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Charlotte Auerbach

March 04, 2023

Charlotte "Lotte" Auerbach FRS FRSE (14 May 1899 – 17 March 1994) was a German geneticist who contributed to founding the science of mutagenesis. She became well known after 1942 when she discovered with A. J. Clark and J. M. Robson that mustard gas could cause mutations in fruit flies. She wrote 91 scientific papers, and was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and of the Royal Society of London.

Charlotte Auerbach

FRS FRSE
Lotte Auerbach circa 1955.
Born(1899-05-14)14 May 1899
Krefeld, Germany
Died17 April 1994(1994-04-17) (aged 94)
Edinburgh
NationalityGerman
CitizenshipGermany, United Kingdom
Alma materUniversity of Würzburg
University of Freiburg
University of Berlin
University of Edinburgh
Known forMutagenesis
AwardsKeith Medal (1945)
Darwin Medal (1976)
Mendel Medal (1977)
Scientific career
FieldsGenetics
InstitutionsUniversity of Edinburgh

In 1976, she was awarded the Royal Society's Darwin Medal. Aside her scientific contributions and love of science, she was remarkable in many other ways, including her wide interests, independence, modesty, and transparent honesty.[1][2]

Early life and education

Charlotte Auerbach was born in Krefeld in Germany, the daughter of Selma Sachs and Friedrich Auerbach.[3] She may have been influenced by the scientists in her family: her father Friedrich Auerbach (1870–1925) was a chemist, her uncle a physicist, and her grandfather, the anatomist Leopold Auerbach.[4]

She studied biology and chemistry at the universities of Würzburg, Freiburg and Berlin.[5] She was taught and inspired by Karl Michael Haider and Max Hartmann in Berlin, and later in Würzburg by Hans Kniep. After very good examinations in biology, chemistry, and physics, she initially decided to become a secondary-school teacher of science, passing the exams for that, with distinction in 1924.[5]

She taught in Heidelberg (1924–1925) and briefly at the University of Frankfurt, from which she was dismissed – probably because she was Jewish. In 1928 she started postgraduate research at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology (Berlin-Dahlem) in Developmental Physiology under Otto Mangold. In 1929 she abandoned her work with Mangold: he would later join the Nazi party, and Auerbach found his dictatorial manner unpleasant. In reply to her suggestion to change direction of her project, he replied "You are my student, you do as I say. What you think is of no consequence!".[1]

She again taught biology in several schools in Berlin – until the Nazi party ended this by law as she was Jewish.[6] Following her mother's advice, she left the country in 1933 and fled to Edinburgh where she got her PhD in 1935[7] at the Institute of Animal Genetics in the University of Edinburgh.[8] She would stay affiliated to this Institute throughout her whole career.

Research career: Edinburgh

Auerbach's PhD dissertation was on the development of legs in Drosophila.[1] After her dissertation she became a personal assistant to Francis Albert Eley Crew, who connected her to the lively group of scientists he had assembled, and to invited scientists including Julian Huxley, J.B.S. Haldane, and most importantly to Lotte, to Hermann Joseph Muller.[1] The famous geneticist and mutation researcher stayed in Edinburgh 1938–1940 and introduced her to mutation research.

Initially, she refused to work with Muller when Crew told her to do so. Muller, however, who was present when she opposed her boss, assured her that he would only want to work with people who are interested in the projects. But since she was interested in how genes operate, Muller noted that to understand this it would be important to understand what happens if the genes are mutated – this convinced her.[1] She said herself "His enthusiasm for mutation research was infectious and from that day on I switched to mutation research. I have never regretted it."[9]

Auerbach's genetic mutation research remained unpublished for many years because the work with mustard gas was considered classified by the government. She was finally able to publish in 1947.[6]

After being an assistant instructor in animal genetics, Auerbach became a lecturer in 1947, Professor of Genetics in 1967 and ended her professional career as a Professor Emeritus in 1969.[5]

Teaching

While she found teaching at the schools sometimes difficult, she enjoyed teaching at the University and her lectures were models of clarity, usually delivered without any notes. She spoke with authority, but she did not mind questions, and allowed time for discussions.[1]

