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Yaśodharā

April 10, 2024

Not to be confused with Yashoda.

Yaśodharā (Pali: Yasodharā, Sanskrit: यशोधरा, romanized: Yaśodharā) was the wife of Prince Siddhartha — until he left his home to become a śramaṇa— the mother of Rāhula, and the sister of Devadatta.[3][4] She later became a Bhikkhunī and is considered an arahatā.[5]

Yaśodharā
Yasodhara, Wat Pho, Bangkok, Thailand
Bornc. 563 BCE
Devdaha Koliya Republic
Diedc. 485 BCE (aged 78)[1]
ChildrenRāhula
SpouseSiddhartha[a]
FatherSuppabuddha
MotherAmita
ReligionBuddhism

Life edit

Yaśodharā was the daughter of King Suppabuddha,[6][7] and Amita. She was born on the same day in the month of Vaishaka as prince Siddhartha. Her grandfather was Añjana, a Koliya[8] chief, her father was Suppabuddha and her mother, Amitā, came from a Shakya family. The Shakya and the Koliya were branches of the Ādicca (Sanskrit: Aditya) or Ikshvaku dynasty. There were no other families considered equal to them in the region and therefore members of these two royal families married only among themselves.[9]

She was wedded to the Shakya prince Siddhartha, when they were both 16. At the age of 29, she gave birth to their only child, a boy named Rāhula. On the night of his birth, the prince left the palace: called the Great Renunciation. Yaśodharā was devastated and overcome with grief. Once prince Siddhartha left his home at night for enlightenment, the next day, everyone was surprised by the absence of the prince. The famous Indian Hindi poet Maithili Sharan Gupt (1886–1964) tried to gather the emotions of Yaśodharā in his poem (Translated by Gurmeet Kaur):[10]

Oh dear, if he would have told me,
Would he still have found me a roadblock?
He gave me lot of respect,
But did he recognize my existence in true sense?
I recognized him,
If he had this thought in his heart
Oh dear, if he would have told me.

Later, when she realised that he had left, Yaśodharā decided to lead a simple life.[11] Although relatives sent her messages to say that they would maintain her, she did not take up those offers. Several princes sought her hand but she rejected the proposals. Throughout his six-year absence, Princess Yaśodharā followed the news of his actions closely .

When the Buddha visited Kapilavastu after enlightenment, Yaśodharā did not go to see her former husband but asked Rāhula to go to the Buddha to seek inheritance. For herself, she thought: "Surely if I have gained any virtue at all the Lord will come to my presence." In order to fulfill her wish, Buddha came into her presence and admired her patience and sacrifice. King Suddhodana told Buddha how his daughter-in-law, Yasodhara, had spent her life in grief, without her husband.

Some time after her son Rāhula became a monk, Yaśodharā also entered the Order of Monks and Nuns and within time attained the state of an arhat. She was ordained as bhikkhuni with the five hundred women following Mahapajapati Gotami that first established the bhikkhuni order. She died at 78, two years before Buddha's parinirvana (death).[12]

Legends edit

 
Prince Siddhattha and Princess Yasodhara, 1st–2nd century CE, Gandharan style. Lahore Museum.
 
Siddhartha held by Yasodhara, Loriyan Tangai.

In the Chinese: 佛本行集經, The Collective Sutra of the Buddha's Past Acts, Yashodharā meets Siddhārtha Gautama for the first time in a previous life, when as the young Brahmin (ancient Nepali priest) Sumedha, he is formally identified as a future Buddha by the buddha of that era, Dīpankara Buddha. Waiting in the city of Paduma for Dīpankara Buddha, he tries to buy flowers as an offering but soon learns that the king already bought all the flowers for his own offering. Yet, as Dipankara is approaching, Sumedha spots a girl named Sumithra (or Bhadra) holding seven lotus flowers in her hands. He speaks to her with the intention of buying one of her flowers, but she recognises at once his potential and offers him five of the lotuses if he would promise that they would become husband and wife in all their next existences.[13]

In the thirteenth chapter of the Lotus Sutra, Yaśodharā receives a prediction of future buddhahood from Gautama Buddha as does Mahapajapati.[14]

