Zimbabwean dollar (2019–2024)
The Zimbabwean dollar (sign: Z$; code: ZWL),[5] also known as the Zimdollar or Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) dollar,[6][7] was the currency of Zimbabwe from February 2019 to April 2024. It was the only legally permitted currency for trade in Zimbabwe from June 2019 to March 2020, after which foreign currencies were legalised again.[8]
Z$ | |
|---|---|
Banknotes | |
| ISO 4217 | |
| Code | ZWL [a][2] |
| Subunit | 0.01 |
| Unit | |
| Unit | dollar |
| Symbol | $ |
| Nickname | Zimdollar, Zollar |
| Denominations | |
| Subunit | |
| 1⁄100 | cent |
| Symbol | |
| cent | ¢ |
| Banknotes | |
| Freq. used | $10, $20, $50, $100 |
| Rarely used | $2, $5[3] |
| Coins | |
| Rarely used | 1¢, 5¢, 10¢, 25¢, 50¢, $1, $2 |
| Demographics | |
| Date of introduction | 25 February 2019[4] |
| User(s) | Zimbabwe |
| Issuance | |
| Central bank | Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe |
| Website | www |
| Printer | |
| Mint | South African Mint |
| Valuation | |
| Inflation | 55.34% |
| Source | RBZ, March 2024 |
| Method | CPI |
| This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete. | |
Due to the sharp depreciation of the Zimdollar, most transactions are being done in hard currencies, such as the U.S. dollar, in Zimbabwe. On 5 April 2024, it was announced that the Zimdollar would be replaced by the new Zimbabwe Gold (ZiG), a gold-backed currency, starting on 8 April.[9][10][11]
History edit
Background edit
On 29 January 2009, the Zimbabwean government legalised the use of foreign currencies, such as the United States dollar and the South African rand. In response, Zimbabweans quickly abandoned the old Zimbabwean dollar, which was collapsing from what was at the time the second-highest ever rate of hyperinflation in the world (after the Hungarian pengő in 1946).[12][13] On 12 April 2009, the power-sharing government of then-Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai suspended the old dollar. Some time later, the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe demonetised the last banknotes of the old dollar, on 30 September 2015.[14][15]
The multi-currency system eventually resulted in a liquidity crisis, because Zimbabwe had to import more than what they could export, resulting in a net exodus of US dollars.[16] Eventually, the Reserve Bank introduced a series of bond coins on 18 December 2014, and bond notes on 28 November 2016, after securing a total of US$250 million in loans from the African Export-Import Bank.[17][18]
Although bond money was officially interchangeable at par with the US dollar, the general public quickly resisted them as an attempt to reintroduce the Zimbabwean dollar, which had gained a bad reputation due to hyperinflation.[19] That, along with the continued shortage of US dollars in Zimbabwe,[20] resulted in a thriving parallel exchange rate that ranged between $3.00 and $3.80 in bond money to the US dollar, in February 2019.[21]
Introduction of the fifth dollar edit
The parallel rate and the continued shortage of US dollars created a situation where the Reserve Bank could no longer maintain the peg with the US dollar. The Reserve Bank also wanted to end the system of different exchange rates, which resulted in customers paying more or less depending on the payment method.[22] On 20 February 2019, Reserve Bank governor John Mangudya announced the introduction of a new Zimbabwean dollar, initially called the Real Time Gross Settlement dollar (RTGS dollar).[23] The RTGS dollar, which started trading on 25 February, consisted of real-time gross settlement balances (hence the name), and existing bond notes and bond coins (both of which were devalued by 60% to Z$2.50 per US dollar).[4][24]
On 24 June 2019, the Zimbabwean government renamed the RTGS dollar as the Zimbabwean dollar,[25] and banned the use of foreign currencies in an attempt to end the multi-currency system. The BBC reported widespread opposition to the ban, partly due to continued public distrust, partly due to high inflation, and partly due to traders still having to use hard currencies to import goods from abroad.[26] The onset of the coronavirus pandemic soon forced the Reserve Bank to reinstate the multi-currency system, on 29 March 2020.[27]
On 29 October 2019, the Reserve Bank claimed that a new currency would replace the fifth dollar.[28] This claim turned out to be a new $2 bond coin, and revised $2 and $5 banknotes without the "bond note" inscription: both entered circulation on 11 November 2019.[29][30] The Reserve Bank continued to introduce higher value banknotes, with the $100 note entering circulation on 5 April 2022.[31]
Continued high inflation edit