She wrote several books to teach genetics, several of them were translated in other languages. Her book, Genetics in the Atomic Age (1956) was praised by The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists for her excellent explanations of "an inherently technical matter."[10]

Positions

She supported the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND), was a fierce opponent of apartheid, and a confirmed liberal.[5] In 1947, she published a book of fairy stories titled Adventures with Rosalind under the pen-name of Charlotte Austen.[11]

Personal life

Charlotte was an only child, born into a third-generation Jewish family who had lived for several generations in Breslau. Having fled Nazi Germany in 1933, she became a naturalised British citizen in 1939.[12]

Auerbach never married and had no children of her own. She unofficially 'adopted' two boys. One, Michael Avern, was the child of a German-speaking companion to her own elderly mother, who had escaped to Britain as well. She helped to raise Michael. The other, Angelo Alecci, came from a poor Sicilian family and the Save the Children Fund connected Charlotte with him.[2]

She was Jewish.[13]

Later life and death

In 1989, aged 90, she gave her house in Edinburgh to Michael Avern and moved into the Abbeyfield Home in Polwarth Terrace, Edinburgh, which was operated by the church. She died there five years later, in 1994. She was cremated at Mortonhall Crematorium.[14]

Awards, honors, and distinctions

 
Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh

The greatest reward for herself however was the telegram her hero Hermann Joseph Muller sent after their first striking mutant results in June 1941, which read: "We are thrilled by your major discovery opening great theoretical and practical field. Congratulations."[15]

A room in the Royal Society of Edinburgh's building on George Street, Edinburgh is named for her.[16]

There is a street named Charlotte-Auerbach-Straße in Stuhr-Brinkum.[17] One of the streets in the Kings Buildings university complex in Edinburgh is named Charlotte Auerbach Road in her honour.[18]

Works

Books

  • Auerbach C., 1961, 1964. The Science of Genetics. New Yoerk, Harper & Row.
  • Auerbach C., 1965. Notes for Introductory Courses in Genetics. Edinburgh: Kallman.
  • Auerbach C, 1976. Mutation Research: Problems, Results and Perspectives. London: Chapman & Hall.

