Fort Knox (Maine)
Fort Knox, now Fort Knox State Park or Fort Knox State Historic Site,[1] is located on the western bank of the Penobscot River in the town of Prospect, Maine, about 5 miles (8.0 km) from the mouth of the river. Built between 1844 and 1869, it was the first fort in Maine built entirely of granite; most previous forts used wood, earth, and stone.[2] It is named after Major General Henry Knox, the first U.S. Secretary of War and Commander of Artillery during the American Revolutionary War, who at the end of his life lived not far away in Thomaston. As a virtually intact example of a mid-19th century granite coastal fortification, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969 and declared a National Historic Landmark on December 30, 1970.[3][4] Fort Knox also serves as the entry site for the observation tower of the Penobscot Narrows Bridge that opened to the public in 2007.[5]
Fort Knox | |
Fort Knox, Maine painting by Seth Eastman done between 1870 and 1875 | |
Fort Knox Location in Maine | |
| Location | Prospect, Maine |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 44°33′58.3″N 68°48′8.7″W / 44.566194°N 68.802417°W |
| Area | 124 acres (50 ha) |
| Built | 1844 |
| Architect | Colonel Joseph G. Totten, US Army Corps of Engineers |
| NRHP reference No. | 69000023 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | October 1, 1969 |
| Designated NHL | December 30, 1970 |
History edit
Background edit
Local memory of the humiliation of Maine at the hands of the British during the American Revolution and again during the War of 1812 contributed to subsequent anti-British feeling in Eastern Maine. The Penobscot Expedition of 1779 aimed to force the British from New Ireland (Maine), but ended in a debacle. The Americans lost 43 ships and suffered approximately 500 casualties in the worst naval defeat for the United States prior to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Then in autumn 1814, during the War of 1812, a British naval force and soldiers sailed up the Penobscot and defeated an outnumbered American force in the Battle of Hampden. The British followed their victory by looting both Hampden and Bangor. The American defeat contributed to the post-war movement for Maine's statehood, which occurred in 1820, as Massachusetts had failed to protect the region.
The Aroostook War of 1838-1839 revived anti-British feeling and concern over the vulnerability of the region to another attack like that of 1814. Also, the Penobscot valley and Bangor were major sources of shipbuilding lumber. The response was the inclusion of the Penobscot in the Third System of coastal fortifications, and the construction of Fort Knox, a large, expensive, granite fort at the mouth of the Penobscot River.
Construction edit
Construction began in 1844 and continued until all masonry fort funding was withdrawn in 1869, with the fort mostly complete except for the emplacements on the "roof" or barbette level.[6][7] Funding from Congress was intermittent, and the fort's design was never fully completed despite an expenditure of $1,000,000. Granite was quarried five miles (8 km) upriver from Mount Waldo in Frankfort.[8] The fort's overall design was by Joseph G. Totten, the foremost fortification engineer of the Army Corps of Engineers in his day. Notable engineer officers supervising construction included Isaac Ingalls Stevens and Thomas L. Casey.[7]
Besides the main fort with 64 guns, Fort Knox had two open water batteries facing the river, each equipped with a shot furnace to heat cannonballs sufficiently that they could ignite wooden ships if the ball lodged in the vessel. These furnaces became obsolete with the adoption of ironclad warships.[8]
Civil War edit
Fort Knox never saw battle, though it was manned during times of war. During the American Civil War volunteers from Maine, mostly recruits in training before assignment to active duty, manned the fort. Thomas Lincoln Casey supervised work on the fort, including adapting the batteries to use the recently invented Rodman cannon, and oversaw its completion.
Spanish–American War edit
A regiment from Connecticut manned Fort Knox during the Spanish–American War. A plaque at the fort describes the laying of a controlled minefield in the river during this war, which Congress appropriated $3,200 for shortly after its outbreak.[9]
Post Spanish–American War edit
The garrison was reduced to one man, the "Keeper of the Fort" or caretaker with the rank of ordnance sergeant, at the end of the war. The keeper attended to the condition and maintenance of the fort, and reported to Fort Preble in South Portland. In 1900 the fort received a permanent "torpedo storehouse" for storing naval mines (which were called torpedoes at the time) that is now the Visitor's Center.[10]
In 1923, the federal government declared the fort excess property and put its 125-acre (51 ha) grounds up for sale. The state of Maine bought it for $2,121. It has been administered as a Maine state historic site since 1943.[3]
A work crew from the Ellsworth camp of the Civilian Conservation Corps, Co. 193 was deployed to transform the fort into a tourist destination. The November 1936 issue of Brann News, the camp newspaper lists work accomplished: "picnic area, reforestation, road construction, drainage in fort itself, Spring development, table and bench combinations, fireplaces, reconstruction of the retaining wall on the river side of the fort, repairing masonry work, in the interior of the fort."
