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Zorian Dołęga-Chodakowski

April 13, 2024

Zorian Dołęga-Chodakowski (4 June 1784 – 17 November 1825), born Adam Czarnocki, was a Polish ethnographer and archaeologist. A Slavophile, he became known for his ethnographic field research and theories about the ancient Slavs, which did not convince academics but have influenced Polish cultural life. For much of his adult life he travelled the countryside without any money, collecting folk songs and other material.

Zorian Dołęga-Chodakowski
Chodakowski in 1818
Born
Adam Czarnocki

(1784-06-04)4 June 1784
Podhajnej, Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Died17 November 1825(1825-11-17) (aged 41)
Tver Governorate, Russian Empire
NationalityPolish
Occupation(s)ethnographer and archaeologist
Academic background
InfluencesStanisław Staszic
Academic work
DisciplineEthnography, Archeology
Sub-disciplineSlavic studies
Notable worksO Sławiańszczyźnie przed chrześcijaństwem [pl] (1818)
InfluencedJoachim Lelewel

Chodakowski established several themes that became prominent in Polish Romanticism, notably a duality between native Slavic culture and imported Latin culture. His lifestyle as a homeless traveller inspired legends and he appears as a character in literary works from the 19th century. Chodakowski argued publicly that Christianisation of the Slavs had been a mistake and privately described himself as a pagan. He is recognised as a pioneer of Polish Native Faith.[1]

Life and work edit

Adam Czarnocki was born on 4 June 1784 in Podhajnej near Nyasvizh, then part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.[2] He belonged to an impoverished Polish noble family and was forced into military service, but defected from the Russian army to the Army of the Duchy of Warsaw and took part in the War of 1812 on Napoleon's side. He changed his name to Zorian Dołęga-Chodakowski after Napoleon's defeat.[3]

Chodakowski was a Slavophile and took a name that resonated with his interest in Slavic history and culture.[3] His interest in ethnography followed the models established by the early 19th-century Society of Friends of Learning, which had studied folklore and became the centre of the Slavic movement in Poland. Its main ideologue Stanisław Staszic hypothesised in the 1815 book Myśli o równowadze politycznej w Europie (lit. 'Thoughts on Political Equilibrium in Europe') that the ancient Greek, Roman, Germanic and Slavic cultures had been superior to the Christian nations that succeeded them.[4]

In 1813 or 1814,[5] Chodakowski began to travel to collect folk songs and other folklore material from rural areas in hope of finding traces of ancient Slavic culture. A scholarship from Adam Jerzy Czartoryski allowed him to do ethnographic studies in Lesser Poland from September 1817 to June 1818.[3] He lacked strict methodology for these studies,[6] but went on to devote most of his adult life to ethnographic field research and archaeological studies, visiting Sandomierz, Częstochowa, Chęciny, Lelów, Pilica, Skała, Kraków, Przemyśl, Lwów, Potylicz [pl], Żółkiew and Gródek Jagielloński.[7] He was often homeless and without any money during his travels. He collected a large number of folk songs which remained unpublished during his lifetime.[6]

In 1818, Chodakowski published the pamphlet O Sławiańszczyźnie przed chrześcijaństwem [pl] (lit. 'On the Slavic lands before Christianity') where he laid out his views of Slavic history and culture.[3] His theories were not well received by academics but have influenced novelists, artists and neopagans.[8] Chodakowski thought the Slavs originated in India and had immigrated to Europe in the sixth century.[6] He used the Polish word inąd—'elsewhere'—as linguistic evidence for his Indian homeland hypothesis.[5] He thought there always had been a unified Slavic language and culture that was characterised by a "spirit of independence"[6] which he wished to see as the basis for a future national culture. He argued that this could be achieved through the conscious collection and study of folklore material.[9] He argued publicly that Christianisation of the Slavic peoples had been a mistake, something no one in Central Europe had done since the 15th century. In private letters he designated himself as a pagan.[6] He died in Tver Governorate on 17 November 1825.[2]

Legacy edit

Chodakowski's view of the early Slavs as proto-democratic influenced the historian and left-wing politician Joachim Lelewel, who agreed that ancient Slavic religion, which Lelewel interpreted as monotheistic, would be a good model for 19th-century progressivism.[9] Chodakowski established several major themes that would occupy the Polish Romantics, notably a focus on Slavic identity and paganism, an anti-Latin sentiment and an identification with the geographical north. His view of a duality between native Slavic and imported Latin elements in Polish culture has had a lasting impact on Polish literature.[6]