Selected publications

  • Auerbach, C.; Robson, J. M.; Carr, J. G. (1941). "THE EFFECT OF SEX ON THE SPONTANEOUS MUTATION RATE IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER". Genetics. 41 (2–3): 255–265.
  • Auerbach, C.; Robson, J. M.; Carr, J. G. (1947). "Chemical Production of Mutations". Science. 105 (2723): 243–247. Bibcode:1947Sci...105..243A. doi:10.1126/science.105.2723.243. PMID 17769478.
  • Auerbach, C (1960). "Hazards of Radiation". Nature. 189: 169.
  • Auerbach C., 1961. Chemicals and their effects. In: Symposium on Mutation and Plant Breeding, National Research Council Publication 891, 120–144. Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences.
  • Auerbach C., 1962. Mutation: An introduction to research on Mutagenesis. Part I. Methods. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd.
  • Auerbach, C (1962). "The production of visible mutations in Drosophila by clorethylmethanesulfonate". Genetical Research. 3 (3): 461–466. doi:10.1017/s001667230000330x.
  • Auerbach, C.; Falconer, D.S.; Isaacson, J.A. (1962). "Test for sex-linked lethals in irradiated mice". Genetical Research. 3 (3): 444–447. doi:10.1017/s0016672300003281.
  • Auerbach C., 1963. Stages in the cell cycle and germ cell development. In: Radiation effects in Physics, Chemistry and Biology, edited by Ebert, M. & A. Howard, 152–168. Chicago Year Book Medical.
  • Auerbach, C (1966). "Chemical induction of recessive lethals in Neurospora crassa". Microbial Genetics Bulletin. 17: 5.
  • Auerbach, C (1966). "Drosophila tests in pharmacology". Nature. 210 (5031): 104. Bibcode:1966Natur.210..104A. doi:10.1038/210104a0. PMID 5956339. S2CID 4178899.
  • Auerbach, C (1967). "The chemical production of mutations". Science. 158 (3805): 1141–1147. Bibcode:1967Sci...158.1141A. doi:10.1126/science.158.3805.1141. PMID 6057286. S2CID 11469068.
  • Auerbach, C.; Ramsey, D. (1967). "Differential effect of incubation temperature on nitrous acid-induced reversion frequencies at two loci in Neurospora". Mutation Research. 4 (4): 508–510. doi:10.1016/0027-5107(67)90014-0. PMID 6059028.
  • Auerbach, C (1970). "Remark on the 'Tables for determining statistical significance of mutation frequencies'". Mutation Research. 10 (3): 256. doi:10.1016/0027-5107(70)90124-7. PMID 5489973.
  • Auerbach, C.; Ramsey, D. (1970). "Analysis of a case of mutagen specificity in Neurospora crassa. II Interaction between treatments with diepoxybutane (DEB) and ultraviolet light". Molecular and General Genetics. 109 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1007/bf00334042. PMID 5488083. S2CID 33628280.
  • Auerbach, C (1970). "Analysis of a Case of mutagen specificity in Neurosopra crassa III. Fractionated treatment with diepoxybutane (DEB)". Molecular and General Genetics. 109 (4): 285–291. doi:10.1007/bf00267697. PMID 5497287. S2CID 35695120.
  • Auerbach, C.; Kilbey, B.J. (1971). "Mutation in eukaryotes". Annual Review of Genetics. 5: 163–218. doi:10.1146/annurev.ge.05.120171.001115. PMID 16097655.
  • Auerbach, C.; Ramsay, D. (1971). "The problem of viability estimates in tests for reverse mutations". Mutation Research. 11 (4): 353–360. PMID 5111491.
  • Auerbach, C (1973). "Analysis of the storage effect of diepoxybutane (DEB)". Mutation Research. 18 (2): 129–141. doi:10.1016/0027-5107(73)90029-8.
  • Auerbach, C.; Moutschen-Dahmen, M.; Moutschen, J. (1977). "Genetic and cytogenetic effects of formaldehyde and related compounds". Mutation Research. 39 (3–4): 317–362. doi:10.1016/0165-1110(77)90011-2. PMID 331091.
  • Auerbach, C (1978). "A pilgrim's progress through mutation research". Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 21 (3): 319–334. doi:10.1353/pbm.1978.0000. PMID 351542. S2CID 37737550.

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f Kilbey, B.J. (1995). "In memoriam Charlotte Auerbach, FRS (1899–1994)". Mutation Research. 327 (1–2): 1–4. doi:10.1016/0027-5107(94)00187-a. PMID 7870080.
  2. ^ a b Beale, G.H. (1995). "Charlotte Auerbach. 14 May 1899-17 March 1994". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 41: 20–42. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1995.0002. S2CID 6892151.
  3. ^ (PDF). Royal Society of Edinburgh. p. 48. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  4. ^ . Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d Beale, Geoffrey. "Charlotte Auerbach". Jewish Women's Archive.
  6. ^ a b Swaby, Rachel (2015). Headstrong: 52 Women Who Changed Science – And the World. New York: Broadway Books. pp. 91–94. ISBN 9780553446791.
  7. ^ Auerbach, Charlotte (1935). "Development of the legs, wings and halteres in wild type and certain mutant strains of Drosophila melanogaster". hdl:1842/26163. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ Institute of Animal Genetics website[permanent dead link]; accessed 16 March 2016.
  9. ^ Auerbach 1978, pp. 319–20.
  10. ^ Langsdorf Jr., Alexander (November 1956). "Genetics in the Atomic Age". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 12 (9): 349. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
  11. ^ Beale, Geoffrey (20 March 1994). "Obituary: Professor Charlotte Auerbach". The Independent.
  12. ^ Haines, Catharine (2001). International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950. California: ABC-CLIO, Inc. ISBN 978-1-57607-090-1.
  13. ^ "Charlotte Auerbach". Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  14. ^ Waterston, C.D.; Shearer, A. Macmillan (2006). (PDF). Vol. 1. Edinburgh: The Royal Society of Edinburgh. p. 40. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
  15. ^ Swaby, Rachel (7 April 2015). Headstrong: 52 Women Who Changed Science-and the World. Crown/Archetype. p. 98. ISBN 9780553446807.
  16. ^ "Rooms". The Royal Society of Edinburgh. 23 September 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  17. ^ Holden, John-Paul (16 September 2014). "New streets honour Edinburgh thinkers". The Evening News (Edinburgh). Retrieved 17 February 2015.
  18. ^ Edinburgh, A-Z street gazetteer

