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Royal Ordnance L30

January 07, 2023

The L30A1, officially designated Gun 120 mm Tk L30,[i] is a 120 mm rifled tank gun used by the British Army and Royal Army of Oman. It is an improved production model of the Royal Ordnance L11 series of rifled tank guns.

L30A1
Gun of a Challenger 2 tank of the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards, Basra, Iraq, November 2008
Place of originUnited Kingdom
Service history
In service1998–present
Used byUnited Kingdom
Oman
Production history
DesignerRoyal Ordnance Factory, Nottingham
ManufacturerRoyal Ordnance Factory
Specifications
Mass1805 kg (barrel with thermal sleeve)
Barrel length55 calibres (6.6 meters)
Calibre120 mm (4.7 in)

It is fitted in the turret of the Challenger 2 main battle tank,[1] and has been retrofitted to the Challenger 1 tank.[2]

Challenger Armament

The Challenger Armament (CHARM) project was intended to provide a new main armament for the Challenger 2 tank and to be retro-fitted to the Challenger 1. It involved three components: the gun, developed by the Royal Ordnance Factory, Nottingham, the depleted uranium (DU) APFSDS round, and a propellant charge for it.[citation needed]

After earlier projects were cancelled, the EXP 32M1 experimental gun was re-titled the XL30E4 and accepted for production as the L30 in 1989. The Challenger 2 tank was first produced in 1993.

Design

 
Close-up of muzzle

The barrel is 55 calibres long (L55) and is made of electro-slag refined steel. The bore and chamber are electro-plated with chromium to give a barrel life of 400 effective full charges.

The breech mechanism is a split sliding-block breech. One vertically sliding block holds a Crossley-type elastomeric[3] obturation ring (which is necessary because the propellant charges are combustible cases or bags) and is locked for firing by a second block. When the second block falls, the first is released to open the breech.

Accident

An accident deemed to have been due largely to a design fault in the L30 gun killed two men and injured two others. On 14 June 2017, a Challenger 2 from The Royal Tank Regiment suffered an ammunition explosion during live firing exercises at the Castlemartin Range in Pembrokeshire. The tank was firing 120 mm practice shells with a standard propellant charge. The explosion critically injured the four-man crew, with two later dying of their wounds in hospital. All British Army tank firing exercises were suspended for 48 hours while the cause of the explosion was investigated.[4] It was determined that a bolt vent axial (BVA) seal assembly had been removed during an earlier exercise and had not been replaced at the time of the incident, allowing explosive gases to enter the turret space, detonating two bag charges that had not been stowed in the internal ammunition bins as required by correct procedure.[5] The lack of a written process for removal and replacement of the seal assembly meant that the crew were unaware of its absence. The coroner at the inquest said that the main cause of the incident was that inadequate consideration had been given during the production of the L30 gun as to whether it could be fired without the seal assembly.[6]

Ammunition

 
A L28A1 APFSDS preserved in the Bovington Tank Museum, 2018

The ammunition types which are currently or were formerly in use include:

Projectiles

  • L23A1 APFSDS : The penetrator is made from a tungsten–nickel–copper alloy with a 6 bladed aluminium fin and is located in a three-segment aluminium alloy saddle-type sabot. The shot 120mm TK APFSDS, L23 is used with the L8A1 charge. The L23A1 is capable of defeating the NATO Single Heavy Target (150mm RHA at 60°) at 6350 m and the NATO Triple Heavy Target (triple array equivalent to 110mm RHA at 65°) at 6300 m. In 2010, BAE Munitions undertook a feasibility study to model the ballistic/energetic effect of the L23A1 APFSDS and the L18A1 CCC charge combination. Function and consistency tests were completed in September 2012 with armour plate firing completed in December 2012 and strength of propelling charge tests completed in February 2013 at the Lulworth ranges. The Challenger 2 live crew clearance firing tests were completed in May 2013. The Royal Army of Oman expected the L18A1 charge to be certified for operation with their Challenger 2's 120 mm L23A1 ammunition in August 2013 with deliveries taking place by mid-2014.[7]
  • L23A2 APFSDS:[8] Considered as a replacement for the L23A1 shot. British qualification had been scheduled for 2010 and production for Oman was supposed to start just after. The L23A2 is backwards-compatible with the older L11A5 gun used by the Royal Jordanian Army Al-Hussein main battle tanks (phased out in 2018).
  • L26A1 APFSDS : It was developed under the CHARM 1 (CHallenger ARMament 1) programme and can be fired from both the L11 gun in and the L30 gun. It has a depleted uranium long rod penetrator surrounded by an aluminium alloy sabot. The L26A1 shot and the less-volatile L14 bag charge combination is known as the JERICHO round[9] (Jericho 1 with the L8 charge and Jericho 2 with the L14 charge). The Jericho 1 combination was about 15% better in penetration terms than the L23A1 and closer to 25% when fired from the L30A1 gun with the L14 charge.[10]
  • L27A1 APFSDS : Also known as CHARM 3 (CHallenger ARMament 3), it features a longer penetrator made of depleted uranium to defeat complex armour arrays and advanced forms of ERA.[11] The 120 mm Tk APFSDS CHARM 3 uses the safer L16A1 CCC (Combustible Cartridge Case) charge and is designated CHARM 3A1 when using the L17 bag charge. The L27 entered in service in 1999.[12] Muzzle velocity is 1,650 metres per second (5,400 ft/s)[13]
  • L28A1 APFSDS : A private development initiated in the late 1990s, Royal Ordnance Defence began the development of a new tungsten alloy long-rod penetrator APFSDS-T round (the L28) to enhance the appeal of the Challenger 2 tank on the export market. By late 2001,[14] the British Army had begun procuring the L28 round.[15]
  • L28A2 APFSDS : A newer export 120 mm APFSDS projectile designated L28A2. The UK Ministry of Defense funded the L28A2 work specifically for Oman,[16] which wanted to replace its old L23A1 APFSDS. The work on the L28A2 round also included some of the technology incorporated into the CHARM 3 (C3TR) propelling charge system already in service with the British Army. This used a British low-pressure charge system and advanced penetrator material, as used in other in-service rounds. The L28A2 contract was supposed to enable BAE Systems Land Systems to complete the de-risking of the L28A2 in early 2008. Qualification tests and mass production were scheduled for 2009.
  • L29A1 DS-T : also known as CHARM 3 Training Round (C3TR), it simulates the APFSDS round but with a much reduced safety range thanks to its conical tail which increase aerodynamic drag. It uses the L18A1 CCC charge. It was brought into service in 2003.[17]
  • L31A7 HESH : This is employed as a general purpose high explosive round, though it also has a good anti-armour performance, and is effective against fortifications and structures. The L31 is fired using the L3 bag charge. Muzzle velocity is 670 metres per second (2,200 ft/s).[18]
  • L32A6 SH/Prac : A training projectile, which matches the trajectory of the L31 HESH. It is available as a completely inert form, or can be filled with an inert HE substitute (a composition of calcium sulphate and castor oil) or an inert HE substitute plus a live fuze and a flash pellet for spotting purposes. It is fired with the L3A2 bag charge.[19]
  • L34A2 Smoke/WP : It matches the L31 HESH in appearance and ballistic performance.[19] It is supplied in a different colour to prevent confusion.

Propellant charges

Designation Type Projectile used Propellant Propellant weight Type Length Notes
L3 cloth bag charge L31 HESH
L32 SH-P
L34 Smoke-WP
APERS 		NQ/S27-09 3.034 kg bundle of propellant sticks 658 mm (25.9 in)[20]
L5 CCC combustible cartridge case L20A1 DS/T Prac NQ/S27-09 5.16 kg bundle of propellant sticks CCC stands for Combustible Cartridge Case
L8 combustible cartridge case L23A1 APFSDS AX/S64-20 6.65 kg bundle of propellant sticks 709 mm (27.9 in)
L14A1 combustible cartridge case L23A1 APFSDS
L26A1 APFSDS 		NEQ DX/S 6.46 kg bundle of propellant sticks codenamed Jericho 1, it was designed for hot weather operations[21]
L14A2 combustible cartridge case L23A1 APFSDS
L26A1 APFSDS 		bundle of propellant sticks hybrid charge using an adapted WNC-supplied L8 combustible case
L16A1 CCC combustible cartridge case L27A1 APFSDS Rowanite 304 5.428 kg (stick)
3.262 kg (granular) 		bundle of propellant sticks and grains
L17A1 combustible cartridge case L27A1 APFSDS Rowanite 5.427 kg (stick)
3.263 kg (granular) 		bundle of propellant sticks and grains used in extreme hot and dry climatic conditions
L18A1 CP DS-T combustible cartridge case L29A1 DS-T
L23A1 APFSDS 		Rowanite 316 6.712 kg bundle of propellant sticks CP DS-T stands for Charge Propelling Discarding Sabot-Training[22]