The homeless lifestyle Chodakowski adopted during his travels made people view him as a "wild man".[8] He became surrounded by legends and appears as a character in 19th-century Polish literature. Works that feature fictionalised versions of Chodakowski include Mistrz (1838; lit. 'The Master') by Dominik Magnuszewski [pl], "Przygoda podróżnika" (1852; lit. 'The Adventure of a Traveller') by Lucjan Siemieński and Król-Duch [pl] (1845–1849; lit. 'The Spirit King') by Juliusz Słowacki.[5]

Chodakowski is considered one of the founders of Polish Native Faith.[3] The historian Peter Brock argued that Chodakowski was the spiritual father of Polish populist nationalism. This is contested by Mieczysław B. Biskupski, who argues that Polish nationalism as it exists originated in the political landscape created by the failed January Uprising of 1863–1864. It thus belongs to a separate era from Chodakowski's works, in which a culturally Polish nationalism only appears within the context of a broader Slavophilia.[10]

The literary historian Julian Maślanka [pl] published a monograph about Chodakowski in 1965.[11] In 1973, a collection of Chodakowski's folk songs was published as Śpiewy sławiańskie pod strzechą wiejską zebrane (lit. 'Slavic songs recorded in thatched-roof homes'). The book has an introduction and commentary by Maślanka.[12]

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ "Nowa twarz Świętowita". Newsweek.pl (in Polish). 24 January 2010. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  2. ^ a b Internetowa encyklopedia PWN.
  3. ^ a b c d e Kraków.pl 2022.
  4. ^ Gajda 2013, p. 46.
  5. ^ a b c Gajda 2013, p. 59.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Gajda 2013, p. 47.
  7. ^ Gajda 2013, p. 47; Kraków.pl 2022.
  8. ^ a b Gajda 2013, pp. 46–47.
  9. ^ a b Gajda 2013, p. 48.
  10. ^ Biskupski 1994, p. 348.
  11. ^ Zaczyński 2010, p. 413.
  12. ^ Zaczyński 2010, p. 425.

Sources edit

  • Biskupski, Mieczysław B. (1994). "Peter Brock, Folk Cultures and Little Peoples: Aspects of National Awakening in East Central Europe". Canadian-American Slavic Studies. 28 (3): 348. doi:10.1163/221023994X00828.
  • Gajda, Agnieszka (2013). "Romanticism and the Rise of Neopaganism in Nineteenth-Century Central and Eastern Europe: The Polish Case". In Aitamurto, Kaarina; Simpson, Scott (eds.). Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe. Durham: Acumen. ISBN 978-1-84465-662-2.
  • "Chodakowski Zorian". Internetowa encyklopedia PWN (in Polish). Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  • "Neopogańskie fascynacje" [Neopagan fascinations]. Kraków.pl [pl] (in Polish). 2 March 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  • Zaczyński, Marian (2010). "Julian Maślanka – historyk literatury polskiej, slawista, edytor, prasoznawca, bibliograf, nauczyciel akademicki. Biobibliografia" (PDF). In Dąbrowski, Roman; Waśko, Andrzej (eds.). W świecie myśli i wartości. Prace z historii literatury i kultury ofiarowane profesorowi Julianowi Maślance. Studia Dziewiętnastowieczne – Uniwersytet Jagielloński (in Polish). Vol. 5. Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka [pl]. ISBN 978-83-7188-646-1.

Further reading edit

  • Brock, Peter (1976). "Z. D. Chodakowski and the Discovery of Folklife: a chapter in the History of Polish Nationalism". The Polish Review. 21 (1/2): 3–21. JSTOR 25777365.
  • Maślanka, Julian (1965). Zorian Dołęga Chodakowski. Jego miejsce w kulturzepolskiej i wpływ na polskie piśmiennictwo romantyczne [Zorian Dołęga Chodakowski. His place in Polish culture and influence on Polish Romantic literature]. Prace Komisji Historycznoliterackiej (in Polish). Vol. 13. Kraków: Polish Academy of Sciences.
  • Saunders, David (1983). "Zorian Dolega Chodakowski (1784–1825) and the Unity of Slavonic Culture". Nationalities Papers. 11 (2): 284–297. doi:10.1080/00905998308407973. S2CID 161382827.
  • Schaab, Philipp (2019). Götter, Ahnen, Blut und Boden? Die Konstruktion ethnischer Identität im gegenwärtigen slawischen Neuheidentum in Polen [Gods, ancestors, blood and soil? The construction of ethnic identity in contemporary Slavic neopaganism in Poland]. Religionen in der pluralen Welt (in German). Vol. 18. Berlin: Lit Verlag. ISBN 978-3-643-14512-3.