The fifth Zimbabwean dollar continued to undergo very high inflation, due to continued public distrust[32] and the continued shortage of hard currency as a result of importers being unable to use Zimbabwean dollars.[33] Almost immediately after the Reserve Bank abolished the peg, the official rate against the US dollar declined to Z$2.80 on 22 March 2019, and Z$6.00 on 12 June 2019, while the parallel rate fluctuated between Z$7.00 and Z$13.00 by 3 July.[21][34][35] The Reserve Bank's annual inflation rate surpassed 100% in June 2019, and 500% in December 2019.[36] As of December 2022[update], the Reserve Bank annual inflation rate was 243.76%: the highest (since February 2019) was 837.53% in July 2020, and the lowest was 50.25% in August 2021.[36] Use of Zimbabwean dollars in Zimbabwe declined in favour of hard currencies, and as a result, in February 2023, Zimbabwe switched its headline inflation rate to one that blended Zimbabwean dollar and US dollar prices, which was criticised by businesses for hiding the real inflation rate in local currency, which persisted despite the use of a "blended" inflation rate.[37][38]
The Zimbabwean dollar continued to depreciate. From January to April 2024, it lost over 70% of its value at the official exchange rate, hitting Z$30,000 per US dollar on 5 April. Annual inflation increased from 26.5% in December 2023 to 55.3% in March 2024.[39]
Introduction of Zimbabwe Gold edit
On 5 April 2024, the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe announced a new currency to be introduced on 8 April, called Zimbabwe Gold (ZiG), replacing the Zimbabwean dollar. ZiG is to be backed by a basket of reserves comprising foreign currency and precious metals (mainly gold). Zimbabweans were given 21 days to convert their cash into ZiG.[40][39] John Mushayavanhu, the governor of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe, said he expected the new currency to have an impact on inflation and that it would circulate alongside foreign currencies.[41]
Banknotes edit
Zimbabwean banknotes that have entered circulation since 2016 have the signature of John Mangudya, who succeeded Charity Dhliwayo as the governor of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe on 1 May 2014.[42]
In 2022, the Reserve Bank started the process of removing $2 and $5 banknotes from circulation, due to long-term high inflation: on 5 April 2022, the official exchange rates for those banknotes were 1.4 and 3.5 US cents, respectively.[43][3]
Bond notes edit
The $2 and $5 bond notes entered circulation on 28 November 2016 and 3 February 2017, respectively.[18][44]
| Pick No. | Image | Value | Dimensions | Main colour | Description | Date of[45] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Obverse | Reverse | Obverse | Reverse | Watermark | printing | issue | withdrawal | |||||
| 99 | $2 | 155 × 62 mm | Green | Domboremari with trees | Eternal Flame at the National Heroes Acre, and the Old Parliament House | Zimbabwe Bird and "RBZ" | 2016 | 28 November 2016 | 11 November 2019 | |||
| 100 | $5 | 155 × 66 mm | Purple | Domboremari with trees | Three giraffes and the Zimbabwe Aloe (Aloe excelsa) | Zimbabwe Bird and "RBZ" | 2016 | 3 February 2017 | 11 November 2019 | |||
| These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table. | ||||||||||||
2019–2024 series edit
On 11 November 2019, the Reserve Bank issued regular banknotes for the first time since 2009, with commercial banks releasing them to the general public on the following day:[29][30] the regular $2 and $5 banknotes were similar to the bond notes, but they did not have the "bond note" inscription on either side. $10 and $20 notes entered circulation on 19 May and 1 June 2020, respectively.[46]
The $50 note entered circulation on 6 July 2021, and became the first Zimbabwean banknote since the withdrawal of the Rhodesian pound in 1970 to feature a person: a portrait of Mbuya Nehanda, a significant figure of Zimbabwean nationalism, appears on reverse with the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at the National Heroes Acre.[47] This was followed by the $100 banknote on 5 April 2022, which featured the ruins of Great Zimbabwe.[3][31]
| Value | Dimensions | Main colour | Obverse | Reverse | Watermark | Date of | Ref. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| printing | issue | withdrawal | ||||||||
| $2 | 155 × 62 mm | Green | Domboremari with trees | Eternal Flame at the National Heroes Acre, and the Old Parliament House | Zimbabwe Bird and "RBZ" | 2019 | 11 November 2019 | 2024 | [48] | |
| $5 | 155 × 66 mm | Purple | Three giraffes and the Zimbabwe Aloe (Aloe excelsa) | 2019 | 11 November 2019 | 2024 | [49] | |||
| $10 | 155 × 66 mm | Red | New Reserve Bank Tower and four African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) | 2020 | 19 May 2020 | 2024 | [50] | |||
| $20 | 155 × 66 mm | Blue | African elephant and Victoria Falls (Mosi-oa Tunya) | 2020 | 1 June 2020 | 2024 | [50] | |||
| $50 | 155 × 66 mm | Brown | Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at the National Heroes Acre, and Mbuya Nehanda | 2020 | 6 July 2021 | 2024 | [51] | |||
| $100 | 155 × 66 mm | Yellow | African baobab (Adansonia digitata) and the ruins of Great Zimbabwe | 2020 | 5 April 2022 | 2024 | [52] | |||
