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Yamas

October 15, 2023

This article is about the concept in Hinduism. For the deity, see Yama. For the police unit, see Yamas (Israel Border Police unit).
This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.

The yamas (Sanskrit: यम, romanized: yama), and their complement, the niyamas, represent a series of "right living" or ethical rules within Yoga philosophy. The word yama means "reining in" or "control".[1] They are restraints for proper conduct given in the Vedas and the Yoga Sutras as moral imperatives, commandments, rules or goals. The yamas are a "don't"s list of self-restraints, typically representing commitments that affect one's relations with others and self.[2] The complementary niyamas represent the "do"s. Together yamas and niyamas are personal obligations to live well.[2]

The earliest mention of yamas is in the Rigveda. More than fifty texts of Hinduism, from its various traditions, discuss yamas.[3] Patañjali lists five yamas in his Yoga Sūtras of Patanjali. Ten yamas are codified as "the restraints" in numerous Hindu texts, including Yajnavalkya Smriti in verse 3.313,[1] the Śāṇḍilya and Vārāha Upanishads, the Hatha Yoga Pradipika by Svātmārāma,[4] and the Tirumantiram of Tirumular.[5]

The most often mentioned yamas are ahimsa (non-violence), satya (non-falsehood, truthfulness), asteya (non-stealing), mitahara (non-excess in food, moderation in food), kṣamā (non-agitation about suffering, forgiveness), and dayā (non-prejudgment, compassion).[3] The yamas apply broadly and include self-restraints in one's actions, words, and thoughts.[6]

Etymology and meaning Edit

The earliest mention of yamas is found in the Hindu scripture Rigveda, such as in verse 5.61.2, and later in the Jain Agamas.[1][7][8] The word yama in the Rigveda means a "rein, curb", the act of checking or curbing, restraining such as by a charioteer or a driver.[1] The term evolves into a moral restraint and ethical duty in the Jain Agamas.[1][9] The yamas were explained in detail by Patañjali in the Yoga Sūtras of Patanjali as the first step of the eight-fold path of yogic philosophy and practice for attaining enlightenment and union of the mind, body and soul.[7]

Yamas means "restraint", particularly "from actions, words, or thoughts that may cause harm".[10]

Yamas by source Edit

The number of Yamas varies with the source:

No. 5 Yamas
Yogasūtra 2.30[11]
cf. Ethics of Jainism		 10 Yamas
Śāṇḍilya Upanishad,[12]
Svātmārāma[4][13]
1 Ahiṃsā (अहिंसा): Nonviolence
2 Satya (सत्य): Truthfulness (Not lying)
3 Asteya (अस्तेय): Not stealing
4 Brahmacharya (ब्रह्मचर्य): Chastity,[14] marital fidelity, sexual restraint[15]
5 Aparigraha (अपरिग्रहः): Non-avarice, non-possessiveness
6 — Kṣamā (क्षमा): Patience, forgiveness.[16]
7 — Dhrti (धृति): Fortitude, perseverance with the aim to reach the goal
8 — Dayā (दया): Compassion[16]
9 — Ārjava (आर्जव): Non-hypocrisy, sincerity[17]
10 — Mitāhāra (मिताहार): Measured diet

At least sixty ancient and medieval era Indian texts are known that discuss yamas.[3] Most are in Sanskrit, but some are in regional Indian languages. Of the sixty, the lists in eleven of these texts are similar, but not the same, as that of Patanjali's.[3] Other texts list between one and ten yamas, however ten is the most common.[3]

The order of listed yamas, the names and nature of each yama, as well as the relative emphasis vary between the texts. Some texts use the reverse of niyamas in other texts, as yamas; for example, vairagya (dispassion from hedonism, somewhat reverse of the niyama tapas) is described in verse 33 of Trishikhi Brahmana Upanishad in its list of yamas.[3] Many texts substitute one or more different concepts in their list of yamas. For example, in the ten yamas listed by Yatidharma Sangraha, akrodha (non-anger) is included as a yama.[3] Ahirbudhnya Samhita in verse 31.19 and Darshana Upanishad in verses 1.14-15 include dayā as a yama, and explain it as the ethical restraint of not jumping to conclusions, being compassionate to every being, and considering suffering of others as one's own.[18] In verse 31.21, Ahirbudhnya Samhita includes kṣamā as the virtue of forgiveness and restraint from continued agitation from wrong others have done.[3] Mahakala Samhita in verses II.11.723 through II.11.738[19] lists many of the ten yamas above, but explains why it is a virtue in a different way. For example, the text explains dayā is an ethical precept and the restraint from too much and too little emotions. It suggests dayā reflects one's inner state, is the expression of kindness towards kin, friend, stranger, and even a hostile person, and that one must remain good and kind no matter what the circumstances. This view of dayā is shared in Shandilya Upanishad and Jabala Darshana Upanishad.[3][20] Atri Samhita in verse 48, lists anrshamsya (आनृशंस्य)[21] as the restraint from cruelty to any living being by one's actions, words or in thoughts. Shivayoga Dipika in verse 2.9 substitutes sunrta for satya, defining sunrta as "sweet and true speech".[3]