References

  • Beale, G. H. (1995). "Charlotte Auerbach. 14 May 1899 – 17 March 1994". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 41: 20–42. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1995.0002. PMID 11615355. S2CID 6892151.
  • Kilbey, B. J. (1995). "Charlotte Auerbach (1899–1994)". Genetics. 141 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1093/genetics/141.1.1. PMC 1206709. PMID 8536959.
  • Kilbey, B. J. (1995). "In memoriam Charlotte Auerbach, FRS (1899–1994)". Mutation Research. 327 (1–2): 1–4. doi:10.1016/0027-5107(94)00187-a. PMID 7870080.
  • "Antimutagenesis and anticarcinogenesis mechanisms. Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanisms of Antimutagenesis and Anticarcinogenesis. October 6-10, 1985, Lawrence, Kansas. Dedicated to Dr. Charlotte Auerbach and Dr. Takashi Sugimura". Basic Life Sciences. 39: 1–605. 1986. PMID 3533038.
  • Sobels, F. H. (1975). "Charlotte Auerbach and chemical mutagenesis". Mutation Research. 29 (2): 171–180. doi:10.1016/0027-5107(75)90111-6. PMID 1102963.
  • "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/54719. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • Women in the Biological Sciences: A Biobibliographic Sourcebook. Edited by LS Grinstein, CA Bierman, and RK Rose. Greenwood Press 1997.

Further reading

  • BBC Radio 4 In Our Time – GENETIC MUTATION – Steve Jones mentions Auerbach – streaming audio
  • Seltene Karriere einer Emigrantin, Die Wissenschaftlerin Charlotte Auerbach (1899–1994)

External links

  • Geoffrey Beale, an entry about Charlotte Auerbach, Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia

March 04, 2023
charlotte, auerbach, charlotte, lotte, auerbach, frse, 1899, march, 1994, german, geneticist, contributed, founding, science, mutagenesis, became, well, known, after, 1942, when, discovered, with, clark, robson, that, mustard, could, cause, mutations, fruit, f. Charlotte Lotte Auerbach FRS FRSE 14 May 1899 17 March 1994 was a German geneticist who contributed to founding the science of mutagenesis She became well known after 1942 when she discovered with A J Clark and J M Robson that mustard gas could cause mutations in fruit flies She wrote 91 scientific papers and was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and of the Royal Society of London Charlotte AuerbachFRS FRSELotte Auerbach circa 1955 Born 1899 05 14 14 May 1899Krefeld GermanyDied17 April 1994 1994 04 17 aged 94 EdinburghNationalityGermanCitizenshipGermany United KingdomAlma materUniversity of WurzburgUniversity of FreiburgUniversity of BerlinUniversity of EdinburghKnown forMutagenesisAwardsKeith Medal 1945 Darwin Medal 1976 Mendel Medal 1977 Scientific careerFieldsGeneticsInstitutionsUniversity of EdinburghIn 1976 she was awarded the Royal Society s Darwin Medal Aside her scientific contributions and love of science she was remarkable in many other ways including her wide interests independence modesty and transparent honesty 1 2 Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Research career Edinburgh 3 Teaching 4 Positions 5 Personal life 6 Later life and death 7 Awards honors and distinctions 8 Works 8 1 Books 8 2 Selected publications 9 Citations 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External linksEarly life and education EditCharlotte Auerbach was born in Krefeld in Germany the daughter of Selma Sachs and Friedrich Auerbach 3 She may have been influenced by the scientists in her family her father Friedrich Auerbach 1870 1925 was a chemist her uncle a physicist and her grandfather the anatomist Leopold Auerbach 4 She studied biology and chemistry at the universities of Wurzburg Freiburg and Berlin 5 She was taught and inspired by Karl Michael Haider and Max Hartmann in Berlin and later in Wurzburg by Hans Kniep After very good examinations in biology chemistry and physics she initially decided to become a secondary school teacher of science passing the exams for that with distinction in 1924 5 She taught in Heidelberg 1924 1925 and briefly at the University of Frankfurt from which she was dismissed probably because she was Jewish In 1928 she started postgraduate research at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology Berlin Dahlem in Developmental Physiology under Otto Mangold In 1929 she abandoned her work with Mangold he would later join the Nazi party and Auerbach found his dictatorial manner unpleasant In reply to her suggestion to change direction of her project he replied You are my student you do as I say What you think is of no consequence 1 She again taught biology in several schools in Berlin until the Nazi party ended this by law as she was Jewish 6 Following her mother s advice she left the country in 1933 and fled to Edinburgh where she got her PhD in 1935 7 at the Institute of Animal Genetics in the University of Edinburgh 8 She would stay affiliated to this Institute throughout her whole career Research career Edinburgh EditAuerbach s PhD dissertation was on the development of legs in Drosophila 1 After her dissertation she became a personal assistant to Francis Albert Eley Crew who connected her to the lively group of scientists he had assembled and to invited scientists including Julian Huxley J B S Haldane and most importantly to Lotte to Hermann Joseph Muller 1 The famous geneticist and mutation researcher stayed in Edinburgh 1938 1940 and introduced her to mutation research Initially she refused to work with Muller when Crew told her to do so Muller however who was present when she opposed her boss assured her that he would only want to work with people who are interested in the projects But since she was interested in how genes operate Muller noted that to understand this it would be important to understand what happens if the genes are mutated this convinced her 1 She said herself His enthusiasm for mutation research was infectious and from that day on I switched to mutation research I have never regretted it 9 Auerbach s genetic mutation research remained unpublished for many years because the work with mustard gas was considered classified by the government She was finally able to publish in 1947 6 After being an assistant instructor in animal genetics Auerbach became a lecturer in 1947 Professor of Genetics in 1967 and ended her professional career as a Professor Emeritus in 1969 5 Teaching EditWhile she found teaching at the schools sometimes difficult she enjoyed teaching at the University and her lectures were models of clarity usually delivered without any notes She spoke with authority but she did not mind questions and allowed time for discussions 1 She wrote several books to teach genetics several of