| For table standards, see the banknote specification table. | ||||||||||
Relationship with foreign currencies edit
When the RTGS Dollar was introduced in February 2019, Zimbabweans used a mix of foreign currencies including the US dollar, the South African rand, and the Chinese yuan.[53] On 24 June 2019, the Zimbabwean government banned the use of foreign currencies in local transactions.[26] However, high inflation, continued public resistance to the Zimbabwean dollar, and the worsening coronavirus pandemic forced the government to allow Zimbabweans to use foreign currencies again, in 29 March 2020.[27][8] The government said that the authorization to use US dollars in local transactions was just temporary,[54] but by June 2020, some Zimbabwean civil service personnel were already demanding payment of their salaries in US dollars, due to hyperinflation in the Zimdollar.[55] On 27 October 2023, the government decided to keep foreign currencies as legal tender until 2030.[56] As of March 2024, 80% of all transactions in Zimbabwe were in US dollars.[57]
Exchange rates edit
By March 2020, an attempt was made to peg the Zimdollar at US$1 = 25 RTGS$,[58] but inflation continued and this effort was abandoned.[55][59]
Annual inflation in the period ending July 2020 was 837.53% as reported by ZIMSTAT.[60]
The exchange rate is determined by the forces of supply and demand on an auction market the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe set up along with the announcement of the RTGS dollar. The market is called Interbank Foreign Currency Exchange Market and is made up of banks and bureaux de change.[61]
In late June 2020 the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe launched a new weekly auction of foreign currency, to try to curb the rampant inflation which had driven the Zimdollar down to US$1 = 80 Zimdollars.[62] Inflation continued for the Zimdollar, and by May 2022, it was "officially quoted at 165.94 against the U.S. dollar while sliding continuously on the black market, where it is [was] currently trading between 330 and 400 to the US dollar."[63] In an attempt to stop additional speculation in the Zimdollar, in May 2022, the Treasury ordered banks to stop lending, to be effective immediately.[63]
In July 2022 the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe announced the introduction of official gold coins into the market "as a store of value".[64] The gold coins are called "Mosi-oa-Tunya", and they are expected to be sold for either Zimdollars or United States dollars at rates based upon the prevailing international price of gold plus the costs of production.[64][65] On 12 February 2024, the Finance Minister of Zimbabwe, Mthuli Ncube, said the Zimbabwean dollar could have it's exchange rate linked to gold. In this case, it would be the only country in the world with the gold standard.[66][57]
On 5 April 2024, the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe announced a new currency to be introduced on 8 April, called Zimbabwe Gold (ZiG), backed by a basket of reserves comprising foreign currency and precious metals (mainly gold). Zimbabweans were given 21 days to convert their cash into ZiG.[40][39]
The Zimbabwean dollar experienced rapid depreciation before its replacement. Between 2 May and 17 June 2023, it depreciated from Z$1,070.42 to Z$6,351.50 per US dollar, at the official exchange rate.[67] On 30 January 2024, it weakened past Z$10,000 per US dollar,[68] and on 22 March 2024, it dropped below Z$20,000 per US dollar.[69] On 5 April 2024, it hit Z$30,000 per US dollar, the same day the new currency was announced.[40]
| Current ZWL exchange rates | |
|---|---|
| From Google Finance: | AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD BWP ZAR |
| From Yahoo! Finance: | AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD BWP ZAR |
| From XE.com: | AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD BWP ZAR |
| From OANDA: | AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD BWP ZAR |
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ The current Zimbabwean dollar reuses the ISO code ZWL, which was assigned on 6 February 2009.[1] For the local currency in use from 1980 to 12 April 2009, see Zimbabwean dollar.
References edit
- ^ ISO 4217 MA Secretariat (6 February 2009). (PDF). SIX Interbank Clearing. London: British Standards Institution. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "List One: Currency, fund and precious metal codes" (XLS). www.six-group.com. SIX Group. 23 September 2022.
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- ^ a b Winning, Alexander (25 February 2019). . Thomson Reuters Foundation. London: Thomson Reuters. Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
- ^ . Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Muronzi, Chris (3 July 2019). "Hyperinflation trauma: Zimbabweans' uneasy new dollar". Al Jazeera.