Names edit

The meaning of the name Yaśodhara (Sanskrit) [from yaśas "glory, splendour" + dhara "bearing" from the verbal root dhri "to bear, support"] is Bearer of glory. The names she has been called besides Yaśodharā are: Yaśodharā Theri (doyenne Yaśodharā), Bimbādevī, Bhaddakaccānā and Rāhulamātā (mother of Rahula).[15] In the Pali Canon, the name Yaśodharā is not found; there are two references to Bhaddakaccānā.[16]

Several other names are identified as wives of the Buddha in different Buddhist traditions, including Gopā or Gopī, Mṛgajā, and Manodharā; Thomas Rhys Davids offered the interpretation that the Buddha had a single wife who acquired various titles and epithets over the years, eventually leading to the creation of origin stories for multiple wives.[17] Noel Peri was the first scholar to treat the issue at length, examining the Chinese and Tibetan sources as well as the Pali. He observed that early sources (translated before the 5th Century) seemed to consistently identify the Buddha's wife as 'Gopī', and that after a period of inconsistency 'Yaśodhara' emerged as the favored name for texts translated in the latter half of the 5th Century and later.[17]

Yasodharā's attitude to the Great Renunciation edit

Some non-scholastic publications say that Yasodhara was angry at the Buddha's departure, some does not.[18][19][20] Some studies say her anger was short-lasting: she was sorrowful not resentful.[21]

Scholars say that Yasodhara felt not anger, but sorrow, and a desire to emulate him, to follow him into renunciation:

"On the day of his birth, the Prince left the palace. Yasodharā was devastated and overcome with grief. Hearing that her husband was leading a holy Life, she emulated him by removing her jewellery, wearing a plain yellow robe and eating only one meal a day."[22]

Eastern poetry likewise says Yasodhara was not angry and surprised at his departure; she was merely sorrowful: "Yasodharā’s grief is not anger at his departure. She has known from the beginning that to be a Buddha was his goal and she has shared his life and his efforts toward that goal in all their past existences in samsāra. She has done so with a full knowledge of what it means. What she cannot understand is that on this one occasion he has gone leaving her behind, alone, and without a word to her."[23]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Married in c. 547 BCE [2]