them were translated in other languages Her book Genetics in the Atomic Age 1956 was praised by The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists for her excellent explanations of an inherently technical matter 10 Positions EditShe supported the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament CND was a fierce opponent of apartheid and a confirmed liberal 5 In 1947 she published a book of fairy stories titled Adventures with Rosalind under the pen name of Charlotte Austen 11 Personal life EditCharlotte was an only child born into a third generation Jewish family who had lived for several generations in Breslau Having fled Nazi Germany in 1933 she became a naturalised British citizen in 1939 12 Auerbach never married and had no children of her own She unofficially adopted two boys One Michael Avern was the child of a German speaking companion to her own elderly mother who had escaped to Britain as well She helped to raise Michael The other Angelo Alecci came from a poor Sicilian family and the Save the Children Fund connected Charlotte with him 2 She was Jewish 13 Later life and death EditIn 1989 aged 90 she gave her house in Edinburgh to Michael Avern and moved into the Abbeyfield Home in Polwarth Terrace Edinburgh which was operated by the church She died there five years later in 1994 She was cremated at Mortonhall Crematorium 14 Awards honors and distinctions EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed May 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Charlotte Auerbach Road Edinburgh Keith Prize Royal Society of Edinburgh 1947 Fellow of Royal Society of Edinburgh 1949 Fellow of the Royal Society 1957 Foreign Member Danish Academy of Science 1968 Foreign Member National Academy of Sciences 1970 Honorary degrees Leiden University 1975 Trinity College Dublin 1976 University of Cambridge 1976 Indiana University 1984 Darwin Medal Royal Society 1976 Fellow United Kingdom Environmental Mutagen Society 1978 Prix de d Institut de la Vie Fond Electricite de France 1982 Gregor Mendel Preis German Genetical Society 1984 The greatest reward for herself however was the telegram her hero Hermann Joseph Muller sent after their first striking mutant results in June 1941 which read We are thrilled by your major discovery opening great theoretical and practical field Congratulations 15 A room in the Royal Society of Edinburgh s building on George Street Edinburgh is named for her 16 There is a street named Charlotte Auerbach Strasse in Stuhr Brinkum 17 One of the streets in the Kings Buildings university complex in Edinburgh is named Charlotte Auerbach Road in her honour 18 Works EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed May 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Books Edit Auerbach C 1961 1964 The Science of Genetics New Yoerk Harper amp Row Auerbach C 1965 Notes for Introductory Courses in Genetics Edinburgh Kallman Auerbach C 1976 Mutation Research Problems Results and Perspectives London Chapman amp Hall Selected publications Edit Auerbach C Robson J M Carr J G 1941 THE EFFECT OF SEX ON THE SPONTANEOUS MUTATION RATE IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER Genetics 41 2 3 255 265 Auerbach C Robson J M Carr J G 1947 Chemical Production of Mutations Science 105 2723 243 247 Bibcode 1947Sci 105 243A doi 10 1126 science 105 2723 243 PMID 17769478 Auerbach C 1960 Hazards of Radiation Nature 189 169 Auerbach C 1961 Chemicals and their effects In Symposium on Mutation and Plant Breeding National Research Council Publication 891 120 144 Washington DC National Academy of Sciences Auerbach C 1962 Mutation An introduction to research on Mutagenesis Part I Methods Edinburgh Oliver amp Boyd Auerbach C 1962 The production of visible mutations in Drosophila by clorethylmethanesulfonate Genetical Research 3 3 461 466 doi 10 1017 s001667230000330x Auerbach C Falconer D S Isaacson J A 1962 Test for sex linked lethals in irradiated mice Genetical Research 3 3 444 447 doi 10 1017 s0016672300003281 Auerbach C 1963 Stages in the cell cycle and germ cell development In Radiation effects in Physics Chemistry and Biology edited by Ebert M amp A Howard 152 168 Chicago Year Book Medical Auerbach C 1966 Chemical induction of recessive lethals in Neurospora crassa Microbial Genetics Bulletin 17 5 Auerbach C 1966 Drosophila tests in pharmacology Nature 210 5031 104 Bibcode 1966Natur 210 104A doi 10 1038 210104a0 PMID 5956339 S2CID 4178899 Auerbach C 1967 The chemical production of mutations Science 158 3805 1141 1147 Bibcode 1967Sci 158 1141A doi 10 1126 science 158 3805 1141 PMID 6057286 S2CID 11469068 Auerbach C Ramsey D 1967 Differential effect of incubation temperature on nitrous acid induced reversion frequencies at two loci in Neurospora Mutation Research 4 4 508 510 doi 10 1016 0027 5107 67 90014 0 PMID 6059028 Auerbach C 1970 Remark on the Tables for determining statistical significance of mutation frequencies Mutation Research 10 3 256 doi 10 1016 0027 5107 70 90124 7 PMID 5489973 Auerbach C Ramsey D 1970 