSG00000236925ENSG00000231314ENSG00000204487ENSG00000236237ENSG00000227507ENSG00000206437ENSMUSG00000024399UniProtQ06643P41155RefSeq mRNA NM 009588NM 002341NM 008518RefSeq protein NP 002332NP 033666NP 032544Location UCSC Chr 6 31 58 31 58 MbChr 17 35 41 35 42 MbPubMed search 3 4 WikidataView Edit HumanView Edit Mouse Contents 1 Function 2 Interactions 3 References 4 Further readingFunction EditLymphotoxin beta is a type II membrane protein of the TNF family It anchors lymphotoxin alpha to the cell surface through heterotrimer formation The predominant form on the lymphocyte surface is the lymphotoxin alpha 1 beta 2 complex e g 1 molecule alpha 2 molecules beta and this complex is the primary ligand for the lymphotoxin beta receptor The minor complex is lymphotoxin alpha 2 beta 1 LTB is an inducer of the inflammatory response system and involved in normal development of lymphoid tissue Lymphotoxin beta isoform b is unable to complex with lymphotoxin alpha suggesting a function for lymphotoxin beta which is independent of lymphotoxin alpha Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms 7 Pro tumorigenic function of membrane LT is clearly established mice with overexpression of LTa or LTb showed increased tumor growth and metastasis in several models of cancer However these studies utilized mice with complete LTa gene deficiency that did not allow to distinguish effects of soluble versus membrane associated LT 8 Interactions EditLTB has been shown to interact with Lymphotoxin alpha 9 10 11 References Edit a b c ENSG00000238114 ENSG00000236925 ENSG00000231314 ENSG00000204487 ENSG00000236237 ENSG00000227507 ENSG00000206437 GRCh38 Ensembl release 89 ENSG00000223448 ENSG00000238114 ENSG00000236925 ENSG00000231314 ENSG00000204487 ENSG00000236237 ENSG00000227507 ENSG00000206437 Ensembl May 2017 a b c GRCm38 Ensembl release 89 ENSMUSG00000024399 Ensembl May 2017 Human PubMed Reference National Center for Biotechnology Information U S National Library of Medicine Mouse PubMed Reference National Center for Biotechnology Information U S National Library of Medicine Browning JL Ngam ek A Lawton P DeMarinis J Tizard R Chow EP Hession C O Brine Greco B Foley SF Ware CF Mar 1993 Lymphotoxin beta a novel member of the TNF family that forms a heteromeric complex with lymphotoxin on the cell surface Cell 72 6 847 56 doi 10 1016 0092 8674 93 90574 A PMID 7916655 S2CID 28961163 Browning JL Androlewicz MJ Ware CF Aug 1991 Lymphotoxin and an associated 33 kDa glycoprotein are expressed on the surface of an activated human T cell hybridoma Journal of Immunology 147 4 1230 7 doi 10 4049 jimmunol 147 4 1230 PMID 1714477 S2CID 6160376 a b Entrez Gene LTB lymphotoxin beta TNF superfamily member 3 Korneev KV Atretkhany KN Drutskaya MS Grivennikov SI Kuprash DV Nedospasov SA January 2017 TLR signaling and proinflammatory cytokines as drivers of tumorigenesis Cytokine 89 127 135 doi 10 1016 j cyto 2016 01 021 PMID 26854213 Williams Abbott L Walter BN Cheung TC Goh CR Porter AG Ware CF Aug 1997 The lymphotoxin alpha LTalpha subunit is essential for the assembly but not for the receptor specificity of the membrane anchored LTalpha1beta2 heterotrimeric ligand The Journal of Biological Chemistry 272 31 19451 6 doi 10 1074 jbc 272 31 19451 PMID 9235946 Browning JL Sizing ID Lawton P Bourdon PR Rennert PD Majeau GR Ambrose CM Hession C Miatkowski K Griffiths DA Ngam ek A Meier W Benjamin CD Hochman PS Oct 1997 Characterization of lymphotoxin alpha beta complexes on the surface of mouse lymphocytes Journal of Immunology 159 7 3288 98 doi 10 4049 jimmunol 159 7 3288 PMID 9317127 S2CID 25608697 Browning JL Dougas I Ngam ek A Bourdon PR Ehrenfels BN Miatkowski K Zafari M Yampaglia AM Lawton P Meier W Jan 1995 Characterization of surface lymphotoxin forms Use of specific monoclonal antibodies and soluble receptors Journal of Immunology 154 1 33 46 doi 10 4049 jimmunol 154 1 33 PMID 7995952 S2CID 22313274 Further reading EditMesser G Spengler U Jung MC Honold G Blomer K Pape GR Riethmuller G Weiss EH Jan 1991 Polymorphic structure of the tumor necrosis factor TNF locus an NcoI polymorphism in the first intron of the human TNF beta gene correlates with a variant amino acid in position 26 and a reduced level of TNF beta production The Journal of Experimental Medicine 173 1 209 19 doi 10 1084 jem 173 1 209 PMC 2118757 PMID 1670638 Abraham LJ Du DC Zahedi K Dawkins RL Whitehead AS 1991 Haplotypic polymorphisms of the TNFB gene Immunogenetics 33 1 50 3 doi 10 1007 BF00211695 PMID 1671667 S2CID 38756894 Nedwin GE Naylor SL