External links edit

  •   Media related to Zorian Dołęga-Chodakowski at Wikimedia Commons

April 13, 2024
zorian, dołęga, chodakowski, june, 1784, november, 1825, born, adam, czarnocki, polish, ethnographer, archaeologist, slavophile, became, known, ethnographic, field, research, theories, about, ancient, slavs, which, convince, academics, have, influenced, polish. Zorian Dolega Chodakowski 4 June 1784 17 November 1825 born Adam Czarnocki was a Polish ethnographer and archaeologist A Slavophile he became known for his ethnographic field research and theories about the ancient Slavs which did not convince academics but have influenced Polish cultural life For much of his adult life he travelled the countryside without any money collecting folk songs and other material Zorian Dolega ChodakowskiChodakowski in 1818BornAdam Czarnocki 1784 06 04 4 June 1784Podhajnej Grand Duchy of LithuaniaDied17 November 1825 1825 11 17 aged 41 Tver Governorate Russian EmpireNationalityPolishOccupation s ethnographer and archaeologistAcademic backgroundInfluencesStanislaw StaszicAcademic workDisciplineEthnography ArcheologySub disciplineSlavic studiesNotable worksO Slawianszczyznie przed chrzescijanstwem pl 1818 InfluencedJoachim LelewelChodakowski established several themes that became prominent in Polish Romanticism notably a duality between native Slavic culture and imported Latin culture His lifestyle as a homeless traveller inspired legends and he appears as a character in literary works from the 19th century Chodakowski argued publicly that Christianisation of the Slavs had been a mistake and privately described himself as a pagan He is recognised as a pioneer of Polish Native Faith 1 Contents 1 Life and work 2 Legacy 3 References 3 1 Citations 3 2 Sources 4 Further reading 5 External linksLife and work editAdam Czarnocki was born on 4 June 1784 in Podhajnej near Nyasvizh then part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania 2 He belonged to an impoverished Polish noble family and was forced into military service but defected from the Russian army to the Army of the Duchy of Warsaw and took part in the War of 1812 on Napoleon s side He changed his name to Zorian Dolega Chodakowski after Napoleon s defeat 3 Chodakowski was a Slavophile and took a name that resonated with his interest in Slavic history and culture 3 His interest in ethnography followed the models established by the early 19th century Society of Friends of Learning which had studied folklore and became the centre of the Slavic movement in Poland Its main ideologue Stanislaw Staszic hypothesised in the 1815 book Mysli o rownowadze politycznej w Europie lit Thoughts on Political Equilibrium in Europe that the ancient Greek Roman Germanic and Slavic cultures had been superior to the Christian nations that succeeded them 4 In 1813 or 1814 5 Chodakowski began to travel to collect folk songs and other folklore material from rural areas in hope of finding traces of ancient Slavic culture A scholarship from Adam Jerzy Czartoryski allowed him to do ethnographic studies in Lesser Poland from September 1817 to June 1818 3 He lacked strict methodology for these studies 6 but went on to devote most of his adult life to ethnographic field research and archaeological studies visiting Sandomierz Czestochowa Checiny Lelow Pilica Skala Krakow Przemysl Lwow Potylicz pl Zolkiew and Grodek Jagiellonski 7 He was often homeless and without any money during his travels He collected a large number of folk songs which remained unpublished during his lifetime 6 In 1818 Chodakowski published the pamphlet O Slawianszczyznie przed chrzescijanstwem pl lit On the Slavic lands before Christianity where he laid out his views of Slavic history and culture 3 His theories were not well received by academics but have influenced novelists artists and neopagans 8 Chodakowski thought the Slavs originated in India and had immigrated to Europe in the sixth century 6 He used the Polish word inad elsewhere as linguistic evidence for his Indian homeland hypothesis 5 He thought there always had been a unified Slavic language and culture that was characterised by a spirit of independence 6 which he wished to see as the basis for a future national culture He argued that this could be achieved through the conscious collection and study of folklore material 9 He argued publicly that Christianisation of the Slavic peoples had been a mistake something no one in Central Europe had done since the 15th century In private letters he designated himself as a pagan 6 He died in Tver Governorate on 17 November 1825 2 Legacy