2018–2019 Omani protests

The 2018–2019 Omani protests were nationwide protests and rallies in which tens of thousands of protesters marched against skyrocketing unemployment and inflation in the Sultanate of Oman. These protests were part of a larger series of anti-government protests in several Arab countries, known as the 2018-2022 Arab Protests. Over a 13-month period between January 2018 and January 2019, Omani citizens went out into the streets on several occasions to rally against decisions made by their government, whilst demanding more employment opportunities as well as economic reforms.

2018–2019 Omani protests
Date	First wave 22–29 January 2018 Second wave December 2018 – 9 January 2019
Location	Oman
Caused by	Austerity General unemployment Youth unemployment High fuel prices
Methods	Demonstrations
Resulted in	First wave Pledge by the government to create 25000 additional jobs for Omani nationals 6-months ban on employing expats in certain professions Additional fees for employing expats in certain professions Second wave Government capping price on regular petrol Establishment of the National Center for Employment Additional welfare spending and salary increases for public employees
Casualties
Arrested	First wave At least 30 protestors, who were later released Second wave Several people, including 2 journalists covering the protests, who were later released

Timeline

First wave (January 2018)

In the afternoon of Monday the 22nd of January 2018, a large group of Omani citizens began to gather outside the Ministry of Manpower in Muscat.^[1] As the crowd grew bigger, protesters reportedly started shouting chants such as: 'we want jobs' and 'we are tired of waiting'.^[2] As riot police stood on guard, several of the young unemployed protesters demonstrating against the lack of job opportunities were invited into the Ministry building to discuss their grievances with officials.^[3]

Exactly one week later, on January 29, protesters gathered once again in the Omani capital. This time, demonstrations spread to provincial cities Salalah and Sur.^[4] Protesters' demands mainly targeted the lack of job opportunities within the Sultanate as well as the high unemployment rate, with the national rate being estimated at 15% nationally and over 30% for young people the year before.^[5]

Numerous arrests were made by riot-police in the Southern Dhofar governorate in January 2018, with protesters reportedly being released that same day.^[6]

In response of the nationwide protests, the Omani government announced that it would be creating 25 thousand jobs over the next six months, that were to be filled by Omani nationals only.^[6] Furthermore, Oman's Minister of Manpower Abdullah bin Nasser al-Bakri stated that the recruitment of expatriate labor to certain professions would be restricted during that same period.^[6] In total, Oman banned the issuance of new visas for expatriate workers in 87 private sector professions and increased the fees for sponsoring expatriate employees.^[7] As promised, it also managed to create 25 thousands public sector jobs for its citizens.^[8]

Second wave (December 2018 - January 2019)

Unrest resurfaced in the Sultanate of Oman towards the end of 2018. In december, thousands of protesters rallied against economic hardship and once again requested more job opportunities. Protests reached the cities of Muscat, Sohar, Sur and Salalah and were composed mostly of recent graduates and unemployed youth.^[9] Within certain professions, strikes were reported throughout the country.^[9]

On January 1, 2019, renewed protests broke out in Oman's biggest cities: Muscat and Salalah. People in the streets protested high unemployment rates and austerity measures adopted by the regime to compensate for decreasing oil prices.^[9] These measures involved cutting government spending on subsidies by over OMR500 million (approx. USD1.3bn) in 2015-2016.^[9] In previous years, the Omani government capped the price of regular petrol; diesel and super petrol remained linked to international crude oil prices. Similar public demonstrations had taken place in Oman in 2015 after transportation fuel prices were indexed to international market prices.^[10]

The demonstrations that took place in early January 2019 triggered a swift response by the Omani government. Existing visa-bans for expatriates that were installed after the 2018 protests were extended. On January 6, the Omani government announced that it would establish a new body to alleviate the employment-crisis.^[11] The so-called National Center for Employment was created to help Omanis to navigate the national labor market.^[12] As a result, protests and strikes came to an end on January 9, 2019.

Police response

Polices responses to the late 2018 protests were reported to have been excessive at times, with some people being arrested immediately upon their arrival to the protest site.^[13] Some protesters reportedly were being released quickly, whereas for others that has remained unclear.^[14] Over the course of 2018, at least 30 people protesting unemployment were arrested and later released in Oman.^[15] In 2019, police forces detained two radio journalists from Hala FM who were covering an unemployment protest in Muscat.^[16] Police also reportedly forced social media users at the protest to delete the photos and videos which they had taken.^[17]

See also

• 2011 Omani protests

References

1. "Omani government working to create 25,000 jobs in six months". Reuters. 2018-01-25. Retrieved 2022-04-19.
2. "Unemployment triggers protests in Oman | Mohammed Alkhereiji". AW. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
3. "Oman jobs protest spreads to other cities as arrests reported". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 2022-04-04.
4. "Oman jobs protest spreads to other cities as arrests reported". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 2022-04-04.
5. Abouzzohour, Yasmina (2020-01-15). "As Oman enters a new era, economic and political challenges persist". Brookings Doha Center. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
6. "Oman jobs protest spreads to other cities as arrests reported". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 2022-04-04.
7. Katzman, Kenneth; Collins, Sarah (2021-05-19). "Oman: Politics, Security, and U.S. Policy". from the original on June 1, 2022. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
8. "Omani government promises to address unemployment after nationwide protests". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
9. Abouzzohour, Yasmina (2021-02-09). "Oman, Ten Years After the Arab Spring: The Evolution of State-Society Relations". Arab Reform Initiative.
10. Krane, Jim (2018-04-23). "Political enablers of energy subsidy reform in Middle Eastern oil exporters". Nature Energy. 3 (7): 547–552. doi:10.1038/s41560-018-0113-4. ISSN 2058-7546. S2CID 158713707.
11. "Omani government promises to address unemployment after nationwide protests". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
12. "Oman launches new job center service for locals as expat visa ban continues". Arab News. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
13. "Oman jobs protest spreads to other cities as arrests reported". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 2022-04-04.
14. Abouzzohour, Yasmina (2021-02-09). "Oman, Ten Years After the Arab Spring: The Evolution of State-Society Relations". Arab Reform Initiative.
15. "Oman: Human Rights Violations Persist: Amnesty International Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review, 37th Session of the UPR Working Group, January 2021". Amnesty International. Retrieved 2022-03-12.
16. "Omani government promises to address unemployment after nationwide protests". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
17. "Oman's Ongoing Attack on the Freedom of Expression". ECDHR. 2020-10-15. Retrieved 2022-05-02.

External links