- ^ "Zimbabwe struggles to keep its fledgling currency alive". The Economist. 23 May 2019.
- ^ a b Matiashe, Faral (15 April 2020). "Zimbabwe is on lockdown, but money-changers are still busy". Al Jazeera. from the original on 16 April 2020.
- ^ "Zimbabwe launches new gold-backed currency - ZiG". 5 April 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
- ^ "Zimbabwe launches 'gold-backed' currency to replace collapsing dollar". www.ft.com. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
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- ^ Biles, Peter (29 January 2009). . BBC News. London: BBC. Archived from the original on 23 October 2009. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
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- ^ Wallace, Paul (13 September 2018). . Bloomberg. New York City: Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
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- ^ Sguazzin, Antony; Ndlovu, Ray (24 June 2019). . New York City: Bloomberg L.P. Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
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- ^ Muronzi, Chris (30 October 2019). . Al Jazeera English. Doha: Al Jazeera Media Network. Archived from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
- ^ a b Mangudya, John Panonetsa (4 November 2019). (PDF). Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe. Harare. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
- ^ a b Marawanyika, Godfrey (12 November 2019). . New York City: Bloomberg. Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
- ^ a b Mangudya, John Panonetsa (22 July 2022). (PDF). Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe. Harare. p. 140. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
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- ^ Stoddard, Ed (1 July 2019). . Daily Maverick. Johannesburg: Styli Charalambous. Archived from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
- ^ a b . Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe. Harare. December 2022. table "CPI 1". Archived from the original (XLS) on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
- ^ "Zimbabwe shifts to new 'blended' inflation that includes USD, ZWL prices. Not a good idea, says business". newZWire. 3 March 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
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- ^ a b c Mutsaka, Farai (5 April 2024). . The Associated Press. Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
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- ^ Chingono, Nyasha (5 April 2024). "Zimbabwe launches gold-backed currency to replace battered local dollar". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
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- ^ Shaban, Abdur Rahman Alfa (3 February 2017). . Africanews. Pointe-Noire: Euronews. Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- ^ Linzmayer 2019, pp. 25–27
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- ^ Vinga, Alois (6 July 2021). . New Zimbabwe. Destiny Media Group. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
- ^ Linzmayer, Owen (9 December 2019). . Banknote News. Virginia Beach. Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
- ^ Linzmayer, Owen (4 January 2020). . Banknote News. Virginia Beach. Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
- ^ a b (PDF). Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe. Harare. 15 May 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
- ^ (PDF). Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe. Harare. 6 July 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
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- ^ a b Ndlovu, Ray (14 July 2020). "Zimbabwe Steps Closer to Hyperinflation With 737.3% Annual Rate". Bloomberg. from the original on 14 July 2020.
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"Settlement of any transaction or payment for goods and services in foreign currency, shall ... be valid until the 31st December, 2030," reads the gazette.
- ^ a b Ndlovu, Ray; Goko, Colleen (20 March 2024). "Zimbabwe Lets Currency Free-Fall While It Weighs Gold Standard". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024 – via Yahoo! News.
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Zimbabwe's RTGS dollars explained | IOL Business Report". www.iol.co.za. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
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- ^ a b Moyo, Jeffrey (12 May 2022). "Behind Zimbabwe's Currency Woes". Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung für die Freiheit (Friedrich-Naumann Foundation). from the original on 13 May 2022.
- ^ a b "Press Statement: Introduction of Gold Coins" (PDF). The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe. 4 July 2022. (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2022.
- ^ Ndlovu, Ray (22 July 2022). . Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 23 July 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Ndlovu, Ray (12 February 2024). . BNN Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
- ^ Sibanda, Golden (18 June 2023). . The Zimbabwe Mail. Archived from the original on 21 September 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
A higher official exchange rate of the local currency, which stood at $6 351,5/US$1 as of yesterday
- ^ Ndlovu, Ray; Goko-Petzer, Colleen (30 January 2024). . Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
- ^ Ndlovu, Ray; Goko, Colleen (22 March 2024). . BNN Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 22 March 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
External links edit
- Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe Website
- February 2019 Monetary Policy
| Preceded by: Multi-currency system Reason: de-dollarisation | Currency of Zimbabwe 25 February 2019 – 8 April 2024 Note: Part of a multi-currency system. Foreign currencies were banned from 24 June 2019 to 29 March 2020. | Succeeded by: Zimbabwe Gold Reason: inflation Ratio: 2498.7242 ZWL = 1 ZiG |
| Preceded by: Zimbabwean bonds (Zimbabwean bond notes and Zimbabwean bond coins) Ratio: at par |