References edit

  1. ^ The Lord Buddha and His Teachings
  2. ^ The Lord Buddha and His Teachings
  3. ^ K. T. S. Sarao (2004). "In-laws of the Buddha as Depicted in Pāli Sources". Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal (17). Chung-Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies. ISSN 1017-7132.
  4. ^ "Suppabuddha". Dictionary of Pali Names.
  5. ^ Wilson, Liz (2013). Family in Buddhism. SUNY Press. p. 191. ISBN 9781438447537.
  6. ^ Garling, Wendy (2016). Stars at Dawn: Forgotten Stories of Women in the Buddha's Life. Shambhala Publications. p. 83. ISBN 9780834840300.
  7. ^ "Dhammapada Verse 128 Suppabuddhasakya Vatthu". Tipitaka.net.
  8. ^ "Koliyā". Palikanon.com.
  9. ^ (Translation and adaptation of a Hindi article by S. N. Goenka published by the Vipassana Research Institute in December 2003, archived)
  10. ^ Kaur, Gurmeet (2021). "Buddhism and Women". Bloomsbury Religion in North America. doi:10.5040/9781350971066.003. ISBN 9781350971066. S2CID 236681200. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  11. ^ . Geocities.com. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
  12. ^ The Lord Buddha and His Teachings
  13. ^ See Malalasekera, G.P. (1960). "Rāhulamātā". Dictionary of Pali Proper Names. Vol. 2. Pali Text Society. OCLC 793535195; Hudson, Bob; Gutman, Pamela; Maung, Win (2018). "Buddha's Life in Konbaung Period Bronzes from Yazagyo". Journal of Burma Studies. 22 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1353/jbs.2018.0000. S2CID 192318894. from the original on 26 April 2019; and Zhang, J. (2017). "The Creation of Avalokiteśvara: Exploring His Origin in the Northern Āgamas". Canadian Journal of Buddhist Studies. 12: 1–62. from the original on 30 April 2019.
  14. ^ Peach, Lucinda Joy (2002), , Philosophy East and West, 52: 57–58, doi:10.1353/pew.2002.0003, S2CID 146337273, archived from the original on 29 August 2014{{citation}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link))
  15. ^ French text: Yashodhara (glorieuse) est la cousine et l’épouse principale de Gautama, mère de son fils Rahula. Connue par les Jatakas (légendes de la vie du Bouddha), elle serait devenue du vivant de Gautama une ascète, une nonne prééminente et l’un des quatre arahants de son entourage possédant l’intuition absolue 1. Les détails de sa légende sont de nos jours surtout populaires dans le bouddhisme theravada. Elle est également nommée Yashodhara Theri (doyenne Yashodhara), Bimbadevi, Bhaddakaccana ou Rahulamata (mère de Rahula).
  16. ^ AN 1. 14. 5. 11 states: "Etadaggaṃ bhikkhave mama sāvikānaṃ bhikkhunīnaṃ mahābhiññappattānaṃ yadidaṃ bhaddakaccānā" (SLTP). Bv, PTS p. 65, v. 15 states: "Cattārīsa sahassāni nāriyo samalaṅkatā / Bhaddakaccānā2 nāma nārī rāhulo nāma atrajo" (SLTP).
  17. ^ a b PERI, Noël. “LES FEMMES DE ÇĀKYA-MUNI.” Bulletin De L'École Française D'Extrême-Orient, vol. 18, no. 2, 1918, pp. 1–37. JSTOR, [www.jstor.org/stable/43729857].
  18. ^ Wadhwa, Soni (2021). "Feminist Literary Criticism Meets Feminist Theology: Yashodhara and the Rise of Hagiographical Fiction in Modern Feminist Re-visioning". SAGE Open. 11 (4). doi:10.1177/21582440211061570.
  19. ^ Sasson, Vanessa R. (31 March 2023). "The Woman Who Married the Buddha". Tricycle: The Buddhist Review. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  20. ^ Wadhwa, Soni (9 April 2021). ""Yasodhara and the Buddha" by Vanessa R Sasson". Asian Review of Books. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  21. ^ Yasodharā, the Wife of the Bōdhisattva (PDF). Translated by Obeyesekere, Ranjini.
  22. ^ "Yasodharā - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia". www.tibetanbuddhistencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  23. ^ Yasodharā, the Wife of the Bōdhisattva: The Sinhala Yasodharāvata (The Story of Yasodharā) and the Sinhala Yasodharāpadānaya (The Sacred Biography of Yasodharā). State University of New York Press. 7 February 2014. ISBN 978-1-4384-2837-6.
  • The Buddha and His Teaching, Nārada, Buddhist Missionary Society, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1988, ISBN 967-9920-44-5

Literature edit

  • 'Yasodhara and the Buddha,' Author: Vanessa R. Sasson, Bloomsbury Press, 2021, ISBN 9781350163171
  • The First Buddhist Women: Translations and Commentaries on the Therigatha Author: Susan Murcott, ISBN 0-938077-42-2
  • Life of Princess Yashodara: Wife and Disciple of the Lord Buddha Devee, Sunity (Author) and Bhuban Mohen Murkerjie (Illustrator), Kessinger Publishing, 2003 (Reprint of the original 1929 edition), ISBN 978-0-7661-5844-3 (13), ISBN 0-7661-5844-6 (10), online: [1]. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  • Yashodhara: Six Seasons Without You, by Subhash Jaireth, Wild Peony Press, Broadway, NSW, Australia, 2003, ISBN 1-876957-05-0
  • Stars at Dawn: Forgotten Stories of Women in the Buddha's Life, Author: Wendy Garling, Shambhala Publications 2016, ISBN 978-1-61180-265-8

External links edit

  • by Professor Andre Bareau, Université de France (Translated by Kyra Pahlen), the apparent source being a series of three articles published as Recherches sur la biographie du Buddha, Presses de l'École française d'extrême-orient, 1963, 1970 & 1971. (archived 2011)
  • (archived 2011)
  • (archived 2012)
  • The Life of Princess Yashodara: Wife and Disciple of the Lord Buddha
  • Immediate Family of the Buddha, 4. Yaśodhara by Radhika Abeysekera
  • Other Women's Voices (archived 2011)
  • Jacqueline Kramer, director of the Hearth Foundation (2010). "Yashodhara and Siddhartha. The Enlightenment of Buddha's Wife" (PDF). Turning Wheel - the Journal of Socially Engaged Buddhism. Summer: 10–13. (PDF) from the original on 12 August 2014.