Analysis of a case of mutagen specificity in Neurospora crassa II Interaction between treatments with diepoxybutane DEB and ultraviolet light Molecular and General Genetics 109 1 1 17 doi 10 1007 bf00334042 PMID 5488083 S2CID 33628280 Auerbach C 1970 Analysis of a Case of mutagen specificity in Neurosopra crassa III Fractionated treatment with diepoxybutane DEB Molecular and General Genetics 109 4 285 291 doi 10 1007 bf00267697 PMID 5497287 S2CID 35695120 Auerbach C Kilbey B J 1971 Mutation in eukaryotes Annual Review of Genetics 5 163 218 doi 10 1146 annurev ge 05 120171 001115 PMID 16097655 Auerbach C Ramsay D 1971 The problem of viability estimates in tests for reverse mutations Mutation Research 11 4 353 360 PMID 5111491 Auerbach C 1973 Analysis of the storage effect of diepoxybutane DEB Mutation Research 18 2 129 141 doi 10 1016 0027 5107 73 90029 8 Auerbach C Moutschen Dahmen M Moutschen J 1977 Genetic and cytogenetic effects of formaldehyde and related compounds Mutation Research 39 3 4 317 362 doi 10 1016 0165 1110 77 90011 2 PMID 331091 Auerbach C 1978 A pilgrim s progress through mutation research Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 21 3 319 334 doi 10 1353 pbm 1978 0000 PMID 351542 S2CID 37737550 Citations Edit a b c d e f Kilbey B J 1995 In memoriam Charlotte Auerbach FRS 1899 1994 Mutation Research 327 1 2 1 4 doi 10 1016 0027 5107 94 00187 a PMID 7870080 a b Beale G H 1995 Charlotte Auerbach 14 May 1899 17 March 1994 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 41 20 42 doi 10 1098 rsbm 1995 0002 S2CID 6892151 Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh PDF Royal Society of Edinburgh p 48 Archived from the original PDF on 19 September 2015 Retrieved 16 March 2016 Profile of geneticist Charlotte Auerbach Archived from the original on 11 April 2013 Retrieved 23 August 2015 a b c d Beale Geoffrey Charlotte Auerbach Jewish Women s Archive a b Swaby Rachel 2015 Headstrong 52 Women Who Changed Science And the World New York Broadway Books pp 91 94 ISBN 9780553446791 Auerbach Charlotte 1935 Development of the legs wings and halteres in wild type and certain mutant strains of Drosophila melanogaster hdl 1842 26163 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Institute of Animal Genetics website permanent dead link accessed 16 March 2016 Auerbach 1978 pp 319 20 Langsdorf Jr Alexander November 1956 Genetics in the Atomic Age Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 12 9 349 Retrieved 23 August 2015 Beale Geoffrey 20 March 1994 Obituary Professor Charlotte Auerbach The Independent Haines Catharine 2001 International Women in Science A Biographical Dictionary to 1950 California ABC CLIO Inc ISBN 978 1 57607 090 1 Charlotte Auerbach Jewish Women s Archive Retrieved 8 June 2021 Waterston C D Shearer A Macmillan 2006 Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783 2002 PDF Vol 1 Edinburgh The Royal Society of Edinburgh p 40 ISBN 0 902 198 84 X Archived from the original PDF on 19 September 2015 Retrieved 23 August 2015 Swaby Rachel 7 April 2015 Headstrong 52 Women Who Changed Science and the World Crown Archetype p 98 ISBN 9780553446807 Rooms The Royal Society of Edinburgh 23 September 2016 Retrieved 15 February 2019 Holden John Paul 16 September 2014 New streets honour Edinburgh thinkers The Evening News Edinburgh Retrieved 17 February 2015 Edinburgh A Z street gazetteerReferences EditBeale G H 1995 Charlotte Auerbach 14 May 1899 17 March 1994 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 41 20 42 doi 10 1098 rsbm 1995 0002 PMID 11615355 S2CID 6892151 Kilbey B J 1995 Charlotte Auerbach 1899 1994 Genetics 141 1 1 5 doi 10 1093 genetics 141 1 1 PMC 1206709 PMID 8536959 Kilbey B J 1995 In memoriam Charlotte Auerbach FRS 1899 1994 Mutation Research 327 1 2 1 4 doi 10 1016 0027 5107 94 00187 a PMID 7870080 Antimutagenesis and anticarcinogenesis mechanisms Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanisms of Antimutagenesis and Anticarcinogenesis October 6 10 1985 Lawrence Kansas Dedicated to Dr Charlotte Auerbach and Dr Takashi Sugimura Basic Life Sciences 39 1 605 1986 PMID 3533038 Sobels F H 1975 Charlotte Auerbach and chemical mutagenesis Mutation Research 29 2 171 180 doi 10 1016 0027 5107 75 90111 6 PMID 1102963 The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press 2004 doi 10 1093 ref odnb 54719 Subscription or UK public library membership required Women in the Biological Sciences A Biobibliographic Sourcebook Edited by LS Grinstein CA Bierman and RK Rose Greenwood Press 1997 Further reading EditBBC Radio 4 In Our Time GENETIC MUTATION Steve Jones mentions Auerbach streaming audio Seltene Karriere einer Emigrantin Die Wissenschaftlerin Charlotte Auerbach 1899 1994 External links EditGeoffrey Beale an entry about Charlotte Auerbach Jewish Women A Comprehensive Encyclopedia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Charlotte Auerbach amp oldid 1136432061, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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