See also Edit

  • Dama – Cardinal virtue of control over excess
  • Niyama – Recommended activities and habits in Yoga
  • Religious vows – Promises made by members of religious communities
  • Samatva – Hindu concept of equanimity

References Edit

  1. ^ a b c d e Monier-Williams, Monier. "Yama". Sanskrit English Dictionary with Etymology. Oxford University Press. p. 846.
  2. ^ a b Lasater, Judith (November–December 1998). "Beginning the Journey". Yoga Journal: 42–48.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bharti, S.V. (2001). Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: With the Exposition of Vyasa. Motilal Banarsidas. pp. 672–680. ISBN 978-8120818255.
  4. ^ a b Svātmārāma; Pancham Sinh (1997). The Hatha Yoga Pradipika (5 ed.). Forgotten Books. p. 14. ISBN 978-1605066370. अथ यम-नियमाः अहिंसा सत्यमस्तेयं बरह्यछर्यम कश्हमा धृतिः दयार्जवं मिताहारः शौछम छैव यमा दश १७
  5. ^
    • Ramaswami, Sŕivatsa (2001). Yoga for the three stages of life. Inner Traditions / Bear & Company. p. 229. ISBN 978-0892818204.
    • Devanand, G. K. (2008). Teaching of Yoga. APH Publishing. p. 45. ISBN 978-8131301722. Yama is a "moral restraint" or rule for living virtuously. Ten yamas are codified in numerous scriptures, including the Hatha Yoga Pradeepika compiled by Yogi Swatmarama, while Patanjali lists five yamas and five niyamas (disciplines) in the Yoga Sutras.
  6. ^ Weiss, Debra (2006). "Ahimsa: Nonviolence from a Yoga Perspective". Fellowship. 72 (1–2): 25.
  7. ^ a b "Yama". United We Care. June 30, 2021.
  8. ^ Sanskrit: क्व वोऽश्वाः क्वाभीशवः कथं शेक कथा यय । पृष्ठे सदो नसोर्यमः ॥२॥ (ऋग्वेद: सूक्तं ५.६१ Rigveda, Wikisource)
  9. ^ Palmer, Michael; Burgess, Stanley (2012). The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Religion and Social Justice. John Wiley & Sons. p. 114. ISBN 978-1405195478.
  10. ^ Sturgess, Stephen (2014). Yoga Meditation: Still Your Mind and Awaken Your Inner Spirit. Oxford, UK: Watkins Publishing Limited. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-1-78028-644-0.
  11. ^ Āgāśe, K. S. (1904). Pātañjalayogasūtrāṇi. Puṇe: Ānandāśrama. p. 102.
  12. ^ Aiyar, K. N. (1914). Thirty Minor Upanishads. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 173–176. ISBN 978-1164026419.
  13. ^
    • Lorenzen, David (1972). The Kāpālikas and Kālāmukhas. University of California Press. pp. 186–190. ISBN 978-0520018426.
    • Subramuniya (2003). Merging with Śiva: Hinduism's contemporary metaphysics. Himalayan Academy Publications. p. 155. ISBN 978-0945497998.
  14. ^ Dhand, Arti (2002). "The dharma of ethics, the ethics of dharma: Quizzing the ideals of Hinduism". Journal of Religious Ethics. 30 (3): 347–372.
  15. ^
    • Taylor, Louise (2001). A Woman's Book of Yoga. Tuttle. p. 3. ISBN 978-0804818292.
    • Long, Jeffrey (2009). Jainism: An Introduction. IB Tauris. pp. 101, 109. ISBN 978-1845116262. The fourth vow—brahmacarya—means for laypersons, marital fidelity and pre-marital celibacy; for ascetics, it means absolute celibacy; John Cort explains, 'Brahmacharya involves having sex only with one's spouse, as well as the avoidance of ardent gazing or lewd gestures...'
  16. ^ a b Sovatsky, Stuart (1998). Words from the Soul: Time, East/West Spirituality, and Psychotherapeutic Narrative. State University of New York. p. 21. ISBN 978-0791439494.
  17. ^ Sinha, Jadunath. Indian Psychology. Vol. 2. Motilal Banarsidas. p. 142. OCLC 1211693.
  18. ^ Varenne, Jean (1976). Yoga and the Hindu Tradition. University of Chicago Press. pp. 197–202. ISBN 978-0-226-85116-7.
  19. ^ Mahakala Samhita (PDF) (in Sanskrit). Government of India Archives. pp. 302–304.
  20. ^ Gajendragadkar, K. V. (1959). Neo-upanishadic philosophy. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. OCLC 1555808.
  21. ^ . Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2014-12-30.