April 10, 2024
yaśodharā, confused, with, yashoda, pali, yasodharā, sanskrit, यश, धर, romanized, wife, prince, siddhartha, until, left, home, become, śramaṇa, mother, rāhula, sister, devadatta, later, became, bhikkhunī, considered, arahatā, yasodhara, bangkok, thailandbornc,. Not to be confused with Yashoda Yasodhara Pali Yasodhara Sanskrit यश धर romanized Yasodhara was the wife of Prince Siddhartha until he left his home to become a sramaṇa the mother of Rahula and the sister of Devadatta 3 4 She later became a Bhikkhuni and is considered an arahata 5 YasodharaYasodhara Wat Pho Bangkok ThailandBornc 563 BCE Devdaha Koliya RepublicDiedc 485 BCE aged 78 1 ChildrenRahulaSpouseSiddhartha a FatherSuppabuddhaMotherAmitaReligionBuddhism Contents 1 Life 2 Legends 3 Names 4 Yasodhara s attitude to the Great Renunciation 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Literature 9 External linksLife editYasodhara was the daughter of King Suppabuddha 6 7 and Amita She was born on the same day in the month of Vaishaka as prince Siddhartha Her grandfather was Anjana a Koliya 8 chief her father was Suppabuddha and her mother Amita came from a Shakya family The Shakya and the Koliya were branches of the Adicca Sanskrit Aditya or Ikshvaku dynasty There were no other families considered equal to them in the region and therefore members of these two royal families married only among themselves 9 She was wedded to the Shakya prince Siddhartha when they were both 16 At the age of 29 she gave birth to their only child a boy named Rahula On the night of his birth the prince left the palace called the Great Renunciation Yasodhara was devastated and overcome with grief Once prince Siddhartha left his home at night for enlightenment the next day everyone was surprised by the absence of the prince The famous Indian Hindi poet Maithili Sharan Gupt 1886 1964 tried to gather the emotions of Yasodhara in his poem Translated by Gurmeet Kaur 10 Oh dear if he would have told me Would he still have found me a roadblock He gave me lot of respect But did he recognize my existence in true sense I recognized him If he had this thought in his heart Oh dear if he would have told me Later when she realised that he had left Yasodhara decided to lead a simple life 11 Although relatives sent her messages to say that they would maintain her she did not take up those offers Several princes sought her hand but she rejected the proposals Throughout his six year absence Princess Yasodhara followed the news of his actions closely When the Buddha visited Kapilavastu after enlightenment Yasodhara did not go to see her former husband but asked Rahula to go to the Buddha to seek inheritance For herself she thought Surely if I have gained any virtue at all the Lord will come to my presence In order to fulfill her wish Buddha came into her presence and admired her patience and sacrifice King Suddhodana told Buddha how his daughter in law Yasodhara had spent her life in grief without her husband Some time after her son Rahula became a monk Yasodhara also entered the Order of Monks and Nuns and within time attained the state of an arhat She was ordained as bhikkhuni with the five hundred women following Mahapajapati Gotami that first established the bhikkhuni order She died at 78 two years before Buddha s parinirvana death 12 Legends edit nbsp Prince Siddhattha and Princess Yasodhara 1st 2nd century CE Gandharan style Lahore Museum nbsp Siddhartha held by Yasodhara Loriyan Tangai In the Chinese 佛本行集經 The Collective Sutra of the Buddha s Past Acts Yashodhara meets Siddhartha Gautama for the first time in a previous life when as the young Brahmin ancient Nepali priest Sumedha he is formally identified as a future Buddha by the buddha of that era Dipankara Buddha Waiting in the city of Paduma for Dipankara Buddha he tries to buy flowers as an offering but soon learns that the king already bought all the flowers for his own offering Yet as Dipankara is approaching Sumedha spots a girl named Sumithra or Bhadra holding seven lotus flowers in her hands He speaks to her with the intention of buying one of her flowers but she recognises at once his potential