BESM-6
BESM-6 (Russian: БЭСМ-6, short for Большая электронно-счётная машина, i.e. 'Large Electronic Calculating Machine') was a Soviet electronic computer of the BESM series. It was the first Soviet second-generation, transistor-based computer.
| BESM-6 | |
|---|---|
BESM-6 at London Science Museum | |
| Design | |
| Manufacturer | Moscow Plant of Calculating and Analysing Machines (SAM)[1] |
| Designer | S. A. Lebedev[1] |
| Release date | 1968[1] |
| Units sold | 355[1] |
| Price | 530,000 Rbls[2] |
| Casing | |
| Dimensions | Footprint : 150-200 m² |
| Weight | - |
| Power | 30 kW @ 220 V 50 Hz[1] |
| System | |
| Operating system | D-68 |
| CPU | 48-bit processor @ 9 MHz[3][1] |
| Memory | Up to 192 kilobytes (32768 x 48 bits)[3] |
| MIPS | 1 MIPS [3] |
| FLOPS | 0.418 MFLOPS [4] |
| Predecessor | BESM-4 |
| Successor | Elbrus-1K2 |
Overview
The BESM-6 was the most well-known and influential model of the series designed at the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering. The design was completed in 1965. Production started in 1968 and continued for the following 19 years.[5]
Like its predecessors, the original BESM-6 was transistor-based (however, the version used in the 1980s as a component of the Elbrus supercomputer was built with integrated circuits). The machine's 48-bit processor ran at 10 MHz clock speed and featured two instruction pipelines, separate for the control and arithmetic units, and a data cache of sixteen 48-bit words. The system achieved a performance of 1 MIPS. The CDC 6600, a common Western supercomputer when the BESM-6 was released, achieved about 2 MIPS.
The system memory was word-addressable using 15-bit addresses. The maximum addressable memory space was thus 32K words (192K bytes). A virtual memory system allowed to expand this up to 128K words (768K bytes).
The BESM-6 was widely used in USSR in the 1970s for various computation and control tasks. During the 1975 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project the processing of the space mission telemetry data was accomplished by a new computer complex comprising a BESM-6. The Apollo-Soyuz mission's data processing by soviet scientists finished half an hour earlier than their American colleagues from NASA.[6] This story is based on Boris Malinovsky's book written 20 years after the mission and doesn't correspond with real characteristics of Soviet and American machines[citation needed] — BESM-6 was slower than even previous generation American CDC 6600.
A total of 355 of these machines were built. Production ended in 1987.
As the first Soviet computer with an installed base that was large for the time, the BESM-6 gathered a dedicated developer community. Over the years several operating systems [7] and compilers for programming languages such as Fortran, ALGOL and Pascal were developed.[8]
A modification of the BESM-6 based on integrated circuits, with 2-3 times higher performance than the original machine, was produced in the 1980s under the name Elbrus-1K2 as a component of the Elbrus supercomputer.
In 1992, one of the last surviving BESM-6 machines was purchased by the Science Museum in London, England.[9]
Peripherals
The BESM-6 could send output to an АЦПУ-128 (Алфавитно-Цифровое Печатающее Устройство) printer, and read input from punched cards in the GOST 10859 character set. A Consul-254 teletype, made by Zbrojovka Brno in Czechoslovakia, could be used for interactive sessions.[10] When CRT terminals became available, the BESM-6 could be connected to Videoton 340 terminals.[11][12]
Further reading
- Savard, John J. G. (2018) [2005]. "Computer Arithmetic". quadibloc. The Early Days of Hexadecimal. from the original on 2018-07-16. Retrieved 2018-07-16. (NB. Has information on the BESM-6 character set.)
References
- ^ a b c d e f "BESM-6 Computer". Russian Virtual Computer Museum.
- ^ Grubov, Vladimir Ivanovich; Kirdan, Vladimir Sergeyevich (1971). Electronic computers and analog devices. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Foreign Technology Division. OCLC 24313499.
- ^ a b c "BESM-6 Nostalgia Page".
- ^ "Simulation of Whetstone benchmark on a BESM-6". retrocomputing.stackexchange.com.
- ^ Дубова, Наталия. [BESM-6]. Очерки по истории советской вычислительной техники и школ программирования [Essays on the history of Soviet computer technology and programming schools] (in Russian). Издательство "Открытые Системы". Archived from the original on 2007-09-30.
- ^ Malinovsky, Boris (2010). "Pioneers of Soviet Computing" (PDF). p. 100.
The 1975 Apollo-Soyuz space mission was controlled from a new computer complex that included a BESM-6 and other domestic high-speed computers developed by Lebedev’s students. Prior to this, the space mission telemetry data processing would have taken approximately thirty minutes. Using the new computer complex, the work was performed in one minute. Soviet scientists completed all of the Apollo-Soyuz mission’s data processing one half hour earlier than their American colleagues. This marked Lebedev’s real triumph: his school and his students developed a first-class computer that was capable of competing with the best machines in the world. For their work on BESM-6, Lebedev and his team won the State Prize
- ^ Kraineva, Irina (2016). "ДИСПАК — операционная система атомного проекта" [DISPAK - Operating System for USSR Nuclear Project]. Открытые системы [Open Systems] (in Russian). 24 (1).
- ^ Иванников, В.П.; Королев, Л.Н.; Любимский, Э.З.; Томилин, А.Н. "Разработки Московской Школы Операционных Систем Эвм" [Developments of the Moscow School of Computer Operating Systems] (in Russian).
- ^ Swade, Doron (1996). "Back in the USSR". Inc.
- ^ Èlektričeskaâ pišuŝaâ mašina CONSUL 254: tehničeskoe opisanie (Electronic Writing Machine CONSUL 254: Technical description). Zbrojovka Brno, 1972.
- ^ Telksnys, Laimutis; Zilinskas, Antanas (July–September 1999). "Computers in Lithuania". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 21 (3): 31–37. doi:10.1109/85.778980. S2CID 16240778.
- ^ The use of the "Videoton-340" video terminal with a printer on-line with the BESM-6 for electrical power network enterprise data processing. In USSR Report: Cybernetics, Computers and Automation Technology. Central Intelligence Agency, 26 December 1979.
External links
- BESM-6 Nostalgia Page