Further reading Edit

  • Swaraj Ji (11 October 2022). "Discover the Foundations of Yoga: Yama and Niyamas". Namaste Yoga School. Retrieved 11 October 2022.

October 15, 2023
yamas, this, article, about, concept, hinduism, deity, yama, police, unit, israel, border, police, unit, this, article, contains, indic, text, without, proper, rendering, support, question, marks, boxes, misplaced, vowels, missing, conjuncts, instead, indic, t. This article is about the concept in Hinduism For the deity see Yama For the police unit see Yamas Israel Border Police unit This article contains Indic text Without proper rendering support you may see question marks or boxes misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text The yamas Sanskrit यम romanized yama and their complement the niyamas represent a series of right living or ethical rules within Yoga philosophy The word yama means reining in or control 1 They are restraints for proper conduct given in the Vedas and the Yoga Sutras as moral imperatives commandments rules or goals The yamas are a don t s list of self restraints typically representing commitments that affect one s relations with others and self 2 The complementary niyamas represent the do s Together yamas and niyamas are personal obligations to live well 2 The earliest mention of yamas is in the Rigveda More than fifty texts of Hinduism from its various traditions discuss yamas 3 Patanjali lists five yamas in his Yoga Sutras of Patanjali Ten yamas are codified as the restraints in numerous Hindu texts including Yajnavalkya Smriti in verse 3 313 1 the Saṇḍilya and Varaha Upanishads the Hatha Yoga Pradipika by Svatmarama 4 and the Tirumantiram of Tirumular 5 The most often mentioned yamas are ahimsa non violence satya non falsehood truthfulness asteya non stealing mitahara non excess in food moderation in food kṣama non agitation about suffering forgiveness and daya non prejudgment compassion 3 The yamas apply broadly and include self restraints in one s actions words and thoughts 6 Contents 1 Etymology and meaning 2 Yamas by source 3 See also 4 References 5 Further readingEtymology and meaning EditThe earliest mention of yamas is found in the Hindu scripture Rigveda such as in verse 5 61 2 and later in the Jain Agamas 1 7 8 The word yama in the Rigveda means a rein curb the act of checking or curbing restraining such as by a charioteer or a driver 1 The term evolves into a moral restraint and ethical duty in the Jain Agamas 1 9 The yamas were explained in detail by Patanjali in the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali as the first step of the eight fold path of yogic philosophy and practice for attaining enlightenment and union of the mind body and soul 7 Yamas means restraint particularly from actions words or thoughts that may cause harm 10 Yamas by source EditThe number of Yamas varies with the source No 5 YamasYogasutra 2 30 11 cf Ethics of Jainism 10 YamasSaṇḍilya Upanishad 12 Svatmarama 4 13 1 Ahiṃsa अह स Nonviolence2 Satya सत य Truthfulness Not lying 3 Asteya अस त य Not stealing4 Brahmacharya ब रह मचर य Chastity 14 marital fidelity sexual restraint 15 5 Aparigraha अपर ग रह Non avarice non possessiveness6 Kṣama क षम Patience forgiveness 16 7 Dhrti ध त Fortitude perseverance with the aim to reach the goal8 Daya दय Compassion 16 9 Arjava आर जव Non hypocrisy sincerity 17 10 Mitahara म त ह र Measured dietAt least sixty ancient and medieval era Indian texts are known that discuss yamas 3 Most are in Sanskrit but some are in regional Indian languages Of the sixty the lists in eleven of these texts are similar but not the same as that of Patanjali s 3 Other texts list between one and ten yamas however ten is the most common 3 The order of listed yamas the names and nature of each yama as well as the relative emphasis vary between the texts Some texts use the reverse of niyamas in other texts as yamas for example vairagya dispassion from hedonism somewhat reverse of the niyama tapas is described in verse 33 of Trishikhi Brahmana Upanishad in its list of yamas 3 Many texts substitute one or more different concepts in their list of yamas For example in the ten yamas listed by Yatidharma Sangraha akrodha non anger is included as a yama 3 Ahirbudhnya Samhita in verse 31 19 and Darshana Upanishad in verses 1 14 15 include daya as a yama and explain it as the ethical restraint of not jumping to conclusions being compassionate to every being and considering suffering of others as one s own 18 In verse 31 21 Ahirbudhnya Samhita includes kṣama as