and offers him five of the lotuses if he would promise that they would become husband and wife in all their next existences 13 In the thirteenth chapter of the Lotus Sutra Yasodhara receives a prediction of future buddhahood from Gautama Buddha as does Mahapajapati 14 Names editThe meaning of the name Yasodhara Sanskrit from yasas glory splendour dhara bearing from the verbal root dhri to bear support is Bearer of glory The names she has been called besides Yasodhara are Yasodhara Theri doyenne Yasodhara Bimbadevi Bhaddakaccana and Rahulamata mother of Rahula 15 In the Pali Canon the name Yasodhara is not found there are two references to Bhaddakaccana 16 Several other names are identified as wives of the Buddha in different Buddhist traditions including Gopa or Gopi Mṛgaja and Manodhara Thomas Rhys Davids offered the interpretation that the Buddha had a single wife who acquired various titles and epithets over the years eventually leading to the creation of origin stories for multiple wives 17 Noel Peri was the first scholar to treat the issue at length examining the Chinese and Tibetan sources as well as the Pali He observed that early sources translated before the 5th Century seemed to consistently identify the Buddha s wife as Gopi and that after a period of inconsistency Yasodhara emerged as the favored name for texts translated in the latter half of the 5th Century and later 17 Yasodhara s attitude to the Great Renunciation editSome non scholastic publications say that Yasodhara was angry at the Buddha s departure some does not 18 19 20 Some studies say her anger was short lasting she was sorrowful not resentful 21 Scholars say that Yasodhara felt not anger but sorrow and a desire to emulate him to follow him into renunciation On the day of his birth the Prince left the palace Yasodhara was devastated and overcome with grief Hearing that her husband was leading a holy Life she emulated him by removing her jewellery wearing a plain yellow robe and eating only one meal a day 22 Eastern poetry likewise says Yasodhara was not angry and surprised at his departure she was merely sorrowful Yasodhara s grief is not anger at his departure She has known from the beginning that to be a Buddha was his goal and she has shared his life and his efforts toward that goal in all their past existences in samsara She has done so with a full knowledge of what it means What she cannot understand is that on this one occasion he has gone leaving her behind alone and without a word to her 23 See also edit nbsp India portal nbsp Religion portal nbsp Biography portalThero Padmasambhava Women in Buddhism Mahapajapati Gotami Suddhodana Gautama Buddha Sundari Nanda NandaNotes edit Married in c 547 BCE 2 References edit The Lord Buddha and His Teachings The Lord Buddha and His Teachings K T S Sarao 2004 In laws of the Buddha as Depicted in Pali Sources Chung Hwa Buddhist Journal 17 Chung Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies ISSN 1017 7132 Suppabuddha Dictionary of Pali Names Wilson Liz 2013 Family in Buddhism SUNY Press p 191 ISBN 9781438447537 Garling Wendy 2016 Stars at Dawn Forgotten Stories of Women in the Buddha s Life Shambhala Publications p 83 ISBN 9780834840300 Dhammapada Verse 128 Suppabuddhasakya Vatthu Tipitaka net Koliya Palikanon com Why was the Sakyan Republic Destroyed by S N Goenka Translation and adaptation of a Hindi article by S N Goenka published by the Vipassana Research Institute in December 2003 archived Kaur Gurmeet 2021 Buddhism and Women Bloomsbury Religion in North America doi 10 5040 9781350971066 003 ISBN 9781350971066 S2CID 236681200 Archived from the original on 28 June 2021 Retrieved 24 October 2021 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a website ignored help The Compassionate Buddha Geocities com Archived from the original on 21 October 2009 Retrieved 23 September 2009 The Lord Buddha and His Teachings See Malalasekera G P 1960 Rahulamata Dictionary of Pali Proper Names Vol 2 Pali Text Society OCLC 793535195 Hudson Bob Gutman Pamela Maung Win 2018 Buddha s Life in Konbaung Period Bronzes from Yazagyo Journal of Burma Studies 22 1 1 30 doi 10 1353 jbs 2018 