Sakaguchi AY Smith D Jarrett Nedwin J Pennica D Goeddel DV Gray PW Sep 1985 Human lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor genes structure homology and chromosomal localization Nucleic Acids Research 13 17 6361 73 doi 10 1093 nar 13 17 6361 PMC 321958 PMID 2995927 Holzinger I de Baey A Messer G Kick G Zwierzina H Weiss EH 1995 Cloning and genomic characterization of LST1 a new gene in the human TNF region Immunogenetics 42 5 315 22 doi 10 1007 BF00179392 PMID 7590964 S2CID 19916860 Peelman LJ Chardon P Nunes M Renard C Geffrotin C Vaiman M Van Zeveren A Coppieters W van de Weghe A Bouquet Y Mar 1995 The BAT1 gene in the MHC encodes an evolutionarily conserved putative nuclear RNA helicase of the DEAD family Genomics 26 2 210 8 doi 10 1016 0888 7543 95 80203 X PMID 7601445 Browning JL Dougas I Ngam ek A Bourdon PR Ehrenfels BN Miatkowski K Zafari M Yampaglia AM Lawton P Meier W Jan 1995 Characterization of surface lymphotoxin forms Use of specific monoclonal antibodies and soluble receptors Journal of Immunology 154 1 33 46 doi 10 4049 jimmunol 154 1 33 PMID 7995952 S2CID 22313274 Albertella MR Campbell RD May 1994 Characterization of a novel gene in the human major histocompatibility complex that encodes a potential new member of the I kappa B family of proteins Human Molecular Genetics 3 5 793 9 doi 10 1093 hmg 3 5 793 PMID 8081366 Iris FJ Bougueleret L Prieur S Caterina D Primas G Perrot V Jurka J Rodriguez Tome P Claverie JM Dausset J Feb 1993 Dense Alu clustering and a potential new member of the NF kappa B family within a 90 kilobase HLA class III segment Nature Genetics 3 2 137 45 doi 10 1038 ng0293 137 PMID 8499947 S2CID 33041319 Nakamura T Tashiro K Nazarea M Nakano T Sasayama S Honjo T Nov 1995 The murine lymphotoxin beta receptor cDNA isolation by the signal sequence trap and chromosomal mapping Genomics 30 2 312 9 doi 10 1006 geno 1995 9872 hdl 2433 202166 PMID 8586432 Utans U Quist WC McManus BM Wilson JE Arceci RJ Wallace AF Russell ME May 1996 Allograft inflammatory factory 1 A cytokine responsive macrophage molecule expressed in transplanted human hearts Transplantation 61 9 1387 92 doi 10 1097 00007890 199605150 00018 PMID 8629302 Nalabolu SR Shukla H Nallur G Parimoo S Weissman SM Jan 1996 Genes in a 220 kb region spanning the TNF cluster in human MHC Genomics 31 2 215 22 doi 10 1006 geno 1996 0034 PMID 8824804 Laham N Van Dunne F Abraham LJ Farrugia W Bendtzen K Brennecke SP Rice GE Apr 1997 Tumor necrosis factor beta in human pregnancy and labor Journal of Reproductive Immunology 33 1 53 69 doi 10 1016 S0165 0378 97 01012 7 PMID 9185077 Warzocha K Renard N Charlot C Bienvenu J Coiffier B Salles G Sep 1997 Identification of two lymphotoxin beta isoforms expressed in human lymphoid cell lines and non Hodgkin s lymphomas Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 238 2 273 6 doi 10 1006 bbrc 1997 7277 PMID 9299492 Browning JL Sizing ID Lawton P Bourdon PR Rennert PD Majeau GR Ambrose CM Hession C Miatkowski K Griffiths DA Ngam ek A Meier W Benjamin CD Hochman PS Oct 1997 Characterization of lymphotoxin alpha beta complexes on the surface of mouse lymphocytes Journal of Immunology 159 7 3288 98 doi 10 4049 jimmunol 159 7 3288 PMID 9317127 S2CID 25608697 de Baey A Fellerhoff B Maier S Martinozzi S Weidle U Weiss EH Nov 1997 Complex expression pattern of the TNF region gene LST1 through differential regulation initiation and alternative splicing Genomics 45 3 591 600 doi 10 1006 geno 1997 4963 PMID 9367684 Shiina T Tamiya G Oka A Yamagata T Yamagata N Kikkawa E Goto K Mizuki N Watanabe K Fukuzumi Y Taguchi S Sugawara C Ono A Chen L Yamazaki M Tashiro H Ando A Ikemura T Kimura M Inoko H Feb 1998 Nucleotide sequencing analysis of the 146 kilobase segment around the IkBL and MICA genes at the centromeric end of the HLA class I region Genomics 47 3 372 82 doi 10 1006 geno 1997 5114 PMID 9480751 Bodor J Habener JF Apr 1998 Role of transcriptional repressor ICER in cyclic AMP mediated attenuation of cytokine gene expression in human thymocytes The Journal of Biological Chemistry 273 16 9544 51 doi 10 1074 jbc 273 16 9544 PMID 9545284 Neville MJ Campbell RD Apr 1999 A new member of the Ig superfamily and a V ATPase G subunit are among the predicted products of novel genes close to the TNF locus in the human MHC Journal of Immunology 162 8 4745 54 doi 10 4049 jimmunol 162 8 4745 PMID 10202016 S2CID 46517924 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lymphotoxin beta amp oldid 1136405427, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