Operators

 
Map with L30 operators in blue

Current operators

See also

  • L11A5 120 mm rifled gun: British rifled equivalent, developed by Royal Armament Research and Development Established (RARDE) in 1957.
  • EXP-28M1 120 mm rifled gun: Experimental British weapon of the late 1970s/early 1980s. Was to have equipped the MBT-80.

Weapons of comparable role, performance and era

Notes

  1. ^ Note; The "Tk" denotes a tank gun

References

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Royal Ordnance L30.
  1. ^ "British Army - Challenger 2 Tank - Main Battle Tank - MBT - The Household Cavalry and Royal Armoured Corps - Armed Forces - a4a7". www.armedforces.co.uk. Retrieved 2021-02-15.
  2. ^ "British Army - Equipment - Challenger 1". www.armedforces.co.uk. Retrieved 2021-02-15.
  3. ^ Foss, Christopher (September 1990). "Challenger 2". International Defense Review. 23 (September): 1066.
  4. ^ "Two Soldiers Dead in Castlemartin Accident". BBC News. 16 June 2017. from the original on 10 October 2018.
  5. ^ "Army tank explosion deaths caused by design flaw". BBC News. 17 July 2018. from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  6. ^ Morris, Steven (17 July 2018). "Widow of soldier who died in tank explosion calls for MoD changes". The Guardian.
  7. ^ "Oman MBTs charging up". shephardmedia.com. Crewe. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  8. ^ "Budget cuts and environmental concerns put UK depleted uranium upgrade out of the picture". bandepleteduranium.org. ICBUW. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  9. ^ "INFORMATION" (PDF). whatdotheyknow.com. ORDNANCE BOARD. 30 April 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  10. ^ Taylor, Dick (24 September 2015). Challenger 1 Main Battle Tank 1983-2001 Fv 4030/4 Model Owners' Workshop Manual. J H Haynes & Co Ltd. p. 160. ISBN 978-0857338150.
  11. ^ Foss, Christopher (September 1990). "UK 120mm smoothbore ammunition competition". International Defense Review. 23 (9): 936.
  12. ^ Kotsch, Stefan. "Die Munition für die 120 mm Kanonen L11 und L30A1". kotsch88.de. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  13. ^ "120mm Royal Ordnance L30".
  14. ^ "British Army's Rifled 120mm Ammunition". forecastinternational.com. Forecast International. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  15. ^ "UK Buying Tungsten Surrogate". cadu.org.uk. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  16. ^ "UK moves on 120 mm round for Omani tanks". researchgate.net. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  17. ^ Taylor, Dick (25 September 2018). Challenger 2 Main Battle Tank Owners' Workshop Manual: 1998 to Present. J H Haynes & Co Ltd. p. 300. ISBN 978-1785211904.
  18. ^ "120mm Royal Ordnance L30".
  19. ^ a b . 2004-08-04. Archived from the original on 2004-08-04. Retrieved 2021-02-15.
  20. ^ Kotsch, Stefan. "Die Munition für die 120 mm Kanonen L11 und L30A1". kotsch88.de. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  21. ^ Pengelley, Rupert (8 January 2001). "New projectile for Challenger 2". janes.com. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  22. ^ "Service Inquiry CHALLENGER 2 Incident at Castlemartin Ranges, Pembrokeshire" (PDF). assets.publishing.service.gov.uk. Defence Safety Authority. 14 June 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2022.