0000 S2CID 192318894 Archived from the original on 26 April 2019 and Zhang J 2017 The Creation of Avalokitesvara Exploring His Origin in the Northern Agamas Canadian Journal of Buddhist Studies 12 1 62 Archived from the original on 30 April 2019 Peach Lucinda Joy 2002 Social responsibility sex change and salvation Gender justice in the Lotus Sutra Philosophy East and West 52 57 58 doi 10 1353 pew 2002 0003 S2CID 146337273 archived from the original on 29 August 2014 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link French text Yashodhara glorieuse est la cousine et l epouse principale de Gautama mere de son fils Rahula Connue par les Jatakas legendes de la vie du Bouddha elle serait devenue du vivant de Gautama une ascete une nonne preeminente et l un des quatre arahants de son entourage possedant l intuition absolue 1 Les details de sa legende sont de nos jours surtout populaires dans le bouddhisme theravada Elle est egalement nommee Yashodhara Theri doyenne Yashodhara Bimbadevi Bhaddakaccana ou Rahulamata mere de Rahula AN 1 14 5 11 states Etadaggaṃ bhikkhave mama savikanaṃ bhikkhuninaṃ mahabhinnappattanaṃ yadidaṃ bhaddakaccana SLTP Bv PTS p 65 v 15 states Cattarisa sahassani nariyo samalaṅkata Bhaddakaccana2 nama nari rahulo nama atrajo SLTP a b PERI Noel LES FEMMES DE CAKYA MUNI Bulletin De L Ecole Francaise D Extreme Orient vol 18 no 2 1918 pp 1 37 JSTOR www jstor org stable 43729857 Wadhwa Soni 2021 Feminist Literary Criticism Meets Feminist Theology Yashodhara and the Rise of Hagiographical Fiction in Modern Feminist Re visioning SAGE Open 11 4 doi 10 1177 21582440211061570 Sasson Vanessa R 31 March 2023 The Woman Who Married the Buddha Tricycle The Buddhist Review Retrieved 1 March 2024 Wadhwa Soni 9 April 2021 Yasodhara and the Buddha by Vanessa R Sasson Asian Review of Books Retrieved 1 March 2024 Yasodhara the Wife of the Bōdhisattva PDF Translated by Obeyesekere Ranjini Yasodhara Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia www tibetanbuddhistencyclopedia com Retrieved 1 March 2024 Yasodhara the Wife of the Bōdhisattva The Sinhala Yasodharavata The Story of Yasodhara and the Sinhala Yasodharapadanaya The Sacred Biography of Yasodhara State University of New York Press 7 February 2014 ISBN 978 1 4384 2837 6 The Buddha and His Teaching Narada Buddhist Missionary Society Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 1988 ISBN 967 9920 44 5Literature edit Yasodhara and the Buddha Author Vanessa R Sasson Bloomsbury Press 2021 ISBN 9781350163171 The First Buddhist Women Translations and Commentaries on the Therigatha Author Susan Murcott ISBN 0 938077 42 2 Life of Princess Yashodara Wife and Disciple of the Lord Buddha Devee Sunity Author and Bhuban Mohen Murkerjie Illustrator Kessinger Publishing 2003 Reprint of the original 1929 edition ISBN 978 0 7661 5844 3 13 ISBN 0 7661 5844 6 10 online 1 Retrieved 21 September 2020 Yashodhara Six Seasons Without You by Subhash Jaireth Wild Peony Press Broadway NSW Australia 2003 ISBN 1 876957 05 0 Stars at Dawn Forgotten Stories of Women in the Buddha s Life Author Wendy Garling Shambhala Publications 2016 ISBN 978 1 61180 265 8External links editA Mysterious Being The Wife of Buddha by Professor Andre Bareau Universite de France Translated by Kyra Pahlen the apparent source being a series of three articles published as Recherches sur la biographie du Buddha Presses de l Ecole francaise d extreme orient 1963 1970 amp 1971 archived 2011 Dipankara meets Sumitta and Sumedha archived 2011 Mahasammata archived 2012 The Life of Princess Yashodara Wife and Disciple of the Lord Buddha Cover 1929 Immediate Family of the Buddha 4 Yasodhara by Radhika Abeysekera Theri 500s 200s BCE Other Women s Voices archived 2011 Jacqueline Kramer director of the Hearth Foundation 2010 Yashodhara and Siddhartha The Enlightenment of Buddha s Wife PDF Turning Wheel the Journal of Socially Engaged Buddhism Summer 10 13 Archived PDF from the original on 12 August 2014 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Yasodhara amp oldid 1211378804, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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