Present edit
The fort today is distinguished as one of the best-preserved and most accessible forts in the United States. Virtually all of the fort is open to the public. Several period weapons are on site, including two 15-inch Rodman smoothbores in the water batteries (one remounted), an 8-inch Rodman converted rifle near the parking lot, a 10-inch Rodman smoothbore in the fort, and several 24-pounder flank howitzers.[clarification needed] Some of the flank howitzers are mounted on original carriages; "Fort Monroe 1862" can be seen on the bronze plates of these carriages. Remounted 15-inch Rodman guns are rare, as they weigh 50,000 pounds. They were the largest weapon produced in quantity of the Civil War era.
Friends of Fort Knox edit
The Friends of Fort Knox, a nonprofit group formed in the 1990s, has been responsible for many fort repairs and improvements. Friends of Fort Knox projects include the transformation of the Torpedo Storage Shed into the Visitor and Education Center, restoration of the Officer's Quarters, installation of interpretive panels, repair of Battery A powder magazine, restoration and display of four 24-pound flank defense howitzers, repair and opening of the enlisted men's quarters, cistern, rooms and extensive masonry repair.
The Friends reached an agreement with the State Department of Conservation to take over day-to-day operations of the Fort, and began doing so on April 15, 2012. The State retains ownership of the fort as part of the agreement. The lease runs through 2015 and requires the Friends to be responsible for all maintenance of the grounds as well as the interior and exterior of buildings on the property. The Friends may also improve or alter the fort as long as any changes are consistent with the law.
Beginning in 2012 the Friends were authorized to set the entrance fee to the fort, with the approval of the Bureau of Parks and Lands, with such fees consistent with the goal of keeping entry affordable for Maine residents. In exchange, the Friends keep 85 percent of entrance fee revenue, with the rest going to the State General Fund.[11]
In the media edit
Television edit
Fort Knox was featured as one of the haunted locations on the paranormal TV series Most Terrifying Places in America in an episode titled "Cursed Towns" that aired on the Travel Channel in 2018.[12]
The Travel Channel's television show Destination Fear filmed at the abandoned fort for the third episode of their third season (2021).[13][14]
Image gallery edit
- Sally Port-entrance to the fort
- Parade Ground, storage vault covers
- Terreplein - never armed
- View of Bucksport
- A passage between casemates
- A medium-sized (10 inch) Rodman cannon
- Panorama of the fort entrance
- View from Bucksport, Maine waterfront
- Southern water battery
- Flank defense, southern water battery
- 8-inch converted Rodman rifle, lined down from 10-inch smoothbore
- Remounted 15-inch Rodman gun, southern water battery
- Shot furnace, southern water battery
- Exterior of bastion
- Interior of bastion with 24-pounder flank howitzers on period carriages
- 24-pounder flank howitzer in casemate
See also edit
References edit
- ^ "Fort Knox State Historic Site". Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
- ^ Wade, pp. 235-240
- ^ a b Charles W. Snell (July 10, 1970). "Fort Knox State Park / Fort Knox". National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form. National Park Service. and accompanying 12 photos, exterior and interior, from 1970
- ^ "Listing of National Historic Landmarks by State". National Park Service. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
- ^ "Directions to Penobscot Narrows Bridge & Observatory". Maine DOT. from the original on February 9, 2018. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
- ^ Weaver, pp. 71-73
- ^ a b "Fort Knox (1) - FortWiki Historic U.S. and Canadian Forts". www.fortwiki.com. from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved August 29, 2020.
- ^ a b . .umaine.edu. Archived from the original on April 14, 2008. Retrieved May 9, 2012.
- ^ "Congressional Serial Set". U.S. Government Printing Office. August 29, 1900. from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2020 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Maine Forts: page 2". www.northamericanforts.com. from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved August 29, 2020.
- ^ Curtis, Abigail (April 12, 2012). "Details of Fort Knox privatization lease released". Bangor Daily News. from the original on August 7, 2015. Retrieved August 21, 2012.
- ^ "Cursed Towns". Travel Channel. from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved August 29, 2020.
- ^ Wolfe, Paul (August 2, 2021). "'Destination Fear' Investigates Fort Knox In New Episode". Q106.5 FM. Bangor, Maine: Townsquare Media. from the original on January 5, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
- ^ "Season 3, Episode 2: Fort Knox". Travel Channel. from the original on October 4, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
Bibliography edit
- Wade, Arthur P. (2011). Artillerists and Engineers: The Beginnings of American Seacoast Fortifications, 1794–1815. CDSG Press. ISBN 978-0-9748167-2-2.
- Weaver II, John R. (2018). A Legacy in Brick and Stone: American Coastal Defense Forts of the Third System, 1816-1867, 2nd Ed. McLean, VA: Redoubt Press. pp. 83–88. ISBN 978-1-7323916-1-1.
External links edit
Fort Knox.
- Fort Knox State Historic Site Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry
- Friends of Fort Knox web site
- The Fort Knox Roll Book Website