editChodakowski s view of the early Slavs as proto democratic influenced the historian and left wing politician Joachim Lelewel who agreed that ancient Slavic religion which Lelewel interpreted as monotheistic would be a good model for 19th century progressivism 9 Chodakowski established several major themes that would occupy the Polish Romantics notably a focus on Slavic identity and paganism an anti Latin sentiment and an identification with the geographical north His view of a duality between native Slavic and imported Latin elements in Polish culture has had a lasting impact on Polish literature 6 The homeless lifestyle Chodakowski adopted during his travels made people view him as a wild man 8 He became surrounded by legends and appears as a character in 19th century Polish literature Works that feature fictionalised versions of Chodakowski include Mistrz 1838 lit The Master by Dominik Magnuszewski pl Przygoda podroznika 1852 lit The Adventure of a Traveller by Lucjan Siemienski and Krol Duch pl 1845 1849 lit The Spirit King by Juliusz Slowacki 5 Chodakowski is considered one of the founders of Polish Native Faith 3 The historian Peter Brock argued that Chodakowski was the spiritual father of Polish populist nationalism This is contested by Mieczyslaw B Biskupski who argues that Polish nationalism as it exists originated in the political landscape created by the failed January Uprising of 1863 1864 It thus belongs to a separate era from Chodakowski s works in which a culturally Polish nationalism only appears within the context of a broader Slavophilia 10 The literary historian Julian Maslanka pl published a monograph about Chodakowski in 1965 11 In 1973 a collection of Chodakowski s folk songs was published as Spiewy slawianskie pod strzecha wiejska zebrane lit Slavic songs recorded in thatched roof homes The book has an introduction and commentary by Maslanka 12 References editCitations edit Nowa twarz Swietowita Newsweek pl in Polish 24 January 2010 Retrieved 13 May 2022 a b Internetowa encyklopedia PWN a b c d e Krakow pl 2022 Gajda 2013 p 46 a b c Gajda 2013 p 59 a b c d e f Gajda 2013 p 47 Gajda 2013 p 47 Krakow pl 2022 a b Gajda 2013 pp 46 47 a b Gajda 2013 p 48 Biskupski 1994 p 348 Zaczynski 2010 p 413 Zaczynski 2010 p 425 Sources edit Biskupski Mieczyslaw B 1994 Peter Brock Folk Cultures and Little Peoples Aspects of National Awakening in East Central Europe Canadian American Slavic Studies 28 3 348 doi 10 1163 221023994X00828 Gajda Agnieszka 2013 Romanticism and the Rise of Neopaganism in Nineteenth Century Central and Eastern Europe The Polish Case In Aitamurto Kaarina Simpson Scott eds Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe Durham Acumen ISBN 978 1 84465 662 2 Chodakowski Zorian Internetowa encyklopedia PWN in Polish Retrieved 10 April 2022 Neopoganskie fascynacje Neopagan fascinations Krakow pl pl in Polish 2 March 2022 Retrieved 10 April 2022 Zaczynski Marian 2010 Julian Maslanka historyk literatury polskiej slawista edytor prasoznawca bibliograf nauczyciel akademicki Biobibliografia PDF In Dabrowski Roman Wasko Andrzej eds W swiecie mysli i wartosci Prace z historii literatury i kultury ofiarowane profesorowi Julianowi Maslance Studia Dziewietnastowieczne Uniwersytet Jagiellonski in Polish Vol 5 Krakow Ksiegarnia Akademicka pl ISBN 978 83 7188 646 1 Further reading editBrock Peter 1976 Z D Chodakowski and the Discovery of Folklife a chapter in the History of Polish Nationalism The Polish Review 21 1 2 3 21 JSTOR 25777365 Maslanka Julian 1965 Zorian Dolega Chodakowski Jego miejsce w kulturzepolskiej i wplyw na polskie pismiennictwo romantyczne Zorian Dolega Chodakowski His place in Polish culture and influence on Polish Romantic literature Prace Komisji Historycznoliterackiej in Polish Vol 13 Krakow Polish Academy of Sciences Saunders David 1983 Zorian Dolega Chodakowski 1784 1825 and the Unity of Slavonic Culture Nationalities Papers 11 2 284 297 doi 10 1080 00905998308407973 S2CID 161382827 Schaab Philipp 2019 Gotter Ahnen Blut und Boden Die Konstruktion ethnischer Identitat im gegenwartigen slawischen Neuheidentum in Polen Gods ancestors blood and soil The construction of ethnic identity in contemporary Slavic neopaganism in Poland Religionen in der pluralen Welt in German Vol 18 Berlin Lit Verlag ISBN 978 3 643 14512 3 External links edit nbsp Media related to Zorian Dolega Chodakowski at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Zorian Dolega Chodakowski amp oldid 1148671830, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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