January 07, 2023
royal, ordnance, l30a1, officially, designated, rifled, tank, used, british, army, royal, army, oman, improved, production, model, royal, ordnance, series, rifled, tank, guns, l30a1gun, challenger, tank, royal, scots, dragoon, guards, basra, iraq, november, 20. The L30A1 officially designated Gun 120 mm Tk L30 i is a 120 mm rifled tank gun used by the British Army and Royal Army of Oman It is an improved production model of the Royal Ordnance L11 series of rifled tank guns L30A1Gun of a Challenger 2 tank of the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Basra Iraq November 2008Place of originUnited KingdomService historyIn service1998 presentUsed byUnited KingdomOmanProduction historyDesignerRoyal Ordnance Factory NottinghamManufacturerRoyal Ordnance FactorySpecificationsMass1805 kg barrel with thermal sleeve Barrel length55 calibres 6 6 meters Calibre120 mm 4 7 in It is fitted in the turret of the Challenger 2 main battle tank 1 and has been retrofitted to the Challenger 1 tank 2 Contents 1 Challenger Armament 2 Design 2 1 Accident 3 Ammunition 3 1 Projectiles 3 2 Propellant charges 4 Operators 4 1 Current operators 5 See also 5 1 Weapons of comparable role performance and era 6 Notes 7 ReferencesChallenger Armament EditThe Challenger Armament CHARM project was intended to provide a new main armament for the Challenger 2 tank and to be retro fitted to the Challenger 1 It involved three components the gun developed by the Royal Ordnance Factory Nottingham the depleted uranium DU APFSDS round and a propellant charge for it citation needed After earlier projects were cancelled the EXP 32M1 experimental gun was re titled the XL30E4 and accepted for production as the L30 in 1989 The Challenger 2 tank was first produced in 1993 Design Edit Close up of muzzle The barrel is 55 calibres long L55 and is made of electro slag refined steel The bore and chamber are electro plated with chromium to give a barrel life of 400 effective full charges The breech mechanism is a split sliding block breech One vertically sliding block holds a Crossley type elastomeric 3 obturation ring which is necessary because the propellant charges are combustible cases or bags and is locked for firing by a second block When the second block falls the first is released to open the breech Accident Edit An accident deemed to have been due largely to a design fault in the L30 gun killed two men and injured two others On 14 June 2017 a Challenger 2 from The Royal Tank Regiment suffered an ammunition explosion during live firing exercises at the Castlemartin Range in Pembrokeshire The tank was firing 120 mm practice shells with a standard propellant charge The explosion critically injured the four man crew with two later dying of their wounds in hospital All British Army tank firing exercises were suspended for 48 hours while the cause of the explosion was investigated 4 It was determined that a bolt vent axial BVA seal assembly had been removed during an earlier exercise and had not been replaced at the time of the incident allowing explosive gases to enter the turret space detonating two bag charges that had not been stowed in the internal ammunition bins as required by correct procedure 5 The lack of a written process for removal and replacement of the seal assembly meant that the crew were unaware of its absence The coroner at the inquest said that the main cause of the incident was that inadequate consideration had been given during the production of the L30 gun as to whether it could be fired without the seal assembly 6 Ammunition Edit A L28A1 APFSDS preserved in the Bovington Tank Museum 2018 The ammunition types which are currently or were formerly in use include Projectiles Edit L23A1 APFSDS The penetrator is made from a tungsten nickel copper alloy with a 6 bladed aluminium fin and is located in a three segment aluminium alloy saddle type sabot The shot 120mm TK APFSDS L23 is used with the L8A1 charge The L23A1 is capable of defeating the NATO Single Heavy Target 150mm RHA at 60 at 6350 m and the NATO Triple Heavy Target triple array equivalent to 110mm RHA at 65 at 6300 m In 2010 BAE Munitions undertook a feasibility study to model the ballistic energetic effect of the L23A1 APFSDS and the L18A1 CCC charge combination Function and consistency tests were completed in September 2012 with armour plate firing completed in December 2012 and strength of propelling charge tests completed in February 2013 at the Lulworth ranges The Challenger 2 live crew clearance firing tests were completed in May 2013 The Royal Army of Oman expected the L18A1 charge to be certified for operation with their Challenger 2 s 120 mm L23A1 ammunition in August 2013 with deliveries taking place by mid 2014 7 L23A2 APFSDS 8 Considered as a replacement for the L23A1 shot British qualification had been scheduled for 2010 and production for Oman was supposed to start just after The L23A2 is backwards compatible with the older L11A5 gun used by the Royal Jordanian Army Al Hussein main battle tanks phased out in 2018 L26A1 APFSDS It was developed under the CHARM 1 CHallenger ARMament 1 programme and can be fired from both the L11 gun in and the L30 gun It has a depleted uranium long rod penetrator surrounded by an aluminium alloy sabot The L26A1 shot and the less volatile L14 bag charge combination is known as the JERICHO round 9 Jericho 1 with the L8 charge and Jericho 2 with the L14 charge The Jericho 1 combination was about 15 better in penetration terms than the L23A1 and closer to 25 when fired from the L30A1 gun with the L14 charge 10 L27A1 APFSDS Also known as CHARM 3 CHallenger ARMament 3 it features a longer penetrator made of depleted uranium to defeat complex armour arrays and advanced forms of ERA 11 The 120 mm Tk APFSDS CHARM 3 uses the safer L16A1 CCC Combustible Cartridge Case charge and is designated CHARM 3A1 when using the L17 bag charge The L27 entered in service in 1999 12 Muzzle velocity is 1 650 metres per second 5 400 ft s 13 L28A1 APFSDS A private development initiated in the late 1990s Royal Ordnance Defence began the development of a new tungsten alloy long rod penetrator APFSDS T round the L28 to enhance the appeal of the Challenger 2 tank on the export market By late 2001 14 the British Army had begun procuring the L28 round 15 L28A2 APFSDS A newer export 120 mm APFSDS projectile designated L28A2 The UK Ministry of Defense funded the L28A2 work specifically for Oman 16 which wanted to replace its old L23A1 APFSDS The work on the L28A2 round also included some of the technology incorporated into the CHARM 3 C3TR propelling charge system already in service with the British Army This used a British low pressure charge system and advanced penetrator material as used in other in service rounds The L28A2 contract was supposed to enable BAE Systems Land Systems to complete the de risking of the L28A2 in early 2008 Qualification tests and mass production were scheduled for 2009 L29A1 DS T also known as CHARM 3 Training Round C3TR it simulates the APFSDS round but with a much reduced safety range thanks to its conical tail which increase aerodynamic drag It uses the L18A1 CCC charge It was brought into service in 2003 17 L31A7 HESH This is employed as a general purpose high explosive round though it also has a good anti armour performance and is effective against fortifications and structures The L31 is fired using the L3 bag charge Muzzle velocity is 670 metres per second 2 200 ft s 18 L32A6 SH Prac A training projectile which matches the trajectory of the L31 HESH It is available as a completely inert form or can be filled with an inert HE substitute a composition of calcium sulphate and castor oil or an inert HE substitute plus a live fuze and a flash pellet for spotting purposes It is fired with the L3A2 bag charge 19 L34A2 Smoke WP It matches the L31 HESH in appearance and ballistic performance 19 It is supplied in a different colour to prevent confusion Propellant charges Edit Designation Type Projectile used Propellant Propellant weight Type Length NotesL3 cloth bag charge L31 HESHL32 SH PL34 Smoke WPAPERS NQ S27 09 3 034 kg bundle of propellant sticks 658 mm 25 9 in 20 L5 CCC combustible cartridge case L20A1 DS T Prac NQ S27 09 5 16 kg bundle of propellant sticks CCC stands for Combustible Cartridge CaseL8 combustible cartridge case L23A1 APFSDS AX S64 20 6 65 kg bundle of propellant sticks 709 mm 27 9 in L14A1 combustible cartridge case L23A1 APFSDSL26A1 APFSDS NEQ DX S 6 46 kg bundle of propellant sticks codenamed Jericho 1 it was designed for hot weather operations 21 L14A2 combustible cartridge case L23A1 APFSDSL26A1 APFSDS bundle of propellant sticks hybrid charge using an adapted WNC supplied L8 combustible