the virtue of forgiveness and restraint from continued agitation from wrong others have done 3 Mahakala Samhita in verses II 11 723 through II 11 738 19 lists many of the ten yamas above but explains why it is a virtue in a different way For example the text explains daya is an ethical precept and the restraint from too much and too little emotions It suggests daya reflects one s inner state is the expression of kindness towards kin friend stranger and even a hostile person and that one must remain good and kind no matter what the circumstances This view of daya is shared in Shandilya Upanishad and Jabala Darshana Upanishad 3 20 Atri Samhita in verse 48 lists anrshamsya आन श स य 21 as the restraint from cruelty to any living being by one s actions words or in thoughts Shivayoga Dipika in verse 2 9 substitutes sunrta for satya defining sunrta as sweet and true speech 3 See also EditDama Cardinal virtue of control over excess Niyama Recommended activities and habits in Yoga Religious vows Promises made by members of religious communities Samatva Hindu concept of equanimityPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targetsReferences Edit a b c d e Monier Williams Monier Yama Sanskrit English Dictionary with Etymology Oxford University Press p 846 a b Lasater Judith November December 1998 Beginning the Journey Yoga Journal 42 48 a b c d e f g h i j Bharti S V 2001 Yoga Sutras of Patanjali With the Exposition of Vyasa Motilal Banarsidas pp 672 680 ISBN 978 8120818255 a b Svatmarama Pancham Sinh 1997 The Hatha Yoga Pradipika 5 ed Forgotten Books p 14 ISBN 978 1605066370 अथ यम न यम अह स सत यमस त य बरह यछर यम कश हम ध त दय र जव म त ह र श छम छ व यम दश १७ Ramaswami Sŕivatsa 2001 Yoga for the three stages of life Inner Traditions Bear amp Company p 229 ISBN 978 0892818204 Devanand G K 2008 Teaching of Yoga APH Publishing p 45 ISBN 978 8131301722 Yama is a moral restraint or rule for living virtuously Ten yamas are codified in numerous scriptures including the Hatha Yoga Pradeepika compiled by Yogi Swatmarama while Patanjali lists five yamas and five niyamas disciplines in the Yoga Sutras Weiss Debra 2006 Ahimsa Nonviolence from a Yoga Perspective Fellowship 72 1 2 25 a b Yama United We Care June 30 2021 Sanskrit क व व ऽश व क व भ शव कथ श क कथ यय प ष ठ सद नस र यम २ ऋग व द स क त ५ ६१ Rigveda Wikisource Palmer Michael Burgess Stanley 2012 The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Religion and Social Justice John Wiley amp Sons p 114 ISBN 978 1405195478 Sturgess Stephen 2014 Yoga Meditation Still Your Mind and Awaken Your Inner Spirit Oxford UK Watkins Publishing Limited pp 18 19 ISBN 978 1 78028 644 0 Agase K S 1904 Patanjalayogasutraṇi Puṇe Anandasrama p 102 Aiyar K N 1914 Thirty Minor Upanishads Kessinger Publishing pp 173 176 ISBN 978 1164026419 Lorenzen David 1972 The Kapalikas and Kalamukhas University of California Press pp 186 190 ISBN 978 0520018426 Subramuniya 2003 Merging with Siva Hinduism s contemporary metaphysics Himalayan Academy Publications p 155 ISBN 978 0945497998 Dhand Arti 2002 The dharma of ethics the ethics of dharma Quizzing the ideals of Hinduism Journal of Religious Ethics 30 3 347 372 Taylor Louise 2001 A Woman s Book of Yoga Tuttle p 3 ISBN 978 0804818292 Long Jeffrey 2009 Jainism An Introduction IB Tauris pp 101 109 ISBN 978 1845116262 The fourth vow brahmacarya means for laypersons marital fidelity and pre marital celibacy for ascetics it means absolute celibacy John Cort explains Brahmacharya involves having sex only with one s spouse as well as the avoidance of ardent gazing or lewd gestures a b Sovatsky Stuart 1998 Words from the Soul Time East West Spirituality and Psychotherapeutic Narrative State University of New York p 21 ISBN 978 0791439494 Sinha Jadunath Indian Psychology Vol 2 Motilal Banarsidas p 142 OCLC 1211693 Varenne Jean 1976 Yoga and the Hindu Tradition University of Chicago Press pp 197 202 ISBN 978 0 226 85116 7 Mahakala Samhita PDF in Sanskrit Government of India Archives pp 302 304 Gajendragadkar K V 1959 Neo upanishadic philosophy Bombay Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan OCLC 1555808 AnRzaMsya Sanskrit English Dictionary Archived from the original on 2014 12 30 Further reading EditSwaraj Ji 11 October 2022 Discover the Foundations of Yoga Yama and Niyamas Namaste Yoga School Retrieved 11 October 2022 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Yamas amp oldid 1179351852, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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