caseL16A1 CCC combustible cartridge case L27A1 APFSDS Rowanite 304 5 428 kg stick 3 262 kg granular bundle of propellant sticks and grainsL17A1 combustible cartridge case L27A1 APFSDS Rowanite 5 427 kg stick 3 263 kg granular bundle of propellant sticks and grains used in extreme hot and dry climatic conditionsL18A1 CP DS T combustible cartridge case L29A1 DS TL23A1 APFSDS Rowanite 316 6 712 kg bundle of propellant sticks CP DS T stands for Charge Propelling Discarding Sabot Training 22 Operators Edit Map with L30 operators in blue Current operators Edit Oman United KingdomSee also EditL11A5 120 mm rifled gun British rifled equivalent developed by Royal Armament Research and Development Established RARDE in 1957 EXP 28M1 120 mm rifled gun Experimental British weapon of the late 1970s early 1980s Was to have equipped the MBT 80 Weapons of comparable role performance and era Edit 2A46 125 mm gun Russian 125 mm equivalent developed by Spetstekhnika Design Bureau in 1960s Rheinmetall 120 mm gun German equivalent developed by Rheinmetall in 1974 CN120 25 120 mm gun French equivalent developed by Etablissement d Etudes et de Fabrication d Armements de Bourges EFAB in 1979 CN120 26 120 mm gun French equivalent developed by EFAB in 1980s IMI 120 mm gun Israeli equivalent developed by Israeli Military Industries in 1988 OTO Breda 120 mm gun Italian equivalent developed by OTO Melara in 1988 JSW 120 mm gun Japanese equivalent developed by Japan Steel Works in 2008 CN08 120 mm gun South Korean equivalent developed by Agency for Defense Development ADD and WIA in 2008 2A82 1M 125 mm gun New Russian 125 mm equivalent developed by Uralvagonzavod in 2014 MKE 120 mm tank gun Turkish equivalent developed by Otokar and Hyundai WIA in 2016 Notes Edit Note The Tk denotes a tank gunReferences Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Royal Ordnance L30 British Army Challenger 2 Tank Main Battle Tank MBT The Household Cavalry and Royal Armoured Corps Armed Forces a4a7 www armedforces co uk Retrieved 2021 02 15 British Army Equipment Challenger 1 www armedforces co uk Retrieved 2021 02 15 Foss Christopher September 1990 Challenger 2 International Defense Review 23 September 1066 Two Soldiers Dead in Castlemartin Accident BBC News 16 June 2017 Archived from the original on 10 October 2018 Army tank explosion deaths caused by design flaw BBC News 17 July 2018 Archived from the original on 17 July 2018 Retrieved 17 July 2018 Morris Steven 17 July 2018 Widow of soldier who died in tank explosion calls for MoD changes The Guardian Oman MBTs charging up shephardmedia com Crewe Retrieved 23 April 2020 Budget cuts and environmental concerns put UK depleted uranium upgrade out of the picture bandepleteduranium org ICBUW Retrieved 22 March 2020 INFORMATION PDF whatdotheyknow com ORDNANCE BOARD 30 April 2013 Retrieved 22 March 2020 Taylor Dick 24 September 2015 Challenger 1 Main Battle Tank 1983 2001 Fv 4030 4 Model Owners Workshop Manual J H Haynes amp Co Ltd p 160 ISBN 978 0857338150 Foss Christopher September 1990 UK 120mm smoothbore ammunition competition International Defense Review 23 9 936 Kotsch Stefan Die Munition fur die 120 mm Kanonen L11 und L30A1 kotsch88 de Retrieved 22 March 2020 120mm Royal Ordnance L30 British Army s Rifled 120mm Ammunition forecastinternational com Forecast International Retrieved 22 March 2020 UK Buying Tungsten Surrogate cadu org uk Retrieved 22 March 2020 UK moves on 120 mm round for Omani tanks researchgate net Retrieved 23 April 2020 Taylor Dick 25 September 2018 Challenger 2 Main Battle Tank Owners Workshop Manual 1998 to Present J H Haynes amp Co Ltd p 300 ISBN 978 1785211904 120mm Royal Ordnance L30 a b RO Defence 120mm tank gun ammunition Jane s Defence News 2004 08 04 Archived from the original on 2004 08 04 Retrieved 2021 02 15 Kotsch Stefan Die Munition fur die 120 mm Kanonen L11 und L30A1 kotsch88 de Retrieved 10 March 2022 Pengelley Rupert 8 January 2001 New projectile for Challenger 2 janes com Retrieved 10 March 2022 Service Inquiry CHALLENGER 2 Incident at Castlemartin Ranges Pembrokeshire PDF assets publishing service gov uk Defence Safety Authority 14 June 2017 Retrieved 10 March 2022 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Royal Ordnance L30 